Exploration Prospects Research Articles

Tailoring Physicochemical Properties of Photothermal Hydrogels Toward Intrinsically Regenerative Therapies

AbstractPhotothermal hydrogels (PTHs) are considered next‐generation biomaterials as they offer remotely defined biophysical information of the extracellular milieu. PTHs allow precise and non‐genetic control for the regeneration of native tissues, which is the ultimate goal of tissue engineering (TE). Molecular and physical properties of PTHs, such as components, structural configurations, and mechanical characteristics, collectively serve as determinants for understanding the dynamic tissue response and clinical translation. PTHs have entered a period of fruition due to the development of numerous manufacturing technologies and polymeric matrices. Herein, this review comprehensively and meticulously elucidates the mechanisms of regenerative therapeutics underlying the design and fabrication of PTHs. Recent advances in the photothermal principles and various categories of photothermal agents (PTAs) have been extensively discussed. Vital components and structures of PTHs are summarized to enable efficacious and precise therapeutic energy delivery. Emerging applications of PTHs in TE are also demonstrated, which expand the strategies for the intrinsic regeneration of injured tissues. Then deliberate the structural and chemical engineering of PTHs to enhance prognosis while highlighting the challenges associated with clinical translation. In this review, we aim to provide guidance and prospects for exploration and innovation of PTHs in the field of TE.

Shale Oil Generation Conditions and Exploration Prospects of the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the Changling Depression, Songliao Basin, China

Low-maturity shale oil predominates in shale oil resources. China’s onshore shale oil, particularly the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin, holds significant potential for low-maturity shale oil, presenting promising exploration and development prospects. This study delves into the hydrocarbon generation conditions, reservoir characteristics, and oil-bearing property analysis of the mud shale from the Nen-1 and Nen-2 sub-formations of the Nenjiang Formation to pinpoint favorable intervals for shale oil exploration. Through the integration of lithology, pressure, and fracture distribution data in the study area, favorable zones were delineated. The Nen-1 sub-formation is widely distributed in the Changling Depression, with mud shale thickness ranging from 30 to 100 m and a total organic content exceeding 2.0%. Type I kerogen predominated as the source rock, while some samples contained type II kerogen. Organic microcomponents primarily comprised algal bodies, with vitrinite reflectance (Ro) ranging from 0.5% to 0.8%. Compared to Nen-1 shale, Nen-2 shale exhibited less total organic content, kerogen type, and thermal evolution degree, albeit both are conducive to low-maturity shale oil generation. The Nen-1 and Nen-2 sub-formations predominantly consist of clay, quartz, feldspar, calcite, and pyrite minerals, with minor dolomite, siderite, and anhydrite. Hydrocarbons primarily reside in microfractures and micropores, including interlayer micropores, organic matter micropores, intra-cuticle micropores, and intercrystalline microporosity, with interlayer and intra-cuticle micropores being dominant. The free oil content (S1) in Nen-1 shale ranged from 0.01 mg/g to 5.04 mg/g (average: 1.13 mg/g), while in Nen-2 shale, it ranged from 0.01 mg/g to 3.28 mg/g (average: 0.75 mg/g). The Nen-1 and Nen-2 sub-formations are identified as potential intervals for shale oil exploration. Considering total organic content, oil saturation, vitrinite reflectance, and shale formation thickness in the study area, the favorable zone for low-maturity shale oil generation is primarily situated in the Heidimiao Sub-Depression and its vicinity. The Nen-2 shale-oil-enriched zone is concentrated in the northwest part of the Heidimiao Sub-Depression, while the Nen-1 shale-oil-enriched zone lies in the northeast part.

Comprehensive evaluation of the Paleogene lacustrine source rocks within the Bodong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin using kinetics-based petroleum system modeling

The hydrocarbon potential of the Bodong Sag remains unclear. Investigation and comprehensive evaluation of Paleogene lacustrine source rocks is essential to determine the exploration potential and direction. This study examined the Paleogene source rocks using organic geochemical methods, including total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, maceral composition, vitrinite reflectance (Ro), and kinetic analysis. For the first time in this study area, a three-dimensional (3D) kinetics-based petroleum system modeling approach was employed to reconstruct the burial history, thermal maturity, and hydrocarbon generation history of the source rocks. The resource mass was evaluated based on the calculated generation mass. Results indicate that the third member (E2s3) and first member (E3s1) of the Shahejie Formation are mainly Type II1 organic matter, exhibiting high generation potential. The third member of the Dongying Formation (E3d3) contains mixed Type II1 and II2 organic matter, with moderate potential. The E2s3 and E3s1 source rocks matured early, entering the oil window in the Early Oligocene (∼30.3 Ma) and Middle Oligocene (∼28 Ma), respectively, and are currently in the wet gas to dry gas stage. The E3d3 source rocks matured later, entering the oil window at the end of the Oligocene (∼24.6 Ma) and are currently in the late oil to the wet gas stage. Subsidence and burial have resulted in higher maturity in the southern subsag compared to the northern subsag, with the margins remaining in low maturity to immature stages. Resource estimates for the Bodong Sag source rocks are quantified at 8.33 × 108 t of oil and 1.68 × 1011 m3 of gas. E2s3, E3s1, and E3d3 contribute 41.62%, 33.95%, and 24.43% respectively, with E2s3 source rocks being the major contributor. The southern subsag, accounting for 76.92%, is the primary hydrocarbon generation kitchen. The significant increase in natural gas resources highlights the prospects for natural gas exploration in the Bodong area.

Enrichment Characteristics and Mechanisms of Lithium, Gallium, and Rare Earth Elements (REY) within Late Permian Coal-Bearing Strata in Wanfu Mine, Xian’an Coalfield, Guangxi Province, Southwest China

The study of lithium (Li), gallium (Ga), and rare earth elements (REY) within coal-bearing strata represents a cutting-edge concern in coal geology, ore deposit studies, and metallurgy research. With the rapid advancement of technology and emerging industries, the global demand for Li-Ga-REY has significantly escalated. Several countries worldwide are facing immense pressure due to shortages in Li-Ga-REY resources. Coal-associated Li-Ga-REY depositions have emerged as a pivotal direction for augmenting Li-Ga-REY reserves. To ascertain the enrichment distribution patterns and genetic mechanisms of Li-Ga-REY within the coal-bearing strata of the late Permian Heshan Formation in Wanfu mine, Xian’an Coalfield, Guangxi Province, this study carried out comprehensive testing and analysis on Li-Ga-REY enriched in the mineralized layers within the strata. The Heshan Formation in Wanfu mine presents four layers of Li-Ga-REY-enriched mineralization, labeled from bottom to top as mineralized layers I, II, III, and IV, corresponding to coal seams K5, K4, K3, and K2. These critical metals are predominantly hosted within clay minerals (kaolinite, illite/smectite, and chlorite). The enrichment of critical metals within the Heshan Formation is closely related to terrigenous detrital materials from the Daxin paleocontinent, volcanic detrital materials induced by the Emeishan mantle plume and the Yuenan magmatic arc. The accumulation of Li-Ga-REY and other critical elements within the mineralized layers is the result of inputs from terrestrial and volcanic detrital sources, interactions between peatification and diagenesis stages, and occasionally the input of metal-enriched fluids. In the mineralized layers I, II, and III, the content of lithium oxide (Li2O) surpasses the boundary grade, and the levels of REY, Ga, and (Nb,Ta)2O5 are close to boundary grades, indicating promising exploration prospects. The Wanfu mine in the Xian’an Coalfield can be considered a primary target zone for the exploration and development of coal-associated critical metal resources in Guangxi.

Strategies, Challenges, and Prospects of Nanoparticles in Gynecological Malignancies.

Gynecologic cancers are a significant health issue for women globally. Early detection and successful treatment of these tumors are crucial for the survival of female patients. Conventional therapies are often ineffective and harsh, particularly in advanced stages, necessitating the exploration of new therapy options. Nanotechnology offers a novel approach to biomedicine. A novel biosensor utilizing bionanotechnology can be employed for early tumor identification and therapy due to the distinctive physical and chemical characteristics of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been rapidly applied in the field of gynecologic malignancies, leading to significant advancements in recent years. This study highlights the significance of nanoparticles in treating gynecological cancers. It focuses on using nanoparticles for precise diagnosis and continuous monitoring of the disease, innovative imaging, and analytic methods, as well as multifunctional drug delivery systems and targeted therapies. This review examines several nanocarrier systems, such as dendrimers, liposomes, nanocapsules, and nanomicelles, for gynecological malignancies. The review also examines the enhanced therapeutic potential and targeted delivery of ligand-functionalized nanoformulations for gynecological cancers compared to nonfunctionalized anoformulations. In conclusion, the text also discusses the constraints and future exploration prospects of nanoparticles in chemotherapeutics. Nanotechnology will offer precise methods for diagnosing and treating gynecological cancers.

The occurrence of coalbed methane in the depocentre of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin in the light of the research from the Orzesze-1 deep exploratory well

The Orzesze-1 exploratory well with a depth of 3708 m (TVD) was drilled in 2019–2020 in the depocentre of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). The methane content in the coal seams has been tested to a depth of 2840 m and the sorption capacity of the coal to a depth of 2576 m. These are the deepest measurements in the USCB so far. The vertical distribution of methane content in the borehole shows two depth zones of interest, the first at a depth 883 m to about 1300 m (maximum methane content about 12 m3/t coaldaf) and another in the range of 1500–2840 m, that is, to the maximum measurement depth, so the actual lower boundary depth of this zone is unknown. The maximum methane content here exceeds 18 m3/t coaldaf at a depth of >2800 m. Both zones are separated by an interval of reduced methane content of about 5 m3/t coaldaf at a depth of approximately 1400 m. The gas composition is dominated by methane (∼90%), and the content of carbon dioxide increases to approximately 15% at a depth of >2300 m. The methane-bearing zone at ∼900–1300 m corresponds to the zone of high- and medium-volatile bituminous coal (second coalification jump), while the highest methane content at a depth of >2800 m was determined in anthracite. The methane sorption capacity of the coal seams oscillates between 16 and 40 m3/t coaldaf with a maximum in anthracite at a depth of >2800 m, where the temperature of the rock approaches 100 °C and the deposit pressure exceeds 28 MPa. The highest sorption capacity in anthracite results from its inner structure characterised by the predominance of ordered aromatic lamellas and the dominance of vitrinite macerals (>70%), which contain coal micropores accumulating adsorbed methane. The comparison of the sorption capacity of the tested coal and the measured methane content displays undersaturation of 11–59%, however, due to significant gas content in the deep zone (depth > 1500 m), the drilling area can be considered as a prospect for further exploration and development of coalbed methane (CBM).

New Evidences of Fluid Inclusions from Wufeng Formation Reveal Shale Gas Accumulation and Leakage Histories in Northern Guizhou, Southwestern China

Abstract Shale gas accumulation and leakage histories are significant for evaluating the prospects of hydrocarbon exploration. The Wufeng Formation in northern Guizhou is a potential target for shale gas exploration and development. This work selected a typical Well YH1 to conduct detailed fluid inclusion analyses in the Wufeng Formation. We integrated the inclusion results with systematic core description, thin-section microscopic observation, laser Raman spectroscopy, microscopic temperature measurement, and burial–thermal history to reveal shale gas accumulation and leakage histories in northern Guizhou. The results show that the source rocks of the Wufeng Formation occurred in oil generation since the Permian and entered the stage of natural gas generation at the end of the Late Triassic. During the Early Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, shale gas accumulated in the Wufeng Formation reservoirs, and the stratigraphical pressure coefficient ranged from 1.47 to 1.97. Under the influence of the Yanshan orogeny, northern Guizhou experienced a rapid uplift and exhumation since the end of the Early Cretaceous. Under the influence of this tectonic, the stratigraphical pressure plummeted to the normal level, adversely impacting the accumulated shale gas in reservoirs and resulting in leakage events since the end of the Early Cretaceous. The reservoirs were further destroyed and adjusted, and the gas continued to leak because of a long-term and large-scale uplift and exhumation during the Himalayan orogeny. This work clarified that shale gas accumulation and leakage histories are significant for evaluating petroleum exploration.

Origin of porosity in evaporite platform dolostone in the middle Cambrian Shaelek Formation, NW Tarim Basin, China: constraints from petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry

The extensive middle Cambrian evaporite platform dolostone represents a significant area for hydrocarbon exploration in the Tarim Basin with recent advances indicating promising exploration prospects. However, owing to its considerable depth and the limited exploration, the genesis and distribution of evaporite-related dolostone reservoirs from the middle Cambrian remain poorly understood. This study includes detailed field investigations along with petrological, mineralogical and geochemical analyses to characterise the secondary porosity of the middle Cambrian Shaelek Formation evaporite platform dolostone and to explore the origin of the diagenetic fluids responsible for these features. The results show that gypsum dissolution vugs are the main secondary porosity in the evaporite platform dolostone reservoirs, with their development and distribution strongly controlled by sedimentary facies. Meteoric dissolution during the penecontemporaneous period is responsible for this secondary porosity. The frequent fluctuation in sea-levels and the transient exposure of the dolostone reservoirs provide favourable conditions for the dissolution of unstable gypsum. The multiple stages of calcite filling in the vugs result from supersaturated precipitation from fluids during the late stage of meteoric diagenesis. Variations in δ13C, δ18O and rare earth element compositions between the two types of calcite reflect different stages of fluid evolution and varying degrees of water–rock reaction. The vug-filling fluorite is of non-hydrothermal genesis but results from the highly evaporative concentrated seawater and terrigenous input. The highly concentrated F– in evaporative seawater, combined with F– from fluvial input (if any) during subaerial exposure, most likely provides the F– necessary for fluorite precipitation. A model of reservoir formation and evolution has been established that will be beneficial for hydrocarbon exploration and prediction of the deeply buried Cambrian evaporite platform dolostone reservoir.

Deep structure of the Wulong goldfield, Liaodong Peninsula, China, revealed by receiver functions: implications for the tectonic and mineralization dynamics

During the Mesozoic, the North China Craton experienced intense tectonic movements that resulted in the formation of numerous gold deposits on the Liaodong and Jiaodong Peninsulas in northeastern China. To investigate the relationship between deep crustal structure and gold mineralization in the Liaodong Peninsula, we deployed 334 dense seismic stations in the Wulong goldfield (WLGF) with the idea of analysing numerous receiver functions at different array stations. The purpose focused on knowing the potential for gold mineralization in the area. The study revealed the following: (1) The WLGF is characterized by a crustal thickness of approximately 32 km and an average Vp/Vs ratio of 1.76. The high value of the Vp/Vs ratio near the Wulong gold deposit suggests that mantle materials have penetrated into the crust and contributed to the mineralization process. (2) A low-velocity layer located at a depth of 10–18 km below the WLGF seems to support the existence of a potentially brittle-ductile transition zone. Also, hydrothermal magma upwelling channels are observed in the upper crust beneath the Wulong gold deposit. (3) The presence of a discontinuous low-velocity layer in the middle crust beneath the Liaodong Peninsula suggests promising prospects for gold ore exploration. The receiver functions method based on a dense seismic array employed in this study can offer valuable references and guidance for the fine exploration and research of ore deposits in other regions globally.

The Main Controlling Factors of the Cambrian Ultra-Deep Dolomite Reservoir in the Tarim Basin

The genesis of deep-to-ultra-deep dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim Basin is crucial for exploration and development. The Cambrian subsalt dolomite reservoirs in the Tarim Basin are widely distributed, marking significant prospects for ultra-deep reservoir exploration. Based on big data methodologies, this study collects and analyzes porosity and permeability data of carbonate reservoirs in the western Tarim Basin, specifically targeting the Cambrian deep-oil and gas-reservoir research. Through an examination of the sedimentary evolution and distribution of carbonate–evaporite sequences, and considering sedimentary facies, stratigraphic sediment thickness, fault zone distribution, and source-reservoir assemblages as primary reference factors, the study explores the macro-distribution patterns of porosity and permeability, categorizing three favorable reservoir zones. The controlling factors for the development of Cambrian carbonate reservoirs on the western part of the Tarim Basin are analyzed from the perspectives of sedimentary and diagenetic periods. Factors such as tectonic activity, depositional environment, microbial activity, and pressure dissolution are analyzed to understand the main causes of differences in porosity and permeability distribution. Comprehensive analysis reveals that the porosity and permeability of the Series2 carbonate reservoirs are notably high, with extensive distribution areas, particularly in the Bachu–Tazhong and Keping regions. The geological pattern of “Three Paleo-uplifts and Two Depressions” facilitated the formation of inner-ramp and intra-platform shoals, creating conducive conditions for the emergence of high-porosity reservoirs. The characteristics of reservoir development are predominantly influenced by diagenetic and tectonic activities. The Miaolingian is chiefly affected by diagenesis, featuring high permeability but lower porosity and smaller distribution range; dolomitization, dissolution, and filling processes under a dry and hot paleoclimate significantly contribute to the formation and preservation of reservoir spaces. In the Furongian, the Keping and Bachu areas display elevated porosity and permeability levels, along with substantial sedimentary thickness. The conservation and development of porosity within thick dolomite sequences are mainly governed by high-energy-particulate shallow-shoal sedimentary facies and various dissolution actions during diagenesis, potentially indicating larger reserves.

The sedimentary environment and main controlling factors of organic matter enrichment of Carboniferous-Permian marine-continental transitional shale in Kaiping syncline

The shale from the Carboniferous and Permian Taiyuan–Shanxi Formation in Kaiping syncline has good prospects for shale gas exploration and development. To understand the evolutionary characteristics of the sedimentary environment in this area and their relationships with organic matter enrichment. Shale samples from the Taiyuan-Shanxi in Well KP1 were selected as research objects, followed by organic geochemical research, elemental geochemical analysis, and numerical analysis. The results show that the sedimentary period of the Shanxi Formation was marked by a medium productivity level. The sedimentary water column was composed of brackish water and seawater deposits in an anoxic reduction environment. The Taiyuan Formation shale was characterized by a medium level of paleoproductivity. The sedimentary water column was composed of brackish water deposits in an anoxic reduction environment. According to the linear correlation analysis of paleoenvironmental conditions and TOC content. This study suggests that ancient water salinity is the main factor controlling the enrichment of organic matter in the sedimentary stage of the Taiyuan-Shanxi Formation.

A Nanobody/Monoclonal Antibody "hybrid" sandwich technology offers an improved immunoassay strategy for detection of African trypanosome infections.

The scarcity of reliable devices for diagnosis of Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) presents a limitation to control of the disease. Existing high-sensitivity technologies such as PCR are costly, laborious, time-consuming, complex, and require skilled personnel. Hence, utilisation of most diagnostics for AAT is impracticable in rural areas, where the disease occurs. A more accessible point-of-care test (POCT) capable of detecting cryptic active infection, without relying on expensive equipment, would facilitate AAT detection. In turn, early management, would reduce disease incidence and severity. Today, several ongoing research projects aim at modifying complex immunoassays into POCTs. In this context, we report the development of an antigen (Ag) detection sandwich ELISA prototype for diagnosis of T. congolense infections, which is comprised of nanobody (Nb) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents. The Nb474H used here, originated from a past study. Briefly, the Nb was engineered starting from mRNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes of an alpaca immunized with soluble lysate of Trypanosoma congolense (TC13). T. congolense glycosomal fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TcoALD) was discovered as the cognate Ag of Nb474H. In this study, splenocytes were harvested from a mouse immunized with recombinant TcoALD and fused with NS01 cells to generate a hybridoma library. Random screening of the library on TcoALD retrieved a lone binder, designated IgM8A2. Using Nb474H as Ag-capture reagent in combination with the IgM8A2 monoclonal antibody Ag-detection reagent resulted in a tool that effectively detects native TcoALD released during infection by T. congolense parasites. Hitherto, development of POCT for detection of active trypanosome infection is elusive. The Nanobody/Monoclonal Antibody (Nb/mAb) "hybrid" sandwich technology offers prospects for exploration, using the unique specificity of Nb as a key determinant in Ag capturing, while using the versatility of monoclonal Ab to adapt to various detection conditions.

Discussion on Deep Geothermal Characteristics and Exploration Prospects in the Northern Jiangsu Basin

The Northern Jiangsu Basin (NJB), located at the northeast edge of the Yangtze block, is not only rich in oil and gas resources but also contains abundant geothermal resources. Nevertheless, the distribution of geothermal resources at medium depth in the NJB is still unclear due to its complex geological structure and tectonic–thermal evolution process, which restricts its exploitation and utilization. The characteristics of the geothermal field and distribution of geothermal reservoirs within the NJB are preliminarily analyzed based on available temperature measurements and geothermal exploration data. The prospective areas for the exploration of deep geothermal resources are discussed. The analysis results show that (1) Mesozoic–Paleozoic marine carbonate rocks are appropriate for use as principal geothermal reservoirs for the deep geothermal exploration and development within the NJB; (2) the geothermal field is evidently affected by the base fluctuation, and the high-temperature area is mainly concentrated at the junction of the Jianhu uplift and Dongtai depression; (3) the southeast margin of Jinhu sag, Lianbei sag, the east and west slope zone of Gaoyou sag, the low subuplifts within the depression such as Lingtangqiao–Liubao–Zheduo subuplifts, Xiaohai–Yuhua subuplifts and the west of Wubao low subuplift, have good prospects for deep geothermal exploration.

Analysis of Cassini Altimetric Crossovers on Titan

The Cassini spacecraft performed several flybys of Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, collecting valuable data. During several passes, altimetric data were acquired. Here, we focus on altimetric measurements collected by Cassini’s radar when flying over the same region at different epochs in order to correlate such measurements (crossovers) and investigate differences in altimetry. In our study, we assess altimetric errors associated with three distinct methods for extracting topography from Cassini’s radar data: the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), the threshold method, and the first moment technique. Focusing on crossover events, during which Cassini revisited specific areas of Titan’s surface, we conduct a detailed examination of the consistency and accuracy of these three topography extraction methods. The proposed analysis involves closely examining altimetric data collected at different epochs over identical geographical regions, allowing us to investigate potential errors due to the variations in off-nadir angle, relative impact, uncertainties, and systematic errors inherent in the application of these methodologies. Our findings reveal that the correction applied for the off-nadir angle to the threshold and first moment methods significantly reduces the dispersion in the delta difference at the crossover, resulting in a dispersion of the order of 60 m, even lower than what is achieved with the MLE (~70 m). Additionally, an effort is made to assess the potential of Cassini for estimating the tidal signal on Titan. Considering the altimetric errors identified in our study and the relatively low number of crossovers performed by Cassini, our assessment indicates that it is not feasible to accurately measure the tidal signal on Titan using the currently available standard altimetry data from Cassini. Our assessment regarding the accuracy of the Cassini altimeter provides valuable insights for future planetary exploration endeavors. Our study advances the understanding of Titan’s complex landscape and contributes to refining topographical models derived from Cassini’s altimetry observations. These insights not only enhance our knowledge of Saturn’s largest moon but also open prospects for Titan surface and interior exploration using radar systems.

Hydrogeomorphology and recharge mechanism of a coastal aquifer in tectonic-controlled watersheds: A multi-proxy approach based on remote sensing and environmental isotopes

Coastal aquifers worldwide can be considered an essential water source required for preservation of the coastal ecosystems. However, these aquifers are vulnerable to seawater intrusions and over-pumping due to their proximity to the sea and human activities, respectively. Therefore, the investigation of recharge mechanism has special importance in the regions of tectonic rift activities where they exhibit complex geological structures and hydrogeological characteristics. In the current research, an integrated approach of remote sensing and environmental isotopes together with field investigation and subsurface datasets (aeromagnetic, gravity and well logs) are employed to identify the nature and factors affecting groundwater recharge of the Miocene coastal aquifer along the Red Sea-Gulf of Suez western margin (continental rift basin). The research findings reveal that: (1) The coastal Miocene aquifer consists of both clastic (sandstone, sand and gravels) and carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) with subsurface thickness ranges between 100 and 200 m. (2) Its groundwater shows contrast salinity values (expressed by total dissolved solids, TDS) between 2755 and 10,996 mg/l, due to the variation in recharge rates and the lithologic dissimilarity of the water bearing formations. (3) The environmental isotopes indicate that the Miocene groundwater has a mixed isotopic signature between modern meteoric (rainfall) and fossil waters. (4) The isotopic data of the Miocene aquifer and the enriched Gulf of Suez verifies that no seawater intrusions are affecting this aquifer with existing hydraulic barriers (clogged/sealed faults or impermeable massive blocks). (5) The hydrogeomorphological investigations, aeromagnetic and gravity data reveal an existence of two morphotectonic depressions (water collectors) which have paleo and recent recharge opportunities for the subsurface sedimentary layers (2–4 km thick). From the applied viewpoint, these two depressions have potential prospects for future groundwater exploration, which has significant impact on food security and land reclamation.

Magmatic–Hydrothermal Evolution at the Barren Wushan Pluton, Southeast China: Insight into Controls on Mineralization Potential

Abstract A-type granites typically exhibit enrichment and mineralization of critical metals such as molybdenum and tin, essential for emerging technologies. However, the key factors influencing their mineralization potential remain elusive. The scarcity of studies on barren systems impedes the understanding of this question. Here, a detailed melt and fluid inclusion study was conducted on the barren Wushan pluton to reconstruct its magmatic evolution and magmatic–hydrothermal transition and explore the factors controlling the metallogenic potential of Mo and Sn in A-type granites. The Wushan pluton displays apparent lithological zoning consisting of two major phases, i.e., medium-grained seriate to porphyritic alkali feldspar granite and fine-grained porphyritic granite. Miarolitic cavities are widely developed in each lithofacies. The silicate melt inclusions from two granitic phases are rhyolitic, with moderate F contents (0.06–0.53 wt %) and depleted H2O contents (2.0–3.5 wt %). Melt inclusions show a wide range of incompatible element contents, such as Cs (9–1977 μg/g) and Rb (268–2601 μg/g), suggesting that Wushan has undergone a high degree of magma evolution. Mo behaves incompatibly in the magmatic evolution, and its content is enriched with the increasing degree of fractional crystallization, but remains constant after the Cs content exceeds 50 μg/g. Rayleigh fractionation model suggests that a large amount of Mo is extracted from fluid exsolution, which restrains Mo from further enrichment. In contrast, Sn behaves as a mildly incompatible element during the entire magmatic evolution history. The contents of Sn increase slowly compared to the trend of Mo, and the maximum contents reach ~30 μg/g in the highly evolved melts. The separation and crystallization of Sn-bearing minerals such as biotite, magnetite, and titanite inhibit the enrichment of Sn. Intermediate-density (ID-type) fluid inclusions hosted in the miarolitic quartz, representing the initial fluid exsolving from magma, display high Mo but low Sn concentrations. Constrained from two assemblages of coexisting ID-type fluid and melt inclusions, the fluid/melt partition coefficients of metals are obtained, with DMo, fluid/melt at 16–19, while DSn, fluid/melt is only about 1. The comparison between Mo-mineralized and barren intrusions worldwide shows that the metal contents in melts and fluids are not fundamentally different. The mineralized intrusions are characterized by the lower melt viscosity and the development of apophyses, both of which facilitate the extraction of metals and fluids from large magma chambers, followed by their concentration into a small rock volume. Consequently, it appears that physical and structural conditions rather than chemical compositions play a crucial role in the Mo mineralization process. Enrichment of Sn in melts is necessary but not decisive for Sn mineralization, whereas Sn enrichment in the initial exsolving fluid determines the Sn mineralization potential of a given granitic system. Compared to Sn enrichment in source melting and fractional crystallization which commonly enhance final Sn fertility in the highly evolved melts, the efficiency of Sn partitioning between melt and fluid plays a fundamental role in converting melt fertility into Sn-enriched fluids and thereby high mineralization potential of the magmatic–hydrothermal system. Our findings suggest a prospect for Mo exploration in the coastal A-type granite belt in South China, while the potential for Sn mineralization is expected to be limited.

Characteristics of Jurassic Source Rocks and Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Resources in Tarim Basin, western China

Jurassic strata in Tarim are significant for their hydrocarbon-rich content. However, the distribution of hydrocarbon source rocks in this region is uneven, and the conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation vary significantly among the different structural elements. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the distribution of Jurassic source rocks, the evolution history of hydrocarbon generation, and the mechanisms influencing hydrocarbon accumulation for effective hydrocarbon exploration and development. To achieve this, seismic, geologic, drilling, logging, and testing data were integrated to analyze the distribution and quality of hydrocarbon source rocks, the evolution of hydrocarbon generation, and the factors influencing hydrocarbon accumulation in Jurassic hydrocarbon source rocks in Tarim Basin. The study revealed that the Jurassic effective hydrocarbon source rock centers are mainly located in the piedmont areas of Kuqa depression, southwest depression, and southeast depression, as well as Yingjisu sag and Manjiaer sag in the eastern Tarim area. Based on a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the potential of Jurassic hydrocarbon potential in each secondary structural unit, it is concluded that Kuqa Depression has the most favorable exploration zone due to its excellent hydrocarbon accumulation conditions and abundant hydrocarbon resources. Although the overall exploration potential of the southwest depression is lower than that of the Kuqa depression, the hydrocarbon resources potential of the piedmont thrust belt and the associated depression is very high. Similarly, the eastern part of the Manjiaer sag and the Altun piedmont zone of the southeastern depression still have promising exploration prospects, although the overall exploration potential of the eastern Tarim area and the southeastern depression is not as good as the former two.

Quantitative prediction methods and applications of digital ore deposit models

With the depletion of surface mineral deposits, attention has shifted to deep mineral exploration prospecting. The emergence of three-dimensional digital ore deposit models, facilitated by the advancement of computer technology, has transformed traditional two-dimensional geological models into computer-recognizable numerical-symbolic digital models. This transformation allows qualitative geological concepts, originally expressed in natural language, to be quantitatively expressed, thereby enhancing the accuracy of deep mineral exploration. This paper first outlines the development from traditional ore deposit models to digital ore deposit models, asserting that digital ore deposit models can encompass a more comprehensive array of multidisciplinary geological information, including mineralogy, ore deposit types, structural geology, geochemistry, and geophysics. Building upon digital ore deposit models, a three-dimensional geological model is constructed, combining regional metallogenic regularities, identifying ore-forming favorable information, and conducting quantitative extraction. Subsequently, a comprehensive prospecting model is established, followed by the integration of deep learning methods for deep-seated mineral exploration, forming a unified system of quantitative prospecting methodology for hidden mineral deposits under the framework of geological prospecting models, three-dimensional geological modeling, and three-dimensional quantitative prospecting. Finally, using the Zaozigou gold deposit in Gansu Province as a case study, this approach is applied to mineral exploration prospecting, delineating prospective target areas and providing valuable reference for future exploration efforts.

Nephrite from Xinjiang Qiemo Margou Deposit: Gemological and Geochemical Insights

The nephrite belt in the Altun Mountain–Western Kunlun Mountain region, which extends about 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest nephrite deposit in the world. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountains is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China, with demonstrated substantial prospects for future exploration. While existing research has extensively investigated secondary nephrite deposits in the Karakash River and native black nephrite deposits in Guangxi Dahua, a comprehensive investigation of black nephrite from original deposits in Xinjiang is lacking. Margou black-toned nephrite was recently found in primary deposits in Qiemo County, Xinjiang; this makes in-depth research on the characteristics of this mine necessary. A number of technical analytical methods such as polarizing microscopy, Ultra-Deep Three-Dimensional Microscope, electron microprobe, back-scattered electron image analysis, X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed for this research. An experimental test was conducted to elucidate the chemical and mineralogical composition, further clarifying the genetic types of the black and black cyan nephrite from the Margou deposit in Qiemo, Xinjiang. The results reveal that the nephrite is mainly composed of tremolite–actinolite, characterized by Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. Minor minerals include diopside, epidote, pargasite, apatite, zircon, pyrite, and magnetite. Bulk-rock rare earth element (REE) patterns exhibit distinctive features, such as negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.00–0.17), decreasing light REEs, a relatively flat distribution of heavy REEs, and low total REE concentrations (1.6–38.9 μg/g); furthermore, the Cr (6–21 μg/g) and Ni (2.5–4.5 μg/g) contents are remarkably low. The magmatic influence of granite appears to be a fundamental factor in the genesis of the magnesian skarn hosting Margou nephrite. The distinctive black and black cyan colors are attributed to heightened iron content, mainly associated with FeO (0.08~6.29 wt.%). Analyses of the chemical composition allow Margou nephrite to be classified as typical of magnesian skarn deposits.

Subsurface linear structures and potential zones of mineralisation of the Iramba-Sekenke greenstone belt, central Tanzania with implications for the structural-controlled mineralisation

This study aims to delineate concealed subsurface linear structures and their relationship with mineralisation in the Iramba-Sekenke greenstone belt. Results reveal three different types of linear structures and their concealed continuations, which were previously not identified. These structures include dykes trending in NE-SW and NS; shear zones with NW-SE trending and faults that trend in NE-SW, NW-SE and N–S. The faults and shear zones, which were previously shown to terminate at the northwestern end of the Iramba Plateau due to sediment cover, have been revealed to continue into Wembere depression. Moreover, the aeromagnetic and gravity results show that some faults are intruded by dykes in the same trends, which were not previously identified. The geological relationship between these linear structures shows that the youngest structures are the western dolerite dyke trending N–S and the oldest is the NE-SW Wembere-Iramba Plateau fault. The delineation of geological structures from magnetic and gravity data using different analysis techniques reveals that the mining pits are located close to geological structures trending in NW-SE, NE-SW and N–S directions. The integration of the findings from CET grid analysis techniques, together with magnetic maps and geological information reveals a good correlation between known occurrences of minerals and promising exploration target areas. The good correlation between the artisanal mining pits with the location of the potential exploration targets is consistent with the location of lineaments and provides future promising prospects for mineral exploration. The correlation suggests that mineralisation and ore deposits in the study area are respectively structurally controlled and hosted in deformed rocks. This study is potentially useful as a guide for the delineation of concealed subsurface linear structures and integration of structural geometry and geophysical methods for exploration of hidden mineral deposits in the Iramba-Sekenke greenstone belt.