Export Transactions Research Articles

Segmented Market of Indonesian Coffee Exports to International Market: RFM Approach

This study aims to determine the characteristics of coffee products in the international market. Data is collected from coffee product export transaction data from 2011-2021, Indonesia Statistic. Export data were selected based on the Harmony system (HS) code of coffee and its derivatives. The analysis method used is RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) Analysis. The results show that there are 12 categories of coffee products exported to 90 countries divided into 9 regions/zones respectively. Coffee export products with the highest interest are arabica WIB (not roasted and not decaffeinated wet-processed Arabica coffee beans) or Robusta OIB (unroasted, with caffeine) coffee. Then the best markets for coffee products exported by Indonesia are the United States, Japan, Malaysia, Germany, Egypt, Georgia, Australia, United Arab Emirate, and Ecuador. The second-best exported coffee product is roasted coffee, with caffeine, unground that being imported Malaysia, China, and New Zealand. The two categories contribute 98% of export volume of Indonesia’s exported coffee and 78% frequency. The study confirms that the choice of coffee and its derivative products in importing countries is influenced by purchase timing, frequency, and funds used. In addition, purchasing factors are also influenced by the characteristics of consumers and processed industries in these importing countries

Navigating the shadows: exports and money laundering dynamics in Bangladesh

Purpose This study aims to analyze the complex dynamics of money laundering (ML) in the export sector of developing countries, with a special focus on Bangladesh. It aims to uncover the strategies and tactics money launderers use to exploit export transactions and understand the vulnerabilities that exist in economies where enforcement agencies neglect the export industry. Design/methodology/approach This study examines Bangladesh’s export sector ML using qualitative methods. Customs officers, central bank officers, port authorities and selected exporters were interviewed semi-structured. Document analysis of Bangladesh Bank orders, media and Customs Intelligence and Investigation Directorate reports was also done. Qualitative data patterns were identified using theme analysis. Findings The study identifies the most vulnerable export commodities – readymade garments, agricultural items and processed foods – as prime targets for ML. Key methods of laundering include under-invoicing, over-invoicing, misdeclaration and fake documentation. The research highlights the significant risk posed by the improper use of government financial incentives and introduces the “sample shipment” method as a novel laundering tactic. The findings underscore the need for stronger oversight and controls to mitigate these risks. Research limitations/implications This research is limited by single-point data because ML is a continual activity. The reliance on case studies from newspaper reports and online platforms introduces a degree of selection bias and the chosen instances may not comprehensively represent the broader landscape of trade-based ML. Practical implications The study provides several practical recommendations for policymakers and law enforcement agencies to fortify the export sector against exploitation by money launderers, ensuring greater transparency and accountability in international trade operations. Social implications By closing loopholes in the export sector, the research supports the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly Goal 16.4, which aims to reduce illicit financial flows, thereby contributing to poverty eradication and economic stability in developing countries. Originality/value Original research results supported by technical analysis are presented in this work. It contributes to the body of knowledge by detailing the adaptive strategies of money launderers and proposing targeted recommendations for enhancing the integrity of the export sector.

Оптимизация расчетов по экспортным операциям в национальной валюте в современных геополитических условиях

The financial security of enterprises in modern geopolitical conditions is negatively affected by political and financial sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation. In modern conditions of a rather aggressive exchange rate policy of the Bank of Russia, which ensures the containment of the national currency exchange rate and has a direct impact on the receipt of negative exchange rate differences in the process of export operations of domestic enterprises, it is necessary to improve settlement measures when conducting foreign economic activity. The purpose of this study was to develop operations to optimize settlements for export transactions in national currency. The subject of the study is the economic relations that arise in the process of settlements for expert transactions when carrying out foreign economic activity in modern geopolitical conditions. As a result of the study, scenarios for reducing the role of the dollar in international payments and reserves are reflected, and changes in the field of exchange control are studied. An assessment of the financial results of the enterprise for individual contracts was made due to the reflection of negative differences caused by fluctuations in the exchange rate of international currencies and the strengthening of the ruble. The effect of paying for exports in rubles is analyzed using the example of large existing enterprise contracts. A payment scheme for the enterprise’s exported products was developed and proposed by switching to payments in national currency. It was proved that the transition of settlements with foreign buyers in rubles reduces the risk of fluctuations in the exchange rate of international currencies and contributes to the strengthening of the ruble exchange rate while increasing the economic benefits of the enterprise. The results of the study can be applied to the practical activities of not only an individual enterprise but also to the activities of other enterprises exporting products.

An Analysis on Determinants of Cash and L/C Export: Findings from Türkiye’s Export

The payment methods used in international trade are of significant importance for the financial flow of the involved parties. When it comes to transferring goods and funds across borders to their new owners, the risks faced by the parties may seem daunting. The use of a letter of credit payment method by banks serves a protective role, enabling the parties to engage in trade more securely. While the expenses linked to this approach are sometimes viewed as challenging for the involved parties, it is considered a significant enabler, particularly in new trade alliances. In fact, exporters' choices are classified in countries' trade statistics based on payment methods. This study aims to uncover the determinants of exports from Türkiye between January 2013 and September 2023, utilizing both cash in advance and letter of credit payment methods. To accomplish this objective, exchange rates and specific inflation indicators, and their causal relationship with export transactions based on payment types was examined using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The research findings indicate that exchange rates, inflation, and cash payment variables cause letter of credit payments. Conversely, only the foreign producer price index was identified as a cause for cash-based exports. These findings illustrate that economic indicators, which may pose risks for Turkish exporters, are reasons for important decisions. In light of these findings, recommendations have been made for exporters and policymakers to proceed cautiously in the face of different economic scenarios.

수출업무의 디지털 전환이 수출성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

Purpose: To understand the impact of utilizing B2B global e-commerce platforms on the process and performance of export transactions from the perspective of digital transformation. Research design, data, and methodology: Out of 2,200 questionnaires that were distributed, 348 were returned and a final 291 were utilized. SPSS 28.0 and Process Macro 4.2 were used to conduct an empirical analysis of the parallel mediation effect model. Results: First, digital transformation in B2B export businesses was found to increase supply chain agility, interoperability, and profit-oriented cooperation. Second, digital transformation in B2B export businesses had a positive effect on export performance. Third, digital transformation in B2B exporting can have a positive impact on export performance based on supply chain agility, but interoperability and profit-oriented collaboration did not have a significant impact on export performance. Conclusions: B2B global e-commerce is expected to continue to grow in line with the recent digital transformation of export business, so it is necessary for export companies to identify platform characteristics and build relevant business strategies.

ANALISA PEMBAYARAN INTERNASIONAL MELALUI LETTER OF CREDIT TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN EKSPOR BATUBARA PADA PT. MANDIRI INTIPERKASA

Analysis of International payments through letter of credit on coal export trade at PT. Mandiri Intiperkasa. Discusses coal export payment procedures using Letters of Credit. The research used is descriptive qualitative research. The data collection techniques used in preparing this thesis were direct observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research are that international payments use letters of credit in theory in Amir MS's book and in reality in PT. Mandiri Intiperkasa is in compliance. Letters of Credit are safe for both parties. This has been required by the government for coal mining companies to use Letters of Credit in coal commodity export transactions. This is required because it supports the country's foreign exchange. It is hoped that PT. Mandiri Intiperkasa to have books related to international trade, especially coal. To increase information for employees regarding the payment system using a Letter of Credit.

What Major Agricultural Cross-Border Trade Products in India Are Influenced by Payments?

This study explores the connection between overall Indian payment statistical indicators and the import-export patterns of around 40 major agricultural products regulated by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) in India. Using separate regression analyses for import and export transactions from 2013 to 2022, our findings indicate that only a few of these products show a clear impact from payment indicators. In a time when digital payments are becoming increasingly important, the discovery that certain agricultural products are not affected by payment trends has significant implications for the financial landscape. As digital transactions continue to grow, understanding that some agricultural products remain independent of payment trends highlights the need for comprehensive intervention and further research. This study emphasizes the importance of thoroughly investigating these dynamics, providing insights to inform strategic decisions and policies that align with the changing financial ecosystem.

The Impact of the Banking Sector and Its Heterogeneity on the Scale and Quality of China's Exports

Abstract: Using data of export transactions and the regional distribution of banking branches in China, this article examines the effect of bank development on the export scale and quality of firms. The results show that these factors are significantly enhanced by bank development. Compared to large state-owned commercial banks and rural financial institutions, the development of city commercial banks and joint-equity commercial banks has a more significant impact on improving the export scale and quality of firms. This article also examines the channels through which bank development benefits the export performance of firms. Indeed, bank development significantly increases firms' access to credit and reduces their credit costs, leading to improved export performance. These findings have important implications for financial development and export upgrading.

Research on Wildlife Trade Based on SARIMA and Multiple Regression

At the start, this paper firstly converges the data set given in the topic to count out the data from 1990-2021. After that, uses the count function of MATLAB on the pd library to statistically analyze the family data, so as to get the greatest number of wild animal groups and species transactions, and concludes that: among the species varieties, the category of Cercopithecidae has the most number, followed by Felidae, Cebidae. among the specific genera of animals, Macaca had the highest number, followed by Papio and Potos. Next, this paper analyzes the statistical options so as to obtain the most important trade purposes, and concludes that: the analysis of the global wildlife trade records from 2003 to 2021 shows that the purposes of wildlife trade are the most used for wildlife trade, zoo use, and circus performances. After that, this paper uses the number of trade imports and exports over the years as the basic data to measure the state of the trade market, and later analyzes it by constructing the growth rate of trade transactions as an indicator to assess the state of the wildlife trade market. The concludes that: with the change of time, the economy was relatively stable in the pre-wild trade market, and there was a market turmoil in 2012, and then it stabilized. Market turbulence was observed in both 2018-2022, with a depressed status quo in the wild trade market. Then, this paper will use multiple regression analysis to analyze the number of import and export transactions of wildlife trade each year and the degree of epidemic, so that the correlation between the two can be judged by the regression coefficient, and the conclusion is: the severity of the epidemic will indeed have a certain impact on the wild trade market, and this relationship shows a typical negative correlation, that is, the higher the severity of the epidemic, the lower the import and export The lower the severity of the epidemic, the higher the import and export trade in the wild trade market. Last, the annual wildlife trade import and export quantities are used as the basic data, and the total global GDP is collected as an indicator of the global economy, so that a multiple regression model is constructed to analyze the relationship between the global wildlife trade import and export quantities and the total global GDP, and concludes that: based on this analysis, this paper concludes that the global wildlife trade ban needs to be adhered to at least for a long period of time, and that the wildlife trade does affect the global economic situation.

Exporters' reaction to positive foreign demand shocks

AbstractI use the quasi‐natural experiment of the 2018 African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in China to analyze swine exporters' reaction to a foreign market's positive demand shock. I use the universe of Spanish firms' export transactions to China and other countries and compare the performance of swine and other exporters before and after the ASF. The ASF almost tripled Spanish swine exporters' sales to China. The increase in exports to China positively impacted export revenue and survival in other foreign markets. This positive impact was especially intense for small swine exporters.

Institutional quality, infrastructure and economic growth: Evidence from RCEP countries

Large-scale regional trade agreements have led to a gradual increase in the ease of trade development among countries. The role of geographical distance and other location factors on trade development among countries has gradually diminished, while the institutional conditions of different countries have gradually increased their role on trade development among countries. Given the development process of the RCEP agreement, this study uses panel data from 2011-2021 and explores the mechanism of the institutional quality of RCEP countries affecting China’s import and export trade with them based on a gravity model. In addition, this study explores the level of infrastructure in mediating the effect of the process. It is found that the institutional quality of RCEP countries has a substantial impact on China’s import and export transactions with them. In addition, infrastructure plays a fully mediating effect in the process. Therefore, bilateral trade can be promoted by upgrading the institutional environment, infrastructure development and optimising the business environment.

The estimate of innovative development of construction industry in the Kazakhstan

In this paper, based on OECD statistical data for 1995-2018 and the Input-Output model, a systematic study of the industrial and innovative development of the construction sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out. As, for the Produce / selling and Purchase / buying, the Gross value added and Final demand, the Import and Export transactions of structural agents, estimates are given and the bands of the left-hand critical, the left-sided moderate, the equilibrium, the right-sided moderate, the right-sided critical are confidence intervals constructed. Further, based on the erogeneity of the value of the standard deviation, the distributions of the absolute frequencies of the flows of transactions along the bands of confidence intervals are estimated, which, in turn, allow us to assess the state and condition of equilibrium of the industrial and innovative development of the construction industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Credit constraints and spillover effects of financial market liberalization: Case of Colombia

We identify an effect of deep trade agreements that is previously not studied in the literature. The 2012 US-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement caused Colombia to liberalize its financial markets, providing greater access to foreign financial services. We show that this financial market liberalization effectively reduced credit constraints faced by Colombian firms. We merge balance sheet data with export transaction data, allowing us to analyze changes in export decisions of more than 7000 firms over the span of 10 years. As a result of the reforms, in sectors that rely more on external financing, exports have increased to the rest of the world. That is, the trade-diversion effects of the agreement were reduced due to improved access to external financing by foreign capital. Thus, we demonstrate a new channel for potential welfare gains from trade agreements.

The ISO 14001 Environmental Standard and Exports

ABSTRACT Analyses that examine the role of international standards on export performance have been concentrated on quality certifications, like the ISO 9000. In this article, we assess the impact of environmental certifications on export outcomes. Using firm-level data from Ecuador, we found that holding an ISO 14001 environmental certification increases the likelihood of becoming an exporter. We did not find an impact on the firm’s level of exports or on the growth rate of exports. The results suggest that ISO 14001 certification is most useful when it comes to reducing information frictions, thus allowing firms to initiate export transactions.

Rising Role of China in the Asia-Pacific Interconnected Economies: Current Status and Future Opportunities

This paper investigates the rising role of China in the Asia-Pacific interconnected economy. This research utilizes export data to analyze, includes the quarterly international export data of Australia and Japan with its partner countries, the export data with China, Japan and the US as partner country with the typical countries include Canada, Mexico, USA, Australia, Japan, Chile, New Zealand, China and Indonesia. The results indicate that a) the significant role of China in international GVCs and in Asia-Pacific interconnected economy, b) the flourishing transaction value between these three years indicates the rising role of China all over the world, c) the essential position of the Chinese economy in the Asian economy, the joint Asia-Pacific economy, the potential of China as a developing country economy and the strength of its domestic industries. As for managerial implications, China is recommended to seize the initiative, expand its influence and insist on the development of Belt and Road strategy. The limitation of this study is that the diversity of observations. In a broader sense, more research is required to determine the universality or internationalization of the study subjects and comparisons across numerous time periods. Additionally, some industries may have an impact on each nation's export transaction values; this is a topic that merits additional study and application.

PENGARUH KUALITAS TEH, KUANTITAS EKSPOR, DAN NILAI TUKAR TERHADAP NILAI EKSPOR TEH INDONESIA

Export value is the value of all goods and services traded abroad which is determined by foreign demand. Quality is the level of good or bad goods or services while export quantity is a benchmark for something that is aimed at an amount that can be calculated with certainty, export transactions need to use the exchange rate as a benchmark for international trade processes, this study aims to determine how the influence of quality tea, export quantity, and exchange rate against Indonesian tea export value for the period 1993 - 2019 either simultaneously or partially. In addition, this study aims to determine the most influential variable on tea export value for the period 1993 - 2019 using SPSS. The results of data analysis show that tea quality, export quantity, and exchange rate simultaneously affect the export value of Indonesian tea in 1993 - 2019. The variables of tea quality and export quantity partially have a positive and significant effect on the value of Indonesian tea exports in 1993 - 2019 while the exchange rate variable partially had a negative and significant effect on the value of Indonesian tea exports in 1993 - 2019.

Recent Changes in Treatment of Export Transactions in the Philippines

Recent changes overhauling the Philippines’ Tax Code and the issuance of administrative regulations resulted in confusion on whether the zero VAT rate still applied to sales between businesses registered for VAT in economic zones and whether the Philippines still adhered to the cross-border principle. Tracing the roots of the Philippine VAT system and economic zones, the author discusses the impact of recently enacted legislative amendments to the treatment of export sales of goods and services and transactions in economic zones as well as the applicability of the cross-border doctrine.

Inventory Management with Trade Policy Uncertainty

AbstractThis paper develops a theoretical model to describe how exporting firms manage their inventory stocks in response to an exogenous trade policy uncertainty shock. Using firm‐level data from China Industrial Enterprise Database and China Customs Database on inventory and exports over the period around China's WTO accession, we show that a reduction in trade policy uncertainty significantly increased exporting firms' inventory holdings. The result was robust to various robustness checks. This effect was found to be stronger for private and foreign firms than state‐owned enterprises and mainly driven by firms from the coastal region. We also found that the reduction in trade policy uncertainty increased the frequency and the average volume of export transactions, and that this was the mechanism behind the effect. This paper helps to understand exporting firms' optimal inventory problem arising from trade‐policy uncertainty and shocks.

Quo Vadis? Export Credit Regulation After Corona: State Aid, WTO Export Subsidies Laws and the Arrangement

Officially supported export credits matter greatly for private contracts: they provide the possibility of large export transactions and contracts which would otherwise not take place. It is therefore important to know how these instruments are regulated on an international level. The international regulation for public European export finance has three levels: rules set by the WTO to curb export subsidies, the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits (which is a gentlemen’s agreement) and the EU state aid framework. Whilst the WTO framework has an official carve-out for the Arrangement, the EU state aid regime does not. Post-Covid, this article looks at the way to proceed with regulating official export credits, and how the different levels of regulation should be applied (and when), concluding that the Arrangement should be the core text of international regulation on export credits.

Challenges of International Trade and Government Governance from the Perspective of Economic Globalization

How to provide a harmonious and fair competition environment for trade activities depends on the effective management of government departments and organizations. How to play a real protective role in trade activities requires the optimization of government functions and the enhancement of economic management capabilities. Therefore, timely forecasting changes in import and export trade and formulating targeted preferential policies are of great significance for evaluating the development of the national market economy, promoting the development of the national economy, and further enhancing the country’s economic capacity. This chapter also establishes an early warning model of Shenzhen’s import and export transactions based on GMDH network. On the basis of expounding the particle swarm optimization algorithm and GMDH algorithm, the optimization mode, method, and process of GMDH network based on particle swarm optimization are also expounded. First of all, in China’s domestic macroeconomic environment, national policy environment indicators and foreign macroeconomic environment indicators, eight indexes related to international import and export transactions are selected, and the autocorrelation test and main component analysis of the indexes are carried out. Finally, the simulation results show that compared with a single GMDH network, the GMDH neural network after particle swarm optimization can get better prediction conclusions. The research results of this paper show that the GMDH network can more accurately predict the trend of Shenzhen’s international import and export transactions because of its adaptive structure, creating a new way for international import and export transaction forecasting.