Export Promotion Measures Research Articles

Agriculture export policy in India: 2010-2020-ies

The increase in exports of agricultural and food products from India to the world market gave an impetus to the author to study the measures of the country's agricultural export policy. The transition to an export-oriented development model announced at the end of the twentieth century led to the development of new approaches to foreign trade policy. Export promotion measures in the field of agriculture were prepared taking into account the peculiarities of agri-cultural production in India and were of a systematic nature. They included: political mecha-nisms, in particular the involvement of state governments; infrastructure and logistical support; economic stimulation of exports, including the creation of special export zones (agricultural clusters), attracting private investment in production and processing. Important attention was paid to the organization of the electronic National Agricultural Market (E-NAM), the digital platform of the Agri Exchange APEDA, the modernization of seaports intended for the export of agricultural goods. The result of the agrarian policy was two points – an increase in the growth rate of agricultural production and an increase in agricultural exports. The volume of exports of agricultural goods has more than tripled over the past decade and a half, and the export basket of these goods has significantly expanded. India has become the world's leading rice exporter, has become one of the world market leaders in exporting such non-traditional goods for the country as fish and aquaculture products, meat, milk and dairy products, and has also retained its traditional cotton and sugar markets.

The Influence of Traditional Exports on Economic Growth in Tanzania: The VECM Analysis

Background: Tanzania, like other developing countries, sees commerce as one of the most important tools for the country's growth and progress. Given that export is one of Tanzania's primary economic sectors, several empirical studies on the relationship between international commerce and the country's economic growth have been conducted. Objectives: The study looked primarily at the influence of traditional exports as the primary independent variable. Furthermore, the Natural Logarithm of Terms of Trade (TOT), the currency rate, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are control variables, whereas GDP is the dependent variable. Methods: The research employed time-series data from the World Bank, the Bank of Tanzania (BOT), and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) that spans 31 years from 1991 to 2021 based on the Vector Error Correlation Model (VECM). Results: The findings revealed a link between Tanzania's economic growth and traditional exports, trade terms and currency rate. Furthermore, studies have found a negative and substantial association between exchange rates and economic growth in both the short and long run. Conclusion: The findings indicated that trade terms and traditional exports had a favorable and considerable influence on economic growth in the short run. In the long run, traditional exports and FDI had a negative and positive influence on economic growth, but trade terms had a considerable and positive effect. As a result, the study argues that Tanzania's government should prioritize export promotion measures above traditional exports to accelerate Tanzania's economic growth. The government should prioritize the establishment of factories that will add value to traditional export items

ИНСТРУМЕНТЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОЮЗА

This article discusses the set of economic diplomacy (ED) instruments used by the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). It analyses the current EAEU mechanism of negotiating regional trade agreements (RTAs) with third countries, international organisations and integration. It outlines the main goals and priorities of the EAEU RTS network creation process. It gives an overview of the existing procedures for implementing the association’s trade remedies, as well as the substance of its export promotion measures. It is concluded that despite the comparative limitations of the ED-tools of the EAEU at the current stage, the integration group can still be characterized as an actor in this area. The potential for expanding the subject field of EAEU’s international trade agreements, as well as for supplementing the existing set of measures of supranational export support for member countries, has been identified.

The Evaluation of Japanese Grapes and Export Promotion Measures in Taiwan

The Evaluation of Japanese Grapes and Export Promotion Measures in Taiwan

Are EU standards detrimental to Africa’s exports?

The high costs of complying with standards adversely affect export competitiveness. Existing evidence suggests that the harmonisation of standards to international benchmarks reduces compliance costs and is less trade-inhibiting, or may even be trade-promoting. This paper thus investigates how the regulatory margin in food standards affects Africa’s fish exports to the EU. We measure the regulatory margin in standards by comparing EU standards to the international scientifically-formulated benchmarks. Our results indicate that, relative to the international standards, EU fish standards are indeed non-inhibiting. Thus, the high number of fish exports from Africa rejected by the EU due to non-compliance with EU standards does not really suggest that the measures are overly restrictive but rather is an indication of the poor quality of Africa’s fish exports. This finding suggests a need for upgrades to Africa’s fish export quality, especially the fish supply chain infrastructure, through continuous improvements in fish export logistics facilitation and export promotion measures.

Impact of Exports on Economic Aggregates of Pakistan

The study employs CGE model, on the data provided in SAM 2001-02 for Pakistan designed by Dorosh et al. (2006), to investigate the impact of Pakistan’s exports on the major aggregates of the economy. To this end, three experiments have been conducted, exportsare increased by 5% in the first simulation (SIM-I), in the second simulation (SIM-II) by 10% and in the third simulation (SIM-III) by 15%. The findings of the study reveal that increase in exports has favourable impact on the performance of macroeconomic variables of the economy i.e. GDP, public and private consumption, savings and investment. Domestic output level of most of the commodities has risen except mine, food manufacturing and other manufacturing. Incomes and expenditures of all the households have risen that results in rise of utility level of all the households. Moreover, all the households have also recorded an increase in the values of compensating variation which implies higher level of welfare for households. However, the value of compensating variation for non-agriculture households has risen more than that of agriculture households indicating pro-urban effect. Equality among the households has improved as the inequality indices have registered declining trend. The study suggests that export promotion measures should be incorporated in poverty alleviation, income equality and economic growth strategies.

СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЕ НЕСЫРЬЕВОГО ЭКСПОРТА: МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ ОПЫТ И РОССИЙСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА

One of the central tasks of the government policy in Russia is the search for the ways of limiting the dependency of the economy on the international commodity prices. Recently a number of steps were taken in the directions comparable to the international practices, at least at a first glance. A number of governmental documents concerning the support of exports from Russia were recently adopted or are currently under development. They stress the imperative to achieve a qualitative shift in the composition of national exports in mid-term through an increase of the share of value-added products. The article analyses the measures of stimulating the non-raw-material export which are actively used internationally and looks at the Russian experience in this field. A special focus is made on the functioning of the Russian institutions created for the purpose. It is agreed that their effectiveness is demonstrably lower than in comparable Western cases. The main reasons include the insufficient volume of financing of the export of finished products and the narrow range of Russian exporters of such products. Currently, the organizational measures are focused on the support of large businesses which have enough resources to enter the international markets on its own. At the same time, there is an obvious lack of stimulus provided to the small and medium enterprises. The authors point at the weaknesses of the Russian trade representative offices abroad. The insufficiency of the existing export promotion measures results in slow structural changes in the Russian export. The authors stress that the competitive of Russian export strategy should be founded on the best international practices adapted to local peculiarities. Principally, the country has everything that is needed to boost the non-raw-materials exports. The Russian exporting industries have significant potential for mobilization and innovations and can expand into new niches on the international market. This requires, among other things, a critical reconsideration of the existing practices and a skilled application of international experience. Besides an increase of the financial support, especially for small and medium businesses, it is needed to create effective instruments of coordination, monitoring and control of the trade representative offices functioning abroad.&nbsp

Textile Export Promotion in India-Salient Features

Textiles are indispensable part of human civilization. By classifying cloth as one of the basic needs of an individual along with food and shelter, the humanity accepted its importance in the human life. In textiles, the fibres are the fundamental unit or building bloc of the yarn. A fibre is defined as any product capable of being woven or otherwise made into a fabric. Government of India has taken many export promotion measures in the past and also pursuing many schemes at this moment in order to promote textile exports from India. In November 2000, the government of India announced the New Textile Policy 2000 to facilitate the textile industry to attain and sustain a pre-eminent global standing in the manufacture and export of clothing. At this juncture, the government of India has to find innovative ways of promoting textile exports from India particularly, focusing on skill development and creating a congenial environment for new entrepreneurs to enter into this industry.

China's Trade in Steel Products: Evolution of Policy Goals and Instruments

There is a growing consensus in development economics suggesting that successful economic policies feature a combination or succession of inward- and outward-oriented strategies. This article asks whether the Chinese government
 is pursuing such a mixed approach, which seeks to both harness opportunities from increased trade and investment and, at the same time, promote the development of domestic industries as well as import substitution. Following
 China's World Trade Organization accession, most export promotion measures became illegal. Policy makers were thus deprived of an effective tool for steering the international business activities of firms through administering
 incentive and control mechanisms. Their goal of promoting structural change in industries crippled by large overcapacity, low technology levels and low concentration ratios, was thus greatly complicated. Using the steel industry as an example, the article suggests that differentiated export steering continues to exist. It then goes on to ask under what conditions, in what ways and to what extent authorities are acting to harmonize firms' export behaviour with their long-term industrial development conceptions. The article finds
 that trade policy is not only product sensitive but dependent on technological sophistication, with high-tech products enjoying more favourable treatment.

Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries and Export Promotion Policies under the WTO

AbstractThis paper explains the export promotion measures that can be utilised by developing countries under the current World Trade Organization (WTO) system and compares the WTO Members’ proposals on modification of export promotion provisions in the Doha Development Agenda negotiations. Non‐reciprocity between developed countries and developing countries in favour of the latter needs to be strengthened in modifying the current WTO regulations, because of the very different levels of economic development between those two groups of countries. Therefore, from the viewpoint of ‘distributional fairness’, it suggests ways of modifying special and differential treatment provisions applied to export promotion policies of developing economies in the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures of the WTO.

Firm Characteristics of Non-traditional Exporters in Ghana

In this paper, firm-level panel data from Ghana is used to analyse the firm characteristics that are associated with exporting in the non-traditional agricultural and manufacturing sectors. The focus of the study is on the different relationships in different sectors. The findings show that the number of firms that specialise in exporting is relatively low. While for some sectors the high cost of imports reduces their likelihood to export, for others the use of high quality inputs facilitates exporting. The share of investment seems to have only a positive effect on exporting for agricultural processing. Based on this analysis the appropriateness of different export promotion measures is discussed. Dans cet article, des donnees de panel au niveau de firmes du Ghana sont utilisees pour analyser les caracteristiques des firmes exportatrices dans les secteurs non traditionnels agricole et manufacturier. Cette etude est centree sur les differentes relations entre secteurs, ainsi les termes d'interaction entre...

Duty Drawback and Export Promotion in China

The Chinese government has actively tried to promote export. Her export promotion measures have included duty drawbacks, which are expected to lower the cost of imported inputs and to increase the exporters' competitiveness. This paper examines the effectiveness of the duty drawback system in the promotion of export in China considering export supply and export demand. The unit root test shows that all concerned variables are integrated of order one. The existence of a long run equilibrium relationship among the concerned variables is examined by Pesaran and Shin's autoregressive distributed lags model. Since the cointegration tests reveal that there does not exist any long run equilibrium relationship, the ordinary least squares estimation results using the first differenced data are reported. The regression results show that duty drawback is not significant in export promotion, which might arise from inefficiencies such as the false reporting practices.

Export Promotion Policies and Economic Development of China

The government of China has tried to promote exports by various means including the establishment of Special Economic Zones, tax and financial benefits, duty drawback, export insurances, and exchange rate management. Of particular interest is that exports by foreign invested enterprises have increased substantially since the 1990s and have significantly contributed to the rapid economic growth. As China became a Member of the WTO, China has recently tried to make its export promotion policies consistent with the WTO regulations. The export promotion measures permitted in the WTO system such as the duty drawback and export insurance schemes may show resource allocational inefficiencies. It would be necessary for the Chinese government to maintain efficiently run export-promoting systems.

Performance of Onion Exports from India

Onion is one of the important vegetable crops grown in India. In terms of area, India ranks first in the world with over 479 thousand hectares spread over entire country accounting for around 18 per cent of the world area planted to onion. Globally, the country occupies the second position after China in onion production with a share of 11 per cent. In the post-liberalization era, a number of export promotion measures have been taken to boost agri-exports. Onion being one of the major export items, it is very pertinent to assess the performance of onion export in post liberalized regime in order to take corrective measures and devise future strategies to achieve greater levels of export. The paper attempts to study the changes in composition and direction of onion exports and estimation of export demand for onion. Onion was exported from the country mainly in four forms [at 8 digit HS (ITC) classification] i.e., onions fresh or chilled, onions preserved/prepared by vinegar acetic acid, onions dehydrated/dried and onions provisionally prepared. Substantial change in composition of onion and its products has taken place over the years, with the share of onions fresh in total onion exports falling to 83 per cent in TE 2002 from a high of 99 per cent in 1980. In the decade of 1990s, onion fresh recorded a marginal growth in volume terms whereas onions dehydrated/dried and onions provisionally prepared recorded a very high growth of 23 and 7 per cent respectively. Therefore, the focus in future should be to produce and export processed products of onion, i.e. onions dehydrated/dried and onions provisionally prepared by vinegar acetic acid for accelerated foreign exchange earnings. The insignificant growth of unit value realization for onions fresh or chilled, onions preserved and onions dehydrated exports is a cause of concern. In Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Mauritius Indian onion fresh or chilled was getting higher unit value price and, therefore, the focus could be to expand the market base in these countries. The Markov chain analysis was done to estimate the market share for the period 2009. It was estimated that Bangladesh would account for highest share of onion fresh exports followed by Malaysia, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Singapore, etc. With the enforcement of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Sri Lanka, the declining trend in exports to Sri Lanka is expected to be reversed. There is a need to expand the export market of onions and also to look for avenues where higher price realization is possible. There is also a need to have long term and stable policy towards export of onion. The supply of onion for exports could be increased through increased production and by way of reduction in post harvest losses. An adequate policy support is needed to take the available technology to the farmers.

Trade Logistics in Developing Countries: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa

This paper presents an analysis of obstacles facing exporting firms in developing countries by diagnosing the efficiency of trade logistics in the Middle East and North Africa region (MNA). Using logistics chain analysis for six export commodities, it presents evidence that transport and non‐transport logistics costs for export commodities from the MNA region are quite substantial, ranging from 7–25 per cent of landed product prices. Underlying these costs are key bottlenecks identified as: inefficient trucking and transport services, low export volume leading to long shipping times and the need for costly inventory accumulation, aggressive, obstructive customs authorities and procedures, low and inconsistent product quality, an underdeveloped transport intermediary sector, inefficient cross‐border transit procedures and others. Recommended actions to address developing a national transport policy, overhauling the regulatory regime for the trucking sector, export promotion measures, increasing competition in port and air freight services, reorienting customs authorities towards trade facilitation and developing cross‐border transit procedures similar to the TIR Carnets model.

Export and Economic Growth in India

The present paper examines the causal nexus between export and economic growth in India for the year 1950-51 to 1993-94. Co-integration technique has been employed to pursue the objective. The empirical results revealed the existence of a bi-directional causal relation between export and economic growth in India. This may be attributed to the fact that export promotion measures in India allocate resources efficiently according to comparative advantage causing economic growth, which interacts with a scenario where external economies associated with economic growth. However, the results derived from the analysis of co-integration technique is limited to the extent of existence of structural break and bias in a small sample.

Export Promotional System in India

This Paper puts in propor perspoctivo tho role, which export promotion measures/system should play to ensure continuing �expansion and diversification of India's exports in the context of the highly competitivo, complex and fast changing international marketing environment. The entire export promotion system in India, according to the author, has to be overhauled and scientifically orientod to the oxport marketing promotion/development needs rather than just catering to the cost reduction/profitability enhancement objectives, which indeed have some, but very limited, contribution to tho export expansion and diversification efforts of the country. A popular method of appraising benefits from export promotion measures in India has been to compare the net foreign exchange realization from exports with the total cost of administering export promotion measures to national exchequer-a fiscalist approach. The benefit analysis of export promotion system in any country should, however, necessarily bo based on a comparison between Domestic Resource Cost of export promotion measures/system and the Domestic Resource Gain as well as Net Foreign Exchange Earning. The cost-benefit analysis in terms of cost of export promotion system and measures as compared with net foreign exchange earning resulting therefrom can, therefore, be treated only as a partial approach.

Import Restrictions and Export Promotion Measures in Southeast Asian Countries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

The Pacific Basin in general and the South east Asian1 region in particular have in recent years attracted particular attention in the United States (Krause 1982) as well as in the EC countries (Akrasanee and Rieger 1982). It is being pointed out that South east Asia has emerged as one of the world's most dynamic growth regions and will continue to play an important role within the foreseeable future. The economically most advanced countries of the region are expected to reach industrial maturity within only a few decades. The traditionally strong position of Japan as the region's trading partner is seen with some envy, and in the EC countries questions are increasingly being asked regarding the basic reasons for their own relatively weak position and regarding adequate strategies and instru ments to intensify interregional economic transactions. Taking foreign trade intensities as an indicator, that is, the ratio of actual trade flows to those which can be expected from the shares in world trade of the respective countries (see Tables 1 and 2), the following facts emerge;

Trends in India's Export Performance and Export Promotion Measures

Trends in India's Export Performance and Export Promotion Measures

Export Promotion Measures in Mexico, Brazil and South Korea

Export Promotion Measures in Mexico, Brazil and South Korea