Exploitation Of Whales Research Articles

Minimizing Number of Tardy Jobs in Flow Shop Scheduling Using A Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm

The number of Tardy Jobs is a critical performance in scheduling because it can increase customer trust in the company. If the number of tardy jobs is large, trust in the company decreases. This article aims to minimize the number of tardy jobs in Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problems (PFSSP) using Hybrid Whale Optimization Algorithm (HWOA). We propose the HWOA method for minimizing the number of tardy jobs in PFSSP. There are 5 phases of the proposed HWOA algorithm. Phase 1 is replacing 1 of the initial search agent population replaced by the NEH-EDD heuristic procedure. The Random Search Agent position’s initialization and the Large Rank Value (LRV) is the second phase. Phase 3 is the whale exploration phase. Phase 4 is the whale exploitation phase. The last phase (5) is the local search exchange procedure. Numerical experiments were conducted to test the performance of HWOA, and it was compared with the previous research algorithm. Algorithm experiment results show that the HWOA algorithm has better performance than Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithms.

DNA evidence of bowhead whale exploitation by Greenlandic Paleo-Inuit 4,000 years ago.

The demographic history of Greenland is characterized by recurrent migrations and extinctions since the first humans arrived 4,500 years ago. Our current understanding of these extinct cultures relies primarily on preserved fossils found in their archaeological deposits, which hold valuable information on past subsistence practices. However, some exploited taxa, though economically important, comprise only a small fraction of these sub-fossil assemblages. Here we reconstruct a comprehensive record of past subsistence economies in Greenland by sequencing ancient DNA from four well-described midden deposits. Our results confirm that the species found in the fossil record, like harp seal and ringed seal, were a vital part of Inuit subsistence, but also add a new dimension with evidence that caribou, walrus and whale species played a more prominent role for the survival of Paleo-Inuit cultures than previously reported. Most notably, we report evidence of bowhead whale exploitation by the Saqqaq culture 4,000 years ago.

Ancient whale exploitation in the Mediterranean: the archaeological record

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Ancient whale exploitation in the Mediterranean: species matters

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Weniger schlechte Bilder. Walfängerwissen in Naturgeschichte, Ozeanographie und Literatur im 19. Jahrhundert

AbstractLess Erroneous Pictures. Whalers’ Knowledge in Nineteenth‐Century Natural History, Oceanography, and Literature. This paper uses the iconoclasm of Herman Melville's Moby‐Dick as a point of departure to examine the problem of representing whales pictorially. Focussing on the use of images in cetological works and whaling logbooks, the paper investigates how the whalers’ knowledge, which served the hunting, killing, and economic exploitation of whales, came to be inscribed in the antithetical work of natural historians who were increasingly interested in living organisms. This paper argues that Melville's juxtaposition of whalers’ and naturalists’ knowledge runs parallel with a dichotomy, along which natural histories, travelogues, and thematic maps of oceanography constitute the whale as an object of knowledge. It concludes by suggesting that, at the same time, this dichotomy is repeatedly undermined for the sake of the whale's representation.

Using combined biomolecular methods to explore whale exploitation and social aggregation in hunter–gatherer–fisher society in Tierra del Fuego

Cetaceans were an important food and raw material resource for the South American hunter–gatherer–fisher (HGF) communities of Tierra del Fuego. Historic ethnographic evidence suggests that relatively mobile HGF groups came together in large numbers to exploit carcasses from individual cetacean stranding events. Substantial accumulations of whale bones within shell middens in the Lanashuaia locality of the Beagle Channel suggests that these social aggregation events may also have occurred in pre-historic periods. The difficulty in assigning taxonomic identifications to the fragmentary whale remains, however, made it difficult to explicitly test this hypothesis. Here, we applied two different biomolecular techniques, collagen peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS) and ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis to 42 archeological bone fragments from the Lanashuaia locality to provide accurate species identifications. There was a clear correspondence between ZooMS and DNA results, identifying five different cetacean species (Southern bottlenose, blue, humpback, right, and sei whale) as well as human and sea lion remains. The biomolecular results were not conclusively consistent with HGF social aggregation, revealing an unexpectedly diverse range of cetaceans within the Lanashuaia middens. However, the results could not fully refute the hypothesis that cetacean remains can be used as anthropic markers of aggregation events, as the observed species and haplotypes revealed potential shared exploitation of some whale resources between midden sites.

Microeconomic framework for the economics of whales

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 530:213-222 (2015) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11137 Microeconomic framework for the economics of whales Laura Onofri1,*, Paulo A. L. D. Nunes2 1Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy 2Ecosystem Services Economics Unit, Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), PO Box 30522, United Nations Avenue, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya *Corresponding author: laura.onofri.it@gmail.com ABSTRACT: We adopted an economic analysis to evaluate and discuss the management of conservation and commercial exploitation of whales. In particular, the paper starts from the recent proposal to create and implement a quota market for whale trading and attempts to address and develop selected economic issues, in order to move towards understanding the economics of whales. We can summarize our findings in 2 main points: (1) the choice of the quota pre-trade value, number and allocation criteria will have different impacts on the way trade will occur; (2) the definition of the rules of trade and the study of the market structure where trade occurs will also determine the final outcome. From this perspective, quota markets for whales will support conservation and discourage whaling only under stringent conditions and careful monitoring, the costs of which need to be carefully valued and distributed among stakeholders according to agreed criteria. KEY WORDS: Marine natural resources · Economic value · Trade · Quota system · Market structure · Perfect competition · Monopsony · Impure public good · Public policy Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Onofri L, Nunes PALD (2015) Microeconomic framework for the economics of whales. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 530:213-222. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11137 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 530. Online publication date: June 18, 2015 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2015 Inter-Research.

The Temptation of the Impossible: Normative Contestation and Deadlock at the International Whaling Commission

This article examines normative evolution within the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and the current normative deadlock between conservationist and preservationist forces. It outlines the normative evolutionary process from exploitation of whales, to various failed attempts to impose conservationist mores leading eventually to a more preservationist outcome-the imposition of a commercial whaling moratorium in 1982. It then considers efforts pro-whaling forces led by Japan to roll back the moratorium and impose conservationist mores on the IWC. It also critically examines the ‘Future of the IWC’ discussions that have attempted to overcome the normative deadlock. The paper in particular focuses on what was meant to be the breakthrough IWC meeting in 2010 in Agadir, Morocco and considers the reasons why the meeting failed to overcome the ongoing schism between the two sides. Lastly in the conclusion, it considers what may be necessary to break the ongoing organisational paralysis and improve the functioning of the IWC.

The Environmental History of Cetaceans in Portugal: Ten Centuries of Whale and Dolphin Records

The history between cetaceans and humans is documented throughout time not only in reports, descriptions, and tales but also in legal documents, laws and regulations, and tithes. This wealth of information comes from the easy spotting and identification of individuals due to their large size, surface breathing, and conspicuous above water behaviour. This work is based on historical sources and accounts accounting for cetacean presence for the period between the 12th and 17th centuries, as well as scientific articles, newspapers, illustrations, maps, non-published scientific reports, and other grey literature from the 18th century onwards. Information on whale use in Portugal's mainland has been found since as early as the 12th century and has continued to be created throughout time. No certainty can be given for medieval and earlier events, but both scavenging of stranded whales or use of captured ones may have happened. There is an increasing number of accounts of sighted, stranded, used, or captured cetaceans throughout centuries which is clearly associated with a growing effort towards the study of these animals. Scientific Latin species denominations only started to be registered from the 18th century onwards, as a consequence of the evolution of natural sciences in Portugal and increasing interest from zoologists. After the 19th century, a larger number of observations were recorded, and from the 20th century to the present day, regular scientific records have been collected. Research on the environmental history of cetaceans in Portugal shows a several-centuries-old exploitation of whales and dolphins, as resources mainly for human consumption, followed in later centuries by descriptions of natural history documenting strandings and at sea encounters. Most cetaceans species currently thought to be present in Portuguese mainland waters were at some point historically recorded.

Species diversity of the whale community in the Antarctic

The impact of commercial exploitation of whales on species diversity in the Antarctic whale community has not yet been documented. I report a correlation between the lowest species diversity and the largest biomass in the high productivity region near the ice-edge. Species diversity was higher and constant in waters beyond 60 n miles (∼111 km) away from the ice-edge. Density and biomass showed the opposite trend. Species diversity increased with time in a part of the study area where large whales were depleted, but numbers are now recovering. This suggests that the whale community is moving toward a new balance of species composition during its recovery from past whaling impacts.

International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling

The exploitation of whales has spread over the centuries from coastal to international waters, and from pole to pole. Despite the successive depletion of one species and stock after another, not until the 20th century were attempts instituted to regulate the industry and the catches at an international level. Agreements among the whaling companies competing in the Antarctic in the 1930s were closely followed by intergovernmental agreements, culminating in the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which established the International Whaling Commission. In 1975 the commission adopted its "new management procedure" for commercial whaling, based on the concept of maximum sustainable yield. A separate but related management procedure for subsistence whaling operations was subsequently developed, largely because of the problems of the Alaskan bowhead hunt. This gave greater weight to the perceived dependence of the native communities on the hunt than to the status of the whale stock. The tensions between the objectives of the conservation of the whale resources and the orderly development of the whaling industry continue today. Commercial whaling is for the moment prohibited while a comprehensive assessment of stock status and trends is undertaken, together with the development of a revised management procedure. The impact of recent legislative thinking in the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, coastal state sovereignty, and the developing trend towards the precautionary principle of management has caused profound changes in the interpretation and application of the 1946 convention and the consequent management policies by which it is implemented.Key words: aboriginal, bowhead, conservation, exploitation, International Whaling Commission, management, regulation, subsistence, whaling

Archaeological Excavations at Bon-Désir: Basque Presence in the St. Lawrence Estuary

The archaeological fieldwork on the Anse à La Cave site at Bon-Désir uncovered remains associated with the exploitation of marine mammals in the St. Lawrence estuary. Excavations revealed the presence of two series of ovens used for rendering marine mammal fat. These preliminary data contribute to our understanding of sites based on the seasonal exploitation of whales in North America by European fishermen. The environmental, historical, and archaeological data support the hypothesis of a Basque occupation in the St. Lawrence estuary, particularly on the Anse à La Cave site from perhaps as early as the end of the 16th century to the middle of the 18th century.