Geothermal Energy Exploration Research Articles

3D Gravity and magnetic inversion modelling for geothermal assessment and temperature modelling in the central eastern desert and Red Sea, Egypt

The Central Eastern Desert and Red Sea region have emerged as a significant area of interest for geothermal energy exploration, owing to their unique geological characteristics and active tectonic activity. This research aims to enhance our understanding of the region's geothermal potential through a comprehensive analysis of gravity and magnetic data. By utilizing a 3D gravity inversion model, a detailed examination of subsurface structures and density variations was conducted. Similarly, a 3D magnetic inversion model was employed to investigate subsurface magnetic properties. Integration result from the Pygimli library ensured robustness and accuracy in the inversion results. Furthermore, a temperature model was developed using the WINTERC-G model and inversion techniques, shedding light on the thermal structure and potential anomalies in the study area. The analysis of the Bouguer gravity map, 3D gravity inversion model, and magnetic data inversion yielded significant findings. The Red Sea exhibited higher gravity values compared to the onshore Eastern Desert, attributed to the presence of a thinner and denser oceanic crust as opposed to the less dense continental crust in the Eastern Desert. The 3D gravity inversion model revealed distinct variations in density, particularly high-density zones near the surface of the Red Sea, indicating underlying geological structures and processes. Conversely, density gradually decreased with depth along the onshore line, potentially influenced by a higher concentration of crustal fractures. The magnetic data inversion technique provided additional insights, highlighting areas with demagnetized materials, indicative of elevated temperatures. These findings were consistent with the correlation between high-density areas and low magnetic susceptibility values, reinforcing the proposition of increased heat transfer from the Red Sea. Comparative analysis of temperature profiles further confirmed the presence of elevated temperatures in promising zones, emphasizing the geothermal potential associated with heat transfer from the Red Sea.This research contributes to the understanding of the geothermal resources in the Central Eastern Desert and Red Sea region. The results from gravity and magnetic data inversions, combined with temperature profiles, provide valuable information for future geothermal exploration and utilization efforts. The findings underscore the importance of geothermal energy in achieving sustainability and contribute to the global discourse on renewable energy sources.

Hunger Games Search for the elucidation of gravity anomalies with application to geothermal energy investigations and volcanic activity studies

Abstract Recent metaheuristic approaches are extensively and intensively being implemented to the interpretation of gravity anomalies due to their superior advantages. We emphasize the application of Hunger Games Search (HGS), a newly established metaheuristic inspired by hunger-driven instincts and behavioral choices of animals, to elucidate gravity data for geothermal energy exploration and volcanic activity study. After recognizing the modal features of the objective function tailored and tuning the algorithm control parameters involved, HGS has been trial-tested on simulated data sets of different scenarios and finally experienced in two field cases from India and Japan. Notably, a second moving average strategy has been successfully integrated into the objective function to eradicate the regional component from observed responses. Post-inversion uncertainty appraisal tests have been further implemented to comprehend the reliability of solutions obtained. The solutions retrieved by HGS have been unbiasedly compared in terms of convergence rate, accuracy, stability, and robustness with the solutions of the commonly used particle swarm optimization algorithm. Based on the results accessed, the theoretical and field cases presented could be recuperated more precisely, stably, robustly, and coherently with the available geophysical, geological, and borehole verification, as HGS is able to better explore the model space without compromising its capability to efficiently approach the global minimum. This novel global optimization method can thus be considered as a promising tool in geothermal energy investigations and the study of volcanic activities.

New insights into how temperature affects the electrical conductivity of clay-free porous rocks

SUMMARY Geothermal energy is increasingly important for the global environment and for the sustainable development of our society. Electrical surveys are widely employed for the exploration of geothermal energy, because the electrical geophysical properties provide useful information about the fluids at depth. However, although quantitative interpretation of electrical survey data relies on the knowledge about the effects of temperature on the electrical properties of fluid-bearing rocks, it remains poorly understood about how temperature affects the electrical conductivity of clay-free porous rocks. We bridge this knowledge gap by measuring the electrical conductivity and porosity of five brine saturated clean Berea sandstones with temperature ranging between 25 and 140 °C, and analysing all the factors that impact the rock conductivity. We showed that the effects of surface conductivity on the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity can be negligible, whereas the temperature induced variation in the porosity and pore structure quantitatively characterized in terms of cementation exponent can be more significant. We also found that temperature affects the electrical conductivity of brine saturated Berea sandstones by impacting the brine conductivity, and the pore structure and porosity of the samples, with their importance in a descending order. The results have provided new insights into how temperature affects the electrical conductivity of clay-free porous rocks, and will help to improve the quantitative interpretation of electrical survey data for the exploration of geothermal energy.

Canada’s Geothermal Energy Update in 2023

Geothermal energy exploration, development, and research have been ongoing in Canada for several decades. The country’s cold climate and the push to develop renewable energy sources have driven interest in geothermal energy. Despite this drive, regulatory complexities and competition with other relatively inexpensive energy sources with existing infrastructure have hindered development. As such, interest has grown and waned with changes in the energy economy over several decades, leaving many projects at a standstill. As of January 2023, there are currently no operational geothermal power projects in Canada. Many hot spring pool and spa complexes remain active, and Canada is a leading country in the installation of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs; also called geo-exchange systems). However, in the last decade, the interest in deep geothermal systems has renewed, with many new projects starting up across several provinces and territories. Moreover, projects that had shown limited progress for many years—such as Mount Meager in British Columbia—have begun to renew their development efforts. Research is also expanding within prominent research groups and universities. The areas of focus include both building upon previous studies (such as thermal gradients and the heat flow in sedimentary basins) and researching new methods and resources (such as GSHPs, closed-loop systems, integrated geothermal operations, and hybrid systems, including heat storage). The development is supported by federal, provincial, and territorial governments through grants and the development of regulatory frameworks. Although challenges still remain for Canada to develop its geothermal energy resources, several power, thermal, and co-production projects, ongoing research, funding, and regulatory acts are all moving forward to support geothermal development. This paper aims to study Canada’s geothermal energy update in 2023 regarding the aspects mentioned above.

Origin of high heat flow in the back-arc basins of Sumatra: An opportunity for geothermal energy development

Volcanic arcs such as the Barisan Mountains have been identified as attractive areas for the utilization of geothermal energy, as exemplified by Ulubelu in Lampung and Sarulla in North Sumatra. However, environmental factors in the Barisan Mountains remain a primary obstacle to the exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy. The back-arc basins of Sumatra exhibit the highest heat flow worldwide; however, the heat source in this area remains a controversial issue. This study aims to investigate the origin of the high heat flow in the back-arc basins of Sumatra (North, Central, and South Sumatra basins) based on geothermal data from 384 oil wells and the current literature for geological evaluation. The findings of this study indicate that the back-arc basins of Sumatra experienced severe extensional deformation during the Tertiary Period through a large pull-apart and slab rollback mechanism. This deformation resulted in the thinning of the continental crust in this region (27–32 km) and the formation of multiple normal faults. Consequently, the presence of magma resulting from mantle upwelling implies a high heat flow in the back-arc basins of Sumatra. This condition ranks the back-arc basins of Sumatra among the highest heat flow regions of the world, with heat flows >100 mW/m2. These findings indicate that the back-arc basins of Sumatra have significant opportunities to exploit their geothermal energy potential. This study provides novel insights into the potential of geothermal energy, particularly in the back-arc basins of Sumatra.

A Short Review on The Application of Potential Field Methods for Geothermal Energy Exploration

There is quite a long history in Nigeria of Geothermal energy exploration. Geothermal energy resources are available in every part of Nigeria beneath the subsurface. The resources, however, vary in concentration in all the geological parts of the country. This paper reviewed the prospects of geothermal energy exploration by using the potential field (magnetic and gravity) technique for the exploration activities. The potential field data is capable to provide information on the subsurface structures after some filtering techniques (in case of magnetic) or data corrections (in case of gravity) have been applied to the raw field data. The processed data is capable to scan the lateral and vertical extent of anomalous zones beneath the surface. Geothermal energy, if properly exploited would contribute to the generation of clean energy in Nigeria for domestic and industrial purpose.

Unlocking geothermal energy for sustainable greenhouse farming in arid regions: a remote-sensed assessment in Egypt’s New Delta

This study introduces a novel approach for assessing geothermal potential in arid regions, specifically Egypt’s New Delta Agriculture Mega Project area. The challenge of limited sub-soil temperature profile data was addressed by integrating Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) weather data. Using the Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) model, the extracted air and sub-soil temperature profiles the potential for geothermal energy production was estimated. We modeled the annual sinusoidal soil surface periodic heating pattern by utilizing GLDAS ambient air temperature (AAT) and land surface temperature (LST). Using either AAT or LST yielded a Root-Mean-Square Error (RSME) of 0.2°C. The generated sub-soil profiles for the New Delta region showed a temperature variation of no more than 1.5°C at a 4-m depth, making it an optimal depth for EAHE installation. One-pipe EAHE demonstrated a cooling/heating capacity ranging from 400 W (cooling) to −300 W (heating). The study highlights the New Delta region’s strong geothermal potential for greenhouse cooling and heating, underlining its suitability as a sustainable energy source in arid areas. It also offers a practical guide for the EAHE application and it emphasizes the global potential for geothermal energy exploration, using innovative GLDAS data to expand sub-soil temperature profile accessibility.

Geothermal Play Fairway Analysis, Part 2: GIS methodology

Play Fairway Analysis (PFA) in geothermal exploration originates from a systematic methodology developed within the petroleum industry and is based on a geologic, geophysical, and hydrologic framework of identified geothermal systems. We tailored this methodology to study the geothermal resource potential of the Snake River Plain and surrounding region, but it can be adapted to other geothermal resource settings. We adapted the PFA approach to geothermal resource exploration by cataloging the critical elements controlling exploitable hydrothermal systems, establishing risk matrices that evaluate these elements in terms of both probability of success and level of knowledge, and building a code-based ‘processing model’ to process results.A geographic information system was used to compile a range of different data types, which we refer to as elements (e.g., faults, vents, heat flow, etc.), with distinct characteristics and measures of confidence. Discontinuous discrete data (points, lines, or polygons) for each element were transformed into continuous interpretive 2D grid surfaces called evidence layers. Because different data types have varying uncertainties, most evidence layers have an accompanying confidence layer which reflects spatial variations in these uncertainties. Risk layers, as defined here, are the product of evidence and confidence layers, and are the building blocks used to construct Common Risk Segment (CRS) maps for heat, permeability, and seal, using a weighted sum for permeability and heat, but a different approach with seal. CRS maps quantify the variable risk associated with each of these critical components. In a final step, the three CRS maps were combined into a Composite Common Risk Segment (CCRS) map, using a modified weighted sum, for results that reveal favorable areas for geothermal exploration. Additional maps are also presented that do not mix contributions from evidence and confidence (to allow an isolated view of evidence and confidence), as well as maps that calculate favorability using the product of components instead of a weighted sum (to highlight where all components are present). Our approach helped to identify areas of high geothermal favorability in the western and central Snake River Plain during the first phase of study and helped identify more precise local drilling targets during the second phase of work. By identifying favorable areas, this methodology can help to reduce uncertainty in geothermal energy exploration and development.

Reservoir characterization through comprehensive modeling of elastic logs prediction in heterogeneous rocks using unsupervised clustering and class-based ensemble machine learning

Geophysical reservoir characterization is a significant task in the oil and gas industry and elastic logs prediction of subsurface formations is a fundamental aspect of this process. However, elastic log prediction in a high-dimensional and complex geological environment, such as the Lower Indus Basin Pakistan, poses a significant challenge where traditional empirical methods often fail to provide competitively accurate results. Therefore, this study proposes a novel machine learning approach that combines unsupervised clustering (K-means) and ensemble-based machine learning (random forest) to improve prediction accuracy. By clustering data based on statistical similarity and ensemble algorithms to each cluster, the methodology addresses the challenges of sonic log prediction in the Lower Indus Basin (Pakistan). This approach was evaluated using real-world data, outperforming several baseline methods with a root mean square error of 98% accuracy. Its effectiveness to predict elastic log makes it a valuable tool in reservoir characterization, earthquake analysis, and geothermal energy exploration. Overall, combining this methodology with other techniques can enhance seismic data analysis and enable better decision-making in the oil and gas industry. This novel approach presents an effective solution for predicting sonic log in the Lower Indus Basin and contributes to advancements in geophysical reservoir characterization.

Numerical simulation of heat and mass transfer in the Hurghada–El Gouna geothermal field in Egypt

Egypt's current power generation capacity relies primarily on oil and natural gas. The Egyptian government's strategic objective of alternative energy source development is under severe strain due to the country's growing energy needs. Successive Egyptian governments have prioritized increasing renewable energy production as part of the country's overall energy output, with geothermal energy included as one of the new sources in Egypt's renewable energy program. Previous studies have highlighted the suitability of areas around the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez for geothermal energy exploration; among these, the Hurghada and El Gouna area, located south of the Gulf of Suez at the Sinai Peninsula's triple junction with Africa and Arabia, is considered the most promising geothermal resource region. This study's main objective is to develop conceptual and numerical models of the Hurghada–El Gouna geothermal area based on temperature data obtained from deep onshore and offshore oil and gas wells, in addition to existing geological and structural information. Our numerical simulations reveal the presence of geothermal resources in the area, which are attributed to high, fault-controlled heat flow and deep subsurface water circulation. The rate of motion of water increases as it moves vertically through the fractures. After analyzing the simulation results, we assessed the feasibility of geothermal energy generation. Our findings indicate that the studied region has the potential to produce approximately 75 MW of electricity over a 25-year lifespan and 37.5 MW over a 50-year lifespan.

Current Status, Future Prospects, and the Need for Geothermal Energy Exploration in Cameroon: Comprehensive Review

Cameroon is a country in Central Africa that relies heavily on hydropower, fossil fuels, solar, and biomass for its energy needs. However, the unstable and intermittent nature of these energy sources makes them unreliable, and there is a pressing need for a more secure and sustainable energy supply. Geothermal energy, which is abundant in Cameroon due to its favorable geological characteristics, has not been fully explored as a potential energy source. This study is aimed at providing a comprehensive review of the current status and future prospects of geothermal energy in Cameroon, based on publications related to geothermal energy in Cameroon, geological, and geophysical studies. The objectives of this study are to analyze the existing literature on geothermal energy in Cameroon, to identify the challenges and opportunities associated with geothermal energy development, and to make recommendations for future research and policy decisions. The results indicate that geothermal energy in Cameroon is still in its infancy, with limited research and development in the field. However, the country has geothermal potential, particularly in the Adamawa and Cameroon volcanic line (CVL) areas. The review highlights the challenges and barriers to geothermal energy development in Cameroon, including limited financial resources, technical expertise, and regulatory frameworks. The findings of this study suggest that Cameroon has significant potential for geothermal energy development, and that further exploration and investment in this area could contribute significantly to a more secure and sustainable energy supply in the country.

Machine Learning Techniques in Predicting Bottom Hole Temperature and Remote Sensing for Assessment of Geothermal Potential in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The global demand for energy is increasing rapidly due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization, as well as to meet the desire for a higher standard of living. However, environmental concerns, such as air pollution from fossil fuels, are becoming limiting factors for energy sources. Therefore, the appropriate and sustainable solution is to transition towards renewable energy sources to meet global energy demands by using environmentally friendly sources, such as geothermal. The Harrat Rahat volcanic field, located in the western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), gets more attention due to its geothermal potential as a viable site for geothermal energy exploration due to its high enthalpy. The prime objective of this study is to present up-to-date and comprehensive information on the utilization of borehole temperature and remote sensing data to identify the most prospective zones with significant geothermal activity favorable for exploration and drilling. A brief description of the selected wells and the methodology used to determine the petrophysical parameters relevant to the geothermal potential assessment are presented. Special emphasis is given to gamma-ray ray and temperature logs for calculating heat production and the geothermal gradient. The effectiveness of various machine learning techniques are assessed throughout this study for predicting the temperature-at-depth to evaluate the suitability of employing machine learning models for temperature prediction, and it is found that XG Boost provided excellent results. It can be observed that some linear anomalies can be traced in the NW, trending on the west side of the Harrat volcanic field based on magnetic data interpretation. The land surface temperature in 2021 exhibited higher temperatures compared to 2000, suggesting potential volcanic activity in the subsurface. It is concluded that the integration of remote sensing data with subsurface data provides the most reliable results.

Geophysical characteristics of a fault system in the northern Central Range of Taiwan and its applications for geothermal energy exploration

The northern Central Range of Taiwan is a high-potential geothermal region. Since the formations are mainly tight metasandstone and slate, permeable structures associated with faults are commonly considered as conduits of geothermal fluids. This study determines the characteristics and orientations of the permeable fault zones by analyzing the geophysical logs and microresistivity formation image log (FMI) of the JT-4 well in Jentse, an important geothermal area in the northern Central Range. Between 720 and 1480 m measured depth (MD), the effective porosity of the intact host rock is mostly below 3% calculated by the geophysical log. Zones with porosity greater than 5% are only clustered within a few thin intervals. The FMI interpretations show these porous zones are in the interior of the fractured and faulted intervals. These porous fault zones comprise fault damage zones with a high density of open fracture planes and fault cores with porous fault breccias. There is a highly brecciated fault core in 1334–1339 m MD, which would be the most permeable interval of the well. Additionally, some healed fault zones with sealed fractures are observed. The picked drilling-induced tensile fractures signify that the direction of the present-day maximum horizontal principal stress is N40–50°E, and most of the open fractures also strike parallel to the NE–SW direction. The study results show that the open fractures are concentrated in the four fault zones belonging to one major normal fault system. After integrating the orientations and locations of the fault zones, we propose that the permeable normal fault system is about 200 m wide, trends N50–70°E, and dips 70–80° to the NW. The development of the open fractures and the permeable fault system in the northern Central Range may be controlled by the current rifting of the Okinawa Trough offshore northeastern Taiwan. The study exhibits the characteristics of fractured fluid conduits of the regional geothermal system, which will benefit future geothermal exploration in northeastern Taiwan.

Seismic Characterization of the Blue Mountain Geothermal Field

Subsurface characterization is crucial for geothermal energy exploration and production. Yet hydrothermal reservoirs usually reside in highly fractured and faulted zones where accurate characterization is very challenging because of low signal-to-noise ratios of land seismic data and lack of coherent reflection signals. We perform an active-source seismic characterization for the Blue Mountain geothermal field in Nevada using active seismic data to reveal the elastic medium property complexity and fault distribution at this field. We first employ an unsupervised machine learning method to attenuate groundroll and near-surface guided-wave noise and enhance coherent reflection and scattering signals from noisy seismic data. We then build a smooth initial P-wave velocity model based on an existing magnetotellurics survey result, and use 3D first-arrival traveltime tomography to refine the initial velocity model. We then derive a set of elastic wave velocities and anisotropic parameters using elastic full-waveform inversion, and obtain PP and PS images using elastic reverse-time migration. We identify major faults by analyzing the variations of seismic velocities and anisotropy parameters, and reveal mid- to small-scale faults by applying a supervised machine learning method to the seismic migration images. Our characterization reveals complex velocity heterogeneities and anisotropies, as well as faults, with a high spatial resolution. These results can provide valuable information for optimal placement of future injection and production wells to increase geothermal energy production at the Blue Mountain geothermal power plant.

The Development and Validation of Correlation Charts to Predict the Undisturbed Ground Temperature of Pakistan: A Step towards Potential Geothermal Energy Exploration

As a country, Pakistan is mostly dependent on fossil fuels for fulfilling its energy demand, which is expensive, as well as being environmentally unfriendly. It is high time that the country decides to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy resources like geothermal, wind, solar, etc., to cater for global warming issues. Pakistan has a lot of potential geothermal sites, as the location of Pakistan lies on several fault lines and hot springs, thus making it very easy to extract the temperature from deep inside the earth and harness it for Geothermal Energy. Also, a sound knowledge of ground temperature is essential to use geothermal energy, which is obtained by drilling boreholes and putting in sensors. However it becomes a very expensive and labor intensive procedure. Therefore, to avoid the huge cost for drilling boreholes, particularly for ground temperature analysis, a numerical approach has been considered for determining ground temperature. Furthermore, correlation charts between air and ground temperatures have been developed, as there were no proper studies on the ground temperature of Pakistan. Then, with the help of a boreholes drilled in the National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan, the actual ground and numerically calculated temperatures have been compared. The results show a temperature error margin in the range between 0.27% for higher depths of about 5.6 m and 7.3% near the surface of about 2.7 m. Thus, it is shown that the proposed method is easy to implement and better than large scale testing methods for the depths at which geothermal energy is extracted.

Characteristics and prospect of geothermal industry in China under the “dual carbon” target

Geothermal energy utilization in China had been promoted actively during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020), with resultant achievements showing unique Chinese characteristics. Buildings (measured by areas) heated/cooled by intermediate-to-deep geothermal energy increased more rapidly than those by shallow geothermal energy. Geothermal power generation was restricted by the distribution of the resource and the sufficiency of local power supply. With the proposition of “dual carbon goal” by the central government of China and the coming era of great development of renewable energy, geothermal energy will be provided more development opportunities in room heating/cooling and power generation in the country ever than before. However, tackling technology bottlenecks and introduction of appropriate policy support are still urgently needed for nurturing a healthy environment for geothermal industry. Analysis suggests that a near-to medium-term development of geothermal energy shall be focused on a comprehensive and efficient utilization both through heating/cooling and power generation. Room heating/cooling by intermediate-to-deep and shallow geothermal energy shall be promoted nationwide according to local resource endowment and economic conditions. Geothermal power generation in Yunnan and Tibet shall be pushed forward in an orderly way. For medium- and long-term development, focus shall be put on power generation by using low to medium temperature geothermal energy and hot dry rocks. The "hot spring +" model shall be adapted in steps on a regular basis. To achieve these, measures including attaching importance to tackling key technologies, promoting standards for geothermal energy development and utilization, strengthening geothermal energy exploration and evaluation, and seeking for necessary policy support shall be taken.

Tracking supercritical geothermal fluid distribution from continuous seismic monitoring

Continuous seismic monitoring could play a pivotal role in deep geothermal energy exploration. We monitored seismicity near geothermal production areas of the Kuju volcanic complex with a dense seismic network and automated event detection. Most events were shallow (less than 3 km below sea level) and distributed along a boundary between regions of high and low resistivity and S-wave velocity, interpreted as a lithological boundary or related fracture zone. Deeper events located on top of subvertical conductors may reflect fracturing associated with magmatic fluid intrusion. A correlation may exist between seismicity and heavy rainfall three days prior to increased pore pressure in pre-existing fractures. Our findings support the presence of supercritical geothermal fluids and demonstrate the importance of continuous seismic monitoring in supercritical geothermal energy exploration.

The long‐term legacy of subvolcanic intrusions on fluid migration in sedimentary basins: The Cerro Alquitrán case study, northern Neuquén Basin, Argentina

AbstractCooling subvolcanic igneous intrusions are known to have a substantial impact on fluid flow in the shallow Earth's crust, for example activation of geothermal systems, circulation of mineralized fluids in ore deposits, fast maturation of organic matter in sedimentary rocks and the potential release of large volumes of greenhouse gases, which have triggered mass extinctions during the Earth's history. However, the long‐term post‐cooling legacy of subvolcanic intrusions on fluid flow received much less attention. Here we describe a demonstrative geological example in the Andean foothills, Argentina, showing that igneous intrusions have long‐term effects on fluid flow after their emplacement and cooling. The case study is a ca. 11‐million‐year‐old, eroded subvolcanic conduit, at the rims of which large volumes of bitumen are naturally seeping out on the Earth's surface. This contribution highlights that intense syn‐emplacement fracturing of the magma has created high‐permeability pathways that affect the regional fluid circulations, even millions of years after cooling. Our observations reveal how extinct subvolcanic intrusions have long‐term consequences on subsurface fluid circulations, which need to be accounted for in the exploration of geothermal energy, drinkable groundwater, hydrocarbons and CO2 sequestration in volcanic basins and regions hosting ancient shallow magma intrusions.

Locating geothermal resources using seismic exploration in Xian county, China

The seismic exploration was used to explore the potential geothermal resource and geological structure in Xian County, N China. Micro-logging was used to conduct surveys on the velocity structure near the surface, the static correction models and the observation system was determined by this method. By testing different borehole depths and different quantities of explosives, the best experimental parameters were obtained in a series of test locations and in two test sections. The surface differences were eliminated by the static correction, and an interference wave survey was conducted to improve the data signal to noise ratio (SNR). The post-stack wave equation for the PR splitting finite difference was used for migration imagery, and post-stack, underground imaging profiles were obtained. The corrected seismic signals were then interpreted, and converted into geological information. The results showed that the burial depths and morphology in each layer had been successfully obtained. The areas favorable for heat storage in karst fissures were mainly in the Jixian Formation and the Cambrian–Ordovician. Our investigation allowed us to predict and calibrate favorable locations for two geothermal energy exploration holes.

The Study and Exploration of Geothermal Energy in Different Regions of the United Arab Emirates with a Suitable Design and Development of an Innovative Low-Cost Steam Control System

The Study and Exploration of Geothermal Energy in Different Regions of the United Arab Emirates with a Suitable Design and Development of an Innovative Low-Cost Steam Control System