Exports Of Agricultural Commodities Research Articles

GC-Olfactometric Analysis as a Tool for Comprehensive Characterization of Aromatic Profiles in Cocoa-Based Beverages with a Natural Chocolate Substitute

Cocoa is the third most important global agricultural export commodity. However, because it is a crop sensitive to climatic change, there has been an active search for cocoa substitutes worldwide. Roasted jackfruit seeds were previously described as having a chocolate aroma and are affordable and accessible. In this study, we characterized and identified by SPME-GC-O and SPME-GC-MS the aroma profile of cocoa-based beverages formulated with jackfruit seed flour as a natural cocoa substitute. Our analysis tentatively identified 71 odor-active aroma descriptors with some similarities between formulations. Overall, 15 odor-active aromas were present in all beverages. The formulation containing only cocoa/chocolate showed the following aroma descriptors: cocoa, hazelnut, peanut butter, earthy, and roast, which are mostly related to the presence of 2,3-dimethylpyrazine and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine. The fermented beverage had a content of complex pyrazines such as 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-isopentylpyrazine and methylpropylpyrazine. Our data indicated that both the control and fermented beverages showed a similar aromatic profile, mainly earthy, pyrazine, and chocolate. Qualitative similarities in the pyrazine content were observed between the fermented jackfruit seed flour and cocoa beverages. In conclusion, fermented jackfruit seed flour can be incorporated into cocoa-based beverages as a natural chocolate substitute, offering the potential to elevate the chocolate aroma.

The Effect of The Determination of Plant Quarantine Installations and Inline Inspections On The Acceleration of Agricultural Commodity Exports In The Working Area of The Surabaya Agricultural Quarantine Center

This research aims to determine the impact of establishing plant quarantine facilities and inline inspection on export acceleration at the Surabaya Plant Quarantine Center. The study employs a quantitative approach and collects data from agricultural export companies operating in regions that implement plant quarantine measures and inline inspection. The analysis method used in this research is the Kruskal-Wallis test to evaluate the relationship between the establishment of plant quarantine facilities and inline inspection and export acceleration. The results of the analysis indicate a significant influence of establishing plant quarantine facilities and inline inspection on export acceleration. Export companies registered with effective Plant Quarantine Facilities and inline inspection demonstrate an improvement in their ability to meet plant quarantine requirements and enhance efficiency in inline inspections. This positively impacts the export process, including reducing delays and increasing the confidence of international trading partners. This research provides a better understanding of the role of plant quarantine facilities and inline inspection in driving ean xport acceleration in the agricultural sector. The practical implications of this study emphasize the importance of enhancing plant quarantine infrastructure and implementing effective inline inspection systems to promote agricultural export growth. Moving forward, efforts should be made to improve coordination among relevant agencies in the implementation and supervision of plant quarantine and inline inspection regulations to achieve optimal outcomes in enhancing the export performance of the agricultural sector.

Pass‐through to export prices: Evidence from Australia†

AbstractAustralia is a leading exporter of primary and agricultural commodities like iron ore, coal, wool and beef. Industry stakeholders point out that exchange rate fluctuations remain a key determinant of export revenue. This article investigates the exchange rate pass‐through to export prices using the recently proposed impulse responses by the local projections technique. Employing export prices in all destination markets and trade‐weighted exchange rates, there is substantial evidence that 17 SITC industry and sub‐industry level prices experience moderate to high exchange rate pass‐through to export prices. These industry categories include sectors like minerals and natural resources products, which are homogenous in nature, and Australia enjoys a comparative advantage in the export of such goods. However, this competitive edge does not necessarily lead to higher export prices, as currency invoicing plays an important role in determining the extent of the pass‐through effect. Our findings have important policy implications, especially regarding the invoicing currency strategy for exporters selling homogenous items.

Does agricultural trade respond asymmetrically to oil price shocks? Evidence from New Zealand

AbstractDo rising oil prices affect agricultural trade differently from falling oil prices? We answer this question using data on New Zealand, a net importer of oil and a net exporter of agricultural commodities. We consider a disaggregated approach, analysing exports and imports of five key commodity classes; nonlinear autoregressive lag models are employed to conduct the analysis. We find considerable evidence suggesting asymmetries in the effects of oil price shocks on agricultural trade in the long and the short run. Furthermore, in the long run, agricultural exports and imports appear to be largely insensitive to foreign and domestic real income, respectively; there is limited evidence for imports and exports being associated with the real effective exchange rate. In the short run, however, income and exchange rates are associated with imports and exports.

Assessing global good agricultural practices standard adoption: insights from fruit and vegetable farmers in Pakistan.

This study examines the challenges Pakistani farmers face in adopting global good agricultural practices (GGAP) and highlights the limitations in infrastructure and cost-based clauses. A questionnaire based on GGAP's fruit and vegetable module version 5.0 was developed and validated by the Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad. This was a survey-based study of 15 farmers divided into 5 groups according to their annual farm turnover. The findings of the study indicated that, although the basic paperwork requirements of GGAP were implementable, clauses related to capital investment and technical record-keeping were not. Results showed that 90-100% of farmers considered risk assessments, training, and documentation on their farms. However, 42-56% of clauses related to record-keeping, installation, visual presentation, and infrastructure development, and 24-37% of clauses related to external testing, health, safety, and hygiene were declared not implementable. The study revealed a need for adapting GGAP standards to Pakistan's unique agricultural conditions, suggesting the development of localized standards for more practical implementation. The study's findings highlight crucial insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the agriculture sector and suggest the need for target strategies to overcome implementation barriers and optimize the adaptation of Global GAP in Pakistan that would help to increase exports of agricultural commodities.

ANALYSIS OF GROWTH AND CROPPING PATTERN CHANGES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE SINCE INDEPENDENCE: CRITICAL ACCOUNT ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES

Agriculture, land use and food security are at the main subject of the debates in the 2015 development goals and targets. However, hunger and food insecurity remain major development priorities in the recent decades. Nevertheless, the existing agriculture, changes in land use patterns and food systems are critical to sustaining poor people’s life and livelihoods. The 2015 Sustainable Development goals and agendas need to support for more productive, environmentally sustainable and resilient while safeguarding and augmenting life and livelihood of the mass through agricultural sustainability. With this background, the present research paper attempted to analyze, the trend of the agricultural sector in terms of growth rates of area production, quantity production, yield of selected crops and its share to national income towards achieving food security towards zero hunger over the last seven decades since its Independence in India and examine the relative contribution of area yield, output changes in relation to other related variable like rainfall, fertilizers and land use pattern in India. The study findings indicate a notable trend in the agricultural sector: the proportion of agricultural imports within the realm of agricultural commodities saw a steady rise, climbing from 2.79 percent to 5.07 percent spanning the years from 1990-91 to 2021-22. Conversely, the proportion of agricultural commodity exports relative to the overall national export share experienced a gradual decline, diminishing from 18.47 percent to 11.94 percent over the same period. Moreover, data reveals significant growth in key agricultural metrics. The total cultivated area for food grain production expanded substantially, surging from 97.32 million hectares in 1950-51 to 129.34 million hectares by 2020-21. Concurrently, the quantity of food grain produced exhibited remarkable

The Roles of Export of Coffee Commodity and Macroeconomics Factors on Unemployment in Indonesia

Coffee as the second largest agricultural commodity export has contributed to the economies of various countries, including Indonesia. In addition to looking at the role of coffee commodity exports, an analysis of macroeconomic factors' impact on Indonesia's unemployment rate is also analyzed. Because it is known that the unemployment rate is not only caused by one sector but some things influence it, including macroeconomic factors. This study analyzes the role of coffee commodity exports and macroeconomic factors, including GDP, inflation, and interest rates, on Indonesia's unemployment rate. The data used in this study is interpolated secondary data for the period 2000 to 2021. The estimation method used in this study is Robust Least Square (ROBUSTLS) which will then be estimated again using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method as a robustness test. The estimation results using the ROBUSTLS method prove that coffee commodity exports and macroeconomic factors significantly affect Indonesia's unemployment rate in aggregate. This form of influence is negative for coffee commodity exports (ExpCof), gross domestic product (GDP), and interest rate (IR). While inflation (Inf) has a positive impact on the unemployment rate (Ump). These findings are reinforced by the estimation results using the ARDL method with the result that ExpCof, GDP, and Inf have a significant relationship to Ump, while Inf is not as significant as the findings from the estimation results using the ROBUSTLS method.

Exploration of challenges and readiness MSMEs coffee business in the age of global trade based on carbon footprint (Ecolabel)

Indonesia’s export-oriented products and industries face technological barriers, especially agriculture, and plantations, to declare eco-label products in world trade competition. In fact, exports from this sector are one of the contributing factors to Indonesia’s GDP. The third rank of Indonesia’s mainstay agricultural and plantation sector export commodities is coffee. This study aims to comprehensively determine the challenges and readiness of coffee micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Java in the global trade era based on carbon footprint. This study uses in-depth interviews with 7 coffee MSME actors in West and East Java. We use SWOT analysis to explore strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The results showed that only 4 out of 7 coffee MSME actors knew about carbon footprint. This is due to limited knowledge of carbon reduction, carbon tax, and the advantage of the certification. Carbon footprint certification is considered an investment. Even though the certification process will be costly, meticulous, and lengthy, it can be an opportunity for the domestic products to be competitive with global products. The government must really know which business sectors will be subject to carbon tax so that they are right on target. They must consolidate with all related parties such as business owners, farmers, academics, and associations.

Export Status of Fruits and Vegetables from India

Export Status of Fruits and Vegetables from India

Enhancing the Competitiveness of Tea Export of Vietnam Versus Other ASEAN Countries in the International Market

Tea is one of the leading agricultural export commodities of Vietnam. In this study, the tea market position of Vietnam and its competitiveness with other ASEAN countries from 2006 to 2020 was analyzed. The data was collected from several sources, such as national and international organizations. The study used Export Similarity Index (ESI) and Revealed the Comparative Advantage index (RCA) to analyze the comparativeness of tea export of Vietnam with other ASEAN countries. The results showed that Vietnam had more potential and advantage in tea production and export than other countries in ASEAN, reflected in the ESI and RCA indexes. However, Vietnam’s tea sector had not yet taken full advantage of the country’s potential. Based on the findings, some suggestions regarding policy implementation, management of government and enterprises, production and market development for the tea sector were given. With those suggestions, it was expected that Vietnam’s tea sector will achieve sustainable growth and gradually enhance its position in the international market in the future.

Agricultural exports: Systematic literature review on determinants and export-led growth relationship across developing nations

The present descriptive article intends to systematically review the list of researches that defines the determinants of agricultural exports across various developing nations and also to made an extensive survey of Agri-exports and economic growth association in several countries during the period of 2000 to 2020. This study is descriptive in nature and has used random sampling technique to select the literature on given sample variables. The data has been collected from various sources such as Research Gate, Science Direct, Sage, Springer, Scopus and National Digital library etc. The findings reveal that the variables; production, producer price, domestic price, export price, real exchange rate and real interest rate have a significant positive impact on exports of agricultural commodities from developing nations. The present study reveals that agriculture export development is a prerequisite condition for overall growth of industry and economy while, some researches accumulate mixed or conflicting evidences that there exhibits the lack of conformity on the potential effect of Agri-exports on economy. This meta-survey of literature will illuminate the academician, researchers and scholars to understand the Agri-exports determinants and their relationship with economic growth and so on to government policy makers.

Agribusiness and the COVID-19 syndemic: The unsustainable pathways.

It has been suggested that it would be more appropriate to term the COVID-19 pandemic a syndemic, as the infection interacts synergistically with pre-existing chronic conditions such as obesity. Both conditions occur with steep socio-economic inequalities, and Brazil is suffering a heavy burden from both. What and who drives the clustering and interaction of these disorders? In this commentary, we examine the pathways leading to the COVID-19 syndemic. Deforestation, declining biodiversity and factory farming are promoting the emergence of new pathogens. Widespread use of pesticides influences immune, endocrine and metabolic systems. The ingestion of ultra-processed food promotes malnutrition and obesity in a country where at the same time poverty and food insecurity is rising. Brazilian agribusiness is focused on the production and global export of agricultural commodities, mainly for animal food and meat production. It is made possible through a combination of expanded land use, with deforestation in Amazonas and other Brazilian biomes, and the intensification of land use and cultivation of genetically modified crops with fertilizers and pesticides. This development is not sustainable for either population health or the environment.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on India’s Exports and Imports (With Reference to Selected Principal Commodities of Agricultural and Manufacture Sectors)

Actually from the years of evolution till the very recent covid-19 pandemic, trade has evolved and changed theme scenario of various things in the entire globe. From monopoly to perfect competition, from domestic to global trading and again back to the local trading due to covid-19 pandemic situations changed. The cultural, political, monetary, social development have been possible due to trade in the world and if at all trade is stopped it may hinder the economic growth and smooth relations. Recently India introduced its new foreign trade policy for 2021-2026 intending to become an economy of USD 5 trillion along with making India a superior in the area of International trade. Covid -19 pandemic led trade disruption worldwide, but the agricultural and food sector proved to be more resilient than other sectors of the economy. Whereas the scale of disruption has significantly affected business and manufacturing is no exception and it has had implication on production, demand supply chain. In this context, an attempt has been made in this paper to enlighten the overall India’s exports and imports from 2016-2021and also focus on the imports and exports of principle agricultural commodities as well as manufacturing commodities. The study also tries to undertake the immediate and potential impact of pandemic on exports and imports of India.

An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Local Institutions in the Production of Exportable Pineapple in Ghana

Pineapple is one of the important non-traditional agricultural export commodities that contributes immensely to the progress of Ghana. This study assesses the effectiveness of the local institutions in the production of pineapple for export. The study achieves this by investigating how well the Local Institutions perform their functions; both statutory and non-statutory functions based on how the institutions perceive each other’s functional performance. Primary data on the functions were obtained from thirty (30) identified local institutions categorised into five (5) namely Local Administration, Local Government, Service Organisation, Membership Organisations and Private Businesses. The data obtained were analysed using the Chi-square method of analyses. Constraints in achieving high institutional performance of the Local Institutions were ranked and the Kendall concordance coefficient was used to test the extent of agreement between the constraints. The results of the study showed that about 63 percent of the selected Local Institutions were found to be effective in the performance of their functions. The linkage among the Local Institutions was fairly strong; only 33 percent of the institutions were found to relate strongly with others. Out of the strongly linked institutions, 50 percent were found to be among the institutions that were found to be effective in the performance of their functions. Inadequate finance and poor logistics were identified as the most pressing constraints that limited the achievement of high performance of the Local Institutions. In order to be effective in performance of functions, Local Institutions need to develop innovative ways of networking with others in the pineapple subsector, especially farmers. In this way, good agricultural practices would be assured and increased production for export will be sustained.

Brazilian Civil Society and South–South Cooperation: Countering the Green Revolution from Abroad

Having transformed its hinterland to become a major exporter of agricultural commodities, Brazil has, since the mid-2000s, set up a range of South–South cooperation (SSC) initiatives to export its agri-food policies and technologies to othe countries, mainly in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. Both the domestic agricultural policies and SSC have been scrutinised and shaped by interactions with civil society actors, from peasant associations and trade unions to rights-based non-governmental organisations. This article explores modes of interaction and interdependence between different civil society and state actors in the context of SSC relating to food security and agricultural development. It analyses changes and continuities in civil society engagement, and mobilisation and de-mobilisation dynamics. Recently, the government’s de-prioritisation of the South–South agenda has been accompanied by very limited civil society activism. The article discusses why this needs attention and the challenges that need to be considered to reinstate productive state–civil society dynamics.

Effect of credit services and socioeconomic factors on the income of cocoa marketers in Ondo State, Nigeria

Cocoa has remained a valuable crop and major foreign exchange earner among other agricultural commodity export of the Nigerian economy. Therefore, the study evaluates the effect of credit services and socioeconomic factors on the income of cocoa marketers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Primary data were used with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 120 cocoa marketers. Descriptive statistics, budgetary technique and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) were used for the analysis. The costs and returns analysis reveal that the net marketing income for the average cocoa marketer was ₦8,560,344 per annum while the total revenue of an average cocoa marketer was ₦20,716,187 per annum. The marketing efficiency ratio is 70.4 while the return on investment (ROI) is estimated to be 1.7. That is out of every ₦1 invested, the average marketer made a profit of ₦1 and 7 kobo. The results of OLS revealed that transportation, credit size, credit source, and credit duration were the main determinants marketers’ income in the area. Lack of collaterals and poor financial management skills are the main constraints faced by the marketers. Thus, it is recommended that credit should be provided for cocoa marketers with moderate collateral requirement and interest rate in order to give each and every cocoa marketer the chance to expand their scale of operations.

The Morphology of Urban Agriculture of Marisa District, Indonesia

Activities of most of the population in Marisa district and Paguat district generally revolve around primary agricultural production in suburban and hinterland. This research was purposed (1) to examine the causes of the urban agglomeration of farmer settlements, thus resulting in a spatial form or urban morphology; (2) to analyze the development process of city morphology due to the economic strength of the agricultural commodity export sector, specifically in hinterland farming areas; (3) to analyze the economic growth due to the export base of the agricultural commodity with an emphasis on the population of Marisa. A quantitative-qualitative method based on the post-positivism philosophy was employed. This research employed several techniques in the data collection process, such as observation, document review, and interview. In the data analysis, several stages were also performed, such as analysis of Leading Commodities (Location Quotient (LQ) Analysis; LQ_share & LQ_Shift Analysis) and Spatial Analysis. The result showed that: (1) the urban agglomeration led to the settlement of farmer communities, which also formed a mutual relationship among the residents. (2) Marisa, according to the classification of urban morphology, resembled a star-shaped or octopus layout. This result indicated that the dynamics of Marisa as a region started from the establishment process of the region, and the study suggested further research related to this matter.

Enhancing Household Welfare through Perennial Crop Production in Northern Ghana

As Ghana seeks to diversify its agricultural export commodity trade away from its over-reliance on cocoa, empirical evidence is critical to inform policy direction on the implementation of programs to promote such an agenda. The objective of the study was to determine whether farmers who cultivate perennial crops as their primary source of livelihood have better welfare gains than farmers who cultivate perennial crops. The study used cross-sectional data collected from 386 farming households in the northern region of Ghana. The propensity score-matching technique augmented with a control function estimator was employed in order to account for self-selection biases in household characteristics that could invalidate the quality and magnitude of the estimates. Factors identified to positively and significantly influence households’ decision to cultivate perennial crops include number of male adults in a household, farm size, membership of farmer groups, value of agricultural credit, and distance from homestead to the farm. The empirical evidence further indicated that farmers who grow perennial crops have higher welfare gains in terms of consumption expenditure per capita, household income per capita, and farm income per hectare than farmers who grow annual crops as their primary source of income. On the other hand, annual crop farmers have a wider spread of income (income diversification) than perennial crop farmers. Sensitizing farming households to engage in perennial crop production, at the very least, as an alternative source of livelihood, will aid in the fight against poverty and food insecurity, as well as improve Ghana’s macroeconomic balances through agricultural export revenue.

Value Chain Upgrading Strategies for Sustainable Coffee Industry:- A Visionary SWOT Approach

The government of India believes boosting exports of agricultural commodities is a sure-shot way to enhance the farmer’s income in the country [1]. Indian coffee is primarily an export-oriented commodity with over 75 per cent of the annual production being exported to various destinations around the world [2]. Small coffee growers dominate coffee production in the country. The study comprised both qualitative and quantitative data collected for coffee value chain actors in Kodagu districts of Karnataka during the study period. The main objective of the study is to develop strategies to upgrade the value chain for the sustainable coffee industry. The results of the study indicate that value chains for coffee are largely diffuse, with limited coordination in terms of quality and specifications in the conventional chain. For up gradation in the value chain in the study area farmers has to adopt Branding and Labeling, value chain through bio-dynamic farming, Sale through direct auction, Collectivization, Direct Sale of ripe cherries to a Corporate, Internet Marketing, organic certification etc [1]. This study suggests that upgrading strategies could be difficult at the level of the chain without any institutional support. Hence, the government needs to develop policies for effortless adoption by the coffee planters of identified upgrading strategies.

Halal Certification of Agricultural Export Commodities: Opportunities and Challenges

The fast growth in the number of muslims worldwide made the halal lifestyle a growing trend. This phenomenon has led to high demand for halal products, especially agricultural commodities. Halal certification efforts for agriculture commodities were not only considered beneficial for consumers but also for producers and business actors. With halal certification, consumer confidence in producers and business actors will increase, and it will have a positive impact on the profits of producers and business actors. This study aims to provide an overview of the importance of halal certification efforts for Indonesia's agricultural export commodities so that it can become a reference for the government in developing the national agro-industry. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis with a review of relevant literature through sources from journals, books, proceedings, publications, and electronic media. The results of the literature review show that the biggest challenge to halal certification in Indonesia lies in the procedures and processes. There was a risk of uncleanness occurring at several stages which may allow contamination of unclean and unclean materials during distribution or transportation. Amid during in the fast development of the global halal market, the high potential for the development of halal-certified organic products in Indonesia opens up opportunities for halal certification for agricultural commodities.