Export Of Energy Resources Research Articles

Топливно-энергетический комплекс Дальнего Востока: трансформация институциональной среды

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex inter-industry complex of the Far East, whose activities continue to focus on increasing the volume of production and export of energy resources. The introduction of sanctions against the oil and gas complex led to a violation of the logistics of export deliveries. The process of diversification of energy supplies to the rapidly developing market of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region and the domestic market that has begun requires the implementation of infrastructure projects of the fuel and energy complex for the construction of pipeline transport facilities. Termination of supplies of the European technologies and equipment, existing contracts for the maintenance of supplied equipment, as well as a ban on investments, exacerbated the problem of technical equipment and modernization of organizations of the complex. The state of the fuel and energy complex of the Far East is characterized by a low level of development and competitiveness of its processing sector. Under the current conditions, the formation of a modern institutional environment is becoming an important condition for improving the efficiency of the fuel and energy complex and ensuring effective domestic demand for the energy resources of the Far East. Many problems of the development of the fuel and energy complex can be solved only through a competent combination of market mechanisms for self-development and effective mechanisms of state regulation. The purpose of this study is to study the transformation of the institutional environment of the fuel and energy complex and analyze the influence of institutions on the development of the complex in the Far-Eastern federal district (FEFD). The article gives description of the political, legal and economic institutions of regulation and development institutions that form the institutional environment for the functioning of the fuel and energy complex. The main forms and methods of state support for organizations of the fuel and energy complex are systematized. The main functions of the fuel and energy complex are considered. The study was performed using the methods of systemic and comparative analysis.

Problems of Energy Security in the South Caucasus after the August 2008 War

The article is devoted to the energy component of regional relations in the South Caucasus after the Caucasian crisis of 2008. The problems in the export of energy resources from the region that arose as a result of the Russian-Georgian armed conflict in August 2008 are revealed. There is a desire of the European Union and Turkey to fill the gap in the implementation of investment programs, including energy, after the rupture of relations between Georgia and Russia and the weakening of their role in the energy sector in the South Caucasus. It is stated that in the conditions of increased competition in the region, a formula for energy export routes has not been developed that satisfies all interested parties. In this regard, the Nabucco project could contribute to solving this problem, but the European Union did not have the tools to help resolve conflicts in the South Caucasus. This reduced the effectiveness of its efforts to transport energy carriers and, at the same time, significantly increased the role of Turkey in the creation of Turkey’s interests in regional cooperation with Russia are traced, and its increased role in the creation and operation of key energy pipelines in the South Caucasus is revealed. A general analysis of the geopolitical situation in the region after the August 2008 war concluded that the global economic crisis, lack of investment in the energy sector, and the growing influence of Russia and China in the region were key factors complicating the creation of a reliably functioning East-West energy transportation corridor through the South Caucasus. vvvv

ДИВЕРСИФИКАЦИЯ РОССИЙСКОГО ЭКСПОРТА: РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The task of overcoming the country’s raw material specialization in international trade is the most important in the current economic situation. For a long time, Russia’s place and role in the world market were determined by the export of energy resources. The deterioration of the situation in the fuel and raw materials markets in recent years, associated with unfavorable price dynamics, the introduction of new principles of energy consumption in Europe and the world, quantitative restrictions on the import of Russian products emphasize the urgency of reforming the export structure of foreign trade of the Russian Federation and increasing the importance of non-primary non-energy exports in it. At the same time, the growth of exports of domestic nonprimary goods to world markets is significantly constrained by the intensification of competition and the strengthening of protectionist tendencies. In these conditions, the policy of the state in the field of support of national exporters in order to ensure the competitiveness of their products is of no small importance. Export promotion services from the state are widely used in world practice, national integrated systems are being formed to assist exporters at all stages of the implementation of transactions. The article offers an analysis of the main directions of the Russian state policy aimed at increasing the share of processed products in the foreign trade of the Russian Federation. The author characterizes the commodity groups that form the basis of the country’s non-energy exports and its regional specifics. The largest partner countries of the Russian Federation in the trade of non-primary goods have been identified. The prospects and directions of development of Russian non-resource exports are analyzed.

The Impact of Azerbaijan's National Economic Development on Tourism Sector

This article the influence of GDP on travel vouchers in a long- and short-term perspective, travel vouchers sold to Azerbaijani citizens for long-term internal journeys, the price of travel vouchers sold to Azerbaijani citizens, the number of beds per person in a day, the number of beds per all citizens in a day, and the number of residential areas per citizens. In addition, it analyzes the impact of GNI on those same items. Unlike other research about the influence of tourism development on GDP, this article examines the reverse impact - the impact of GDP on tourism development. In Azerbaijan, the primary source of GDP growth is the export of energy resources. Tourism is not major contributor to economic development. The problem, therefore, is to find alternative ways to develop tourism based on the economic growth that comes from the export of energy resources. To explain this further, tourism development should rely on supply rather than the demand generated by GDP and GNI growth. As a result, GDP positively affects tourism development while GNI has a negative impact. We recommend considering the development of a stable supply for tourism that is not dependent on the revenues derived by energy exports.

Космическая деятельность ОАЭ: разрушение стереотипов

The article analyzes the formation and development of the UAE space sector in the context of the country’s strategic plans. The author draws attention to how large-scale space activities change the existing perception of this country as a state whose economic well-being depends on export of energy resources. The article discusses how modernization has created conditions for transition to a fundamentally new stage of economic development, with space activity being one of its important sectors. The article analyzes in detail the organizational structure and legal acts that regulate activities in the field of space in the UAE. Space programs such as astronaut training, satellite launches, lunar exploration, and the Martian program are examined. All of them are part of Emirati international efforts aimed at space exploration. International cooperation, as the article argues, is a characteristic feature of the UAE space activities. The author acknowledges these colossal shifts that are taking place not only in the economic structure, but also in the social status, and in the minds of the Emirati citizens. The article also touches upon the rapid changes in the status of women, as demonstrated by the example of their participation in space activities. The author also draws attention to the growth in the number of nationally qualified personnel employed in the space sector, which indicates that there must be a reassessment of the established perceptions of the UAE as a traditional country whose citizens, with their well-being provided by the state, do not show interest in improving their education and increasing participation in economic development of their state. UAE space activities reflect the aspirations of the country to make a breakthrough in their economic and social development, as well as to increase their international prestige.

Development and research of means and methods for improving the efficiency of heat stations in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The main problem: This article is devoted to the key problems of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan: 1) lack of production capacity to meet the growing demand for energy and fuel from the economy and the population. Increased demand for electricity and heat, which will require the commissioning of new generating capacities.There is already a shortage in the fuel markets. Modernization and bringing the existing oil refineries (hereinafter referred to as refineries) to full capacity will not allow providing the domestic market until 2030; 2) the export orientation of raw materials, the dependence of the economy on the export of energy resources. In order to attract technology and investment in the oil and gas and nuclear industries, agreements on the extraction of energy resources were concluded with international export companies. In the medium term, Kazakhstan may face a shortage of oil for domestic refineries, if measures are not taken to stimulate its refining within the country. The uranium mined is fully exported; 3) high energy intensity of the economy, low level of energy efficiency. There is a high potential for increasing the efficiency of energy use both in the electric power industry and fuel production, and at the level of final consumption – in industry and housing and communal services; 4) decrease in the replenishment and quality of the resource base in the oil and gas, coal and nuclear industries; 5) low environmental friendliness of technologies used in the fuel and energy complex. Purpose: The purpose of the article is to reveal the problem in the field of ensuring the fulfillment of international obligations between different countries and their own energy sufficiency by gradually changing the structure of energy production. Methods: Studying the experience of increasing the efficiency of the use of energy resources and energy saving as a priority of the state policy of the country. Analysis of production capacity with a constantly forecasted shortage of primary energy resources and insufficient growth of capacity for the production of electricity and heat. Consideration of the possibility of compensating for the shortage by saving energy resources, increasing tariffs for energy carriers, as a stimulating factor for their effective use. Results and their significance: The results of this article will reflect the problems of energy, as the most important driving force of global economic progress. The well-being of the people depends on the state of the country's energy sector, therefore there is an urgent need to solve the emerging problems. The global energy problem is, first of all, the issue of stable and efficient supply of fuel and energy to mankind. Today, the energy sector of Kazakhstan is focused on fuel resources, since the country is provided with hydrocarbons and other energy resources. About 72 % of electricity in Kazakhstan is generated from coal, 12,3 % from hydro resources, 10,6 % from gas and 4,9 % from oil. Thus, the four main types of power plants generate 99,8 % of electricity, while alternative sources account for less than 0,2 %.

On cooperation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan within the EAEU in the field of energy and transport

In the context of increasing competition between states, especially in the context of the ever-growing COVID–2019 pandemic, when there is a decline in energy prices, a decrease in the consumption of gas, oil and petroleum products, the correct approach to the use of energy resources of the states this union. especially important for the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. Also the efficient organization of transport routes for the export of energy resources to foreign international markets is important. The article proposes a scheme of state regulation that can, in our opinion, solve the problems of implementing the strategic priorities of our states, in particular, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan (especially with regard to Kazakhstan's transit opportunities) in the field of energy and transport. The next important step is the further development of industrial and innovative technological development in the field of energy in our countries. The article also notes the problems in the weak integration of the scientific potential of the two countries. It should be emphasized that the collective use of the scientific potential of both states is not such a difficult problem, since in the Soviet period science developed only through joint efforts. Scientific institutes constantly shared their achievements. Joint conferences, symposia and other events were actively held, where it was possible not only to learn about the latest achievements, but also to agree on any joint projects, especially since there is no language barrier between the post-Soviet states.

ENERGY INTENSITY OF KAZAKHSTAN’S GDP: FACTORS FOR ITS DECREASE IN A RESOURCE-EXPORT DEVELOPING ECONOMY

Kazakhstan continues to use several times more energy per production unit than more developed countries and regions of the world. This study is the first comprehensive review and analysis of energy intensity factors of Kazakhstan's gross domestic product for the priod of 1990-2018. We have studied the influence of various factors on the GDP energy intensity: indicators characterizing the country's economic growth, power industry and living standards development. Calculations made have shown that the most significant influence on improving the energy efficiency of the economy is exerted by the indicators of Net Energy Imports and GDP per capita at PPP. The calculated elasticity coefficient shows that with an increase in the value of Net Energy Imports by 1%, the expected decrease in energy intensity shall be 0.85%. With an increase in GDP per capita of 1%, the expected decrease in energy intensity shall be 0.44%. However, in Kazakhstan, the influence of GDP per capita is mediated by the export of energy resources, which is confirmed by the high correlation between GDP growth, total energy production and export. We are concluding that for the developing economy of Kazakhstan exporting energy resources, the conversion of primary energy into products with high added value is more rational for economic development and energy conservation.Keywords: Energy Resources, Energy Intensity, Energy and Growth, Energy Policy, KazakhstanJEL Classifications: O13, Q43, Q48DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9817

Territories of Priority Social and Economic Development as an Institute of Strategic Development f Single-Industry Towns (Based on the Republic of Tatarstan)

Currently, it is not the export of energy resources or raw materials, but investments, modernization of production and the use of territorial development tools that arise in a number of factors of economic development and become key conditions for the development of the country. This mechanism allows to solve the problems of singleindustry towns, one of the problems of which is a narrow specialization and the mono-industrial type of city-forming enterprises. The author substantiates that the task of overcoming the narrow specialization of single-industry entities lies in economic diversification, including through the active use of the territorial development tools, such as federal economic zones, territories of priority social and economic development, industrial and investment sites. To encourage economy the only alternative is state investments and implementation of projects of territorial development. Only through changing (diversifying) the economic structure, it is possible to solve large scale tasks in the economic development of the country. It is important to solve such problems by creating an effective system of strategic management of social and economic development, the basic method of which is strategic planning. Institutional mechanisms will ensure the rational distribution of productive forces through the creation of special economic zones and territories of priority social and economic development. The article shows that in recent years, new institutes of the territorial development have been created at the federal and regional levels. The basic and well-proven instrument of strategic development is territories of priority social and economic development (TOSED). As a positive example, the author presents the analysis of the effectiveness of five single-industry towns that have received the status of TOSED (Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Zelenodolsk, Chistopol, Mendeleevsk) in the Republic of Tatarstan. Consequently it allows to draw the conclusion regarding the effectiveness of this tool from the standpoint of analyzing the dynamics of number of residents’ growth, number of workers, volume of capital investments made by residents.

Improving the efficiency of resource potential use is an urgent task of the agro – industrial complex

The Russian economy is not going through an easy time. Production volumes and efficiency are growing slowly, against this background, a pleasant exception is the situation of the agro-industrial complex. In terms of export revenue, agriculture ranks 2nd among all industries. Of course, the income from the export of agricultural raw materials is several times less than the income from the export of energy resources. However, a positive trend and good prospects for increasing export potential are important here. The article suggests measures to adjust the economic and social policy in the sphere of agriculture in the Chelyabinsk region. The policy of declaring small rural settlements not promising is not justified. All these areas of innovation in the agro-industrial complex should not be applied separately, but in combination. Such measures will provide a greater synergy effect than isolated measures.

Some Notes on Current Problems of Foreign Economic Relations of Russia

This paper discusses developments on the trade front in Russia since the deep structural crisis during the 90s which significantly affected the dynamics and structure of Russian foreign trade. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the consequent formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a major part of the Soviet Union’s internal trade has become a component of Russia’s foreign trade, the ‘export versus import’ structure in Russia has deteriorated, and there has been a rapid increase in the export of energy resources and metals, however, the export of high‐technology products, including those in the defence sectors, have actually been reduced. The opening of boundaries in the domestic market has resulted in saturation with foreign‐made consumer goods, machinery, and equipment all of which have hindered national development.