Explicit Resources Research Articles

“Dollars and Nicotine”—Construction Mechanism of Evaluative Meaning in Political Speeches

Objectives: Economy and health are the most basic guarantee for a country’s stable development, they are also mandatory themes in every US President’s State of the Union Address. These two issues will directly determine the Congress and people’s evaluation towards the president’s governing capacity. Based on the binary division of explicit and implicit evaluation, taking the economic (employment and tax reform) and health (nicotine and drug addiction) of Trump’s State of the Union Address as data, this study has carried out a comparative analysis on the construction of evaluation meaning, attempting to build the evaluation model. We found that, Trump shows a very strong preference for implicit or indirect evaluation, which includes various graduation resources, infused process of AMOUNT and QUALITY, shared knowledge, specific numerals and verb tense. A closer analysis indicates that, under different themes, different constructing mechanisms have been utilized to form or strengthen the evaluation implication. To be specific: (1) both explicit and implicit resource are applied in constructing the evaluative meaning; (2) at different stages under the same theme, the constructing model shows difference, with the explicit resources being more prominent at the beginning or ending stage. In the body part, both explicit and implicit resources are of prominence, which tend to cooperate with each other, evoking or strengthening the established evaluative meaning. It proves that different types of evaluative resources show different degrees of prominence across stages within same theme.

Biodiversity Literature Repository: Building the customized FAIR repository by using custom metadata

In the landscape of general-purpose repositories, Zenodo was built at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics' (CERN) data center to facilitate the sharing and preservation of the long tail of research across all disciplines and scientific domains. Given Zenodo’s long tradition of making research artifacts FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable), there are still challenges in applying these principles effectively when serving the needs of specific research domains. Plazi’s biodiversity taxonomic literature processing pipeline liberates data from publications, making it FAIR via extensive metadata, the minting of a DataCite Digital Object Identifier (DOI), a licence and both human- and machine-readable output provided by Zenodo, and accessible via the Biodiversity Literature Repository community at Zenodo. The deposits (e.g., taxonomic treatments, figures) are an example of how local networks of information can be formally linked to explicit resources in a broader context of other platforms like GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility). In the context of biodiversity taxonomic literature data workflows, a general-purpose repository’s traditional submission approach is not enough to preserve rich metadata and to capture highly interlinked objects, such as taxonomic treatments and digital specimens. As a prerequisite to serve these use cases and ensure that the artifacts remain FAIR, Zenodo introduced the concept of custom metadata, which allows enhancing submissions such as figures or taxonomic treatments (see as an example the treatment of Eurygyrus peloponnesius) with custom keywords, based on terms from common biodiversity vocabularies like Darwin Core and Audubon Core and with an explicit link to the respective vocabulary term. The aforementioned pipelines and features are designed to be served first and foremost using public Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces (REST APIs) and open web technologies like webhooks. This approach allows researchers and platforms to integrate existing and new automated workflows into Zenodo and thus empowers research communities to create self-sustained cross-platform ecosystems. The BiCIKL project (Biodiversity Community Integrated Knowledge Library) exemplifies how repositories and tools can become building blocks for broader adoption of the FAIR principles. Starting with the above literature processing pipeline, the concepts of and resulting FAIR data, with a focus on the custom metadata used to enhance the deposits, will be explained.

‘A certain evolution’: a phenomenological study of 24/7 BDSM and negotiating consent

ABSTRACT BDSM as a full-time lifestyle is stigmatised and underexamined as a phenomenon. Previous studies have investigated 24/7 sadomasochism (SM), 24/7 dominance and submission (D/s), or total power exchange (TPE), yet 24/7 BDSM remains under researched. Using a social constructionist and sexual diversity framework, we used insider knowledge to recruit four participants: a female slave/masochist, a male sadist, a female submissive, and a male dominant/protector. Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed four superordinate and 10 subordinate themes: routes towards the fundamentals (sexually explicit resources, kink-related experiences), full-on lifestyle (self-in-role, flexible rules, shades of play, polyamory), dynamic consent (honesty, contextual communication), and practicalities (challenges, benefits). Our findings suggested that 24/7 BDSM is a socially constructed, consensual, full-time adherence to kink-related roles and behaviours untethered to time-limited scenes, woven into other life domains, and operating as an umbrella term to encompass other perpetual power dynamics. The themes contribute to the debate of kink as a sexual identity or serious leisure. We concluded that the centrality of self-in-role coupled with leisure features support 24/7 BDSM as an erotic lifestyle. Implications for sexual diversity, sex education, clinical guidelines, and social justice are discussed.

Multiple components of statistical word learning are resource dependent: Evidence from a dual-task learning paradigm

It is increasingly understood that people may learn new word/object mappings in part via a form of statistical learning in which they track co-occurrences between words and objects across situations (cross-situational learning). Multiple learning processes contribute to this, thought to reflect the simultaneous influence of real-time hypothesis testing and graduate learning. It is unclear how these processes interact, and if any require explicit cognitive resources. To manipulate the availability of working memory resources for explicit processing, participants completed a dual-task paradigm in which a cross-situational word-learning task was interleaved with a short-term memory task. We then used trial-by-trial analyses to estimate how different learning processes that play out simultaneously are impacted by resource availability. Critically, we found that the effect of hypothesis testing and gradual learning effects showed a small reduction under limited resources, and that the effect of memory load was not fully mediated by these processes. This suggests that neither is purely explicit, and there may be additional resource-dependent processes at play. Consistent with a hybrid account, these findings suggest that these two aspects of learning may reflect different aspects of a single system gated by attention, rather than competing learning systems.

Stress gradients interact with disturbance to reveal alternative states in salt marsh: Multivariate resilience at the landscape scale

Abstract Stress gradients influence many ecosystem processes and properties, including ecosystem recovery from and resistance to disturbance. While recent analytical approaches have advanced multivariate metrics of ecosystem resilience that allow quantification of conceptual resilience models and identification of thresholds of state change, these approaches are not often translated to landscape scales. Using natural and restored salt marshes in Louisiana, USA, we quantified plant community recovery and resistance metrics along flooding stress gradients. n‐dimensional hypervolumes of plant community biomass and structure were simulated using field data collected from disturbance‐recovery experiments. The relationships between multivariate resilience metrics and flooding stress gradients were then mapped at community‐ and landscape‐relevant scales by scaling with airborne‐derived data across the region. Greater pre‐disturbance abiotic stress decreased live below‐ground, but not above‐ground, biomass, and ultimately led to lower post‐disturbance total recovery, recovery rates and resistance of plant communities. Vegetated plots flooded >52% of the time transitioned to an alternative, unvegetated state after disturbance. Mapping revealed differences in spatial patterns of resilience—highlighting low, interior marsh edges as especially vulnerable to the combination of chronic flooding stress and acute disturbance. At the landscape scale, approximately half of the area (48%) is vulnerable to state change after pulse disturbances. Synthesis. Ultimately, we quantify the ball‐and‐cup conceptual model for a salt marsh ecosystem and its alternative state, mudflat. We find that increasing abiotic stress due to climate change diminishes ecosystem resilience, but the interaction with common episodic disturbances is necessary to reveal transitions to alternative states and quantify state change thresholds. Quantifying and mapping resilience and where alternative states may exist in this fashion improves ecologists' ability to investigate the mechanisms of stress gradient control on emergent ecosystem properties while providing spatially explicit resources for managing ecosystems according to their projected resilience.

Pragmatic Identity in China and the US Real Estate Advertising: Critical Pragmatic Analysis

This research attempts to find out similarities and differences of values through comparison of pragmatic identities constructed in china real estate advertising and that in the US real estate advertising. The study selected 50 Chinese and 50 American electrical real estate advertising.to analyze pragmatic identities constructed in these advertisements and concluded 16 kinds of identities. Both American and Chinese advertisers tend to presuppose consumers’ identity to advertise real estate although explicit linguistic resources regarding identity such as champion are also used to construct identity. Advertisers tend to appeal and provoke consumers’ purchase desire so that they construct different identities according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs especially belonging (love) and self-realization needs. As regard to differences of identities embodied in Chinese and American real estate advertising, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are adopted to explain.

Online Validation of Mortgage Backed Security System for Easiness of Customers

A home loan bond is a bond upheld by a pool of home loans on a land resource, for example, a house. All the more for the most part, bonds which are verified by the promise of explicit resources are called home loan bonds. Home loan bonds can pay enthusiasm for either month to month, quarterly or semi yearly periods. The commonness of home loan bonds is generally credited to Mike Vranos.These securitization trusts might be organized by government-supported undertakings just as by private substances that may offer credit improvement highlights to alleviate the danger of prepayment and default related with these home loans. Since private home loan holders in the United States have the choice to pay more than the necessary regularly scheduled installment (diminishing) or to satisfy the advance completely (prepayment), the month to month income of a MBS isn't known ahead of time, and a MBS thusly introduces a hazard to financial specialists.

Comparison of hidden and explicit resources in ecoepidemic models of predator–prey type

This paper investigates mathematical models of predator-prey systems where a transmissible disease spreads only among the prey species. Two mathematical models are proposed, analysed and compared to assess the influence of hidden or explicit resources for the predator. The predator is assumed to be a generalist in the first model and a specialist on two prey species in the second one. Existence and boundedness of the solutions of the models are established, as well as local and global stability and bifurcations. The equilibria of two systems possessing the same biological meaning are compared. The study shows that the relevant ecosystem behaviour including stability switching, extinction and persistence for any species depends on four important parameters, viz., the reproduction rate and the infection rate of the main prey, the mortality rate of infected prey and the reproduction rate of the alternative prey. This study ultimately indicates that the simpler formulation with the hidden resource already captures the salient features of the ecosystem. Therefore, modeling explicitly the substitute prey is not needed unless a particular emphasis is placed on the alternative resource behaviour. In such case, the extended model is preferable, at the expenses of a more complicated formulation and analysis. Ultimately, the choice of the model to be used should be guided by the reasons of its formulation and the answers that are sought.

Letter-sound integration in native Chinese speakers learning English: Brain fails in automatic responses but succeeds with more attention

ABSTRACTBoth native language background and second-language proficiency may shape brain responses to a second language. Using cross-modal mismatch negativity (MMN) (pre-attentive processing) and audiovisual P300 (attentive processing) paradigms, this study examined how native Chinese speakers with various second-language proficiency responded to English letter-sound integration and what role visual attention may play in this process. The results indicated that native Chinese speakers failed to integrate letters and sounds in pre-attentive stage of reading, regardless of their English proficiency level, in contrast to the successful letter-sound integration shown by native English speakers. With more explicit visual attention resources, native Chinese speakers integrated English letters and sounds just as successfully as native English speakers did. These findings suggest that native language background may exert profound constraints on automatic brain responses to a second language, and attention may help the brain overcome these constraints and respond as required by the second language.

Comparing predator–prey models with hidden and explicit resources

In this paper two mathematical models are proposed and analyzed to elucidate the influence on a generalist predator of its hidden and explicit resources. Boundedness of the system’s trajectories, feasibility, local and global stability of the equilibria for both models are established, as well as possible local bifurcations. The findings indicate that the relevant behaviour of the system, including switching of stability, extinction and persistence of the involved populations, depends mainly on the reproduction rate of the favorite prey. To achieve full ecosystem survival some balance between the respective grazing pressures exerted by the predator on the prey populations needs to be maintained, while higher grazing pressure just on one species always leads to its extinction.

A Sequential Sentence Paradigm Using Revised PRESTO Sentence Lists.

Listening in challenging situations requires explicit cognitive resources to decode and process speech. Traditional speech recognition tests are limited in documenting this cognitive effort, which may differ greatly between individuals or listening conditions despite similar scores. A sequential sentence paradigm was designed to be more sensitive to individual differences in demands on verbal processing during speech recognition. The purpose of this study was to establish the feasibility, validity, and equivalency of test materials in the sequential sentence paradigm as well as to evaluate the effects of masker type, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and working memory (WM) capacity on performance in the task. Listeners heard a pair of sentences and repeated aloud the second sentence (immediate recall) and then wrote down the first sentence (delayed recall). Sentence lists were from the Perceptually Robust English Sentence Test Open-set (PRESTO) test. In experiment I, listeners completed a traditional speech recognition task. In experiment II, listeners completed the sequential sentence task at one SNR. In experiment III, the masker type (steady noise versus multitalker babble) and SNR were varied to demonstrate the effects of WM as the speech material increased in difficulty. Young, normal-hearing adults (total n = 53) from the Purdue University community completed one of the three experiments. Keyword scoring of the PRESTO lists was completed for both the immediate- and delayed-recall sentences. The Verbal Letter Monitoring task, a test of WM, was used to separate listeners into a low-WM or high-WM group. Experiment I indicated that mean recognition on the single-sentence task was highly variable between the original PRESTO lists. Modest rearrangement of the sentences yielded 18 statistically equivalent lists (mean recognition = 65.0%, range = 64.4-65.7%), which were used in the sequential sentence task in experiment II. In the new test paradigm, recognition of the immediate-recall sentences was not statistically different from the single-sentence task, indicating that there were no cognitive load effects from the delayed-recall sentences. Finally, experiment III indicated that multitalker babble was equally detrimental compared to steady-state noise for immediate recall of sentences for both low- and high-WM groups. On the other hand, delayed recall of sentences in multitalker babble was disproportionately more difficult for the low-WM group compared with the high-WM group. The sequential sentence paradigm is a feasible test format with mostly equivalent lists. Future studies using this paradigm may need to consider individual differences in WM to see the full range of effects across different conditions. Possible applications include testing the efficacy of various signal-processing techniques in clinical populations.

Managing by Sustainable Innovational Values (MSIV): An Asymmetrical Culture Reengineering Model of Values Embedding User Innovators and User Entrepreneurs

Today’s critical success factor for public and private enterprises is their capability to develop, adapt, promote, and successfully manage sustainable innovation processes. Firms that are able to successfully manage sustainable innovation processes can competitively operate in mature markets while refocusing their strategies to open up new markets and target new customer segments. With knowledge becoming the main resource of global firms, the capacity to develop sustainable innovation strategies, cultures, and processes enables firms to capitalize on their strategic human resources and management systems. Sustainable innovation mandates that firms leverage both tacit and explicit resources and the talent of user-innovators and user-entrepreneurs, developing sustainable innovation routines and results. In addition to these traditional requirements, we argue that the firm’s ability to identify, embed, and manage organizational, managerial, and personal values within their cultures provides the core foundation for inspiring, motivating, and energizing creativity and innovation across the firm. Leaders, managers, employees, and users who share these core values, can achieve sustainable innovation. This perspective supports the growing recognition by academics and practitioners for managers to utilize socially-responsible management practices and activities to simultaneously fuel innovation and create a better, more sustainable and more harmonious world. The aim of this paper is to present and further elaborate a prototype of the “Management by Sustainable Innovational Values” (MSIV) model that was recently published (Brillo, Dolan, & Kawamura, 2014). The MSIV model proposes that sustainable innovation best occurs when certain values are identified, shared, and operationalized across the organization, and, more specifically, when organizational members are passionate about their work because they share emotional values to an even greater degree than economic or social ones. While the MSIV model does not ignore economic and social values as drivers of performance and firm survival, it is argued that sustainable innovation may best occur when emotional values work in conjunction with economic values, and when these values are embedded within the firm’s culture.

Research of Web Information Resources Sharing Mode

Based on human and computer understanding, the paper proposes two web information resources sharing modes. The first mode consists of explicit and implicit information resources sharing, and the second mode is an intelligent style established on semantic web. Thematic database resources building and large authoritative websites building are two kinds of the explicit information sharing. Blog and professional forum, the typical representatives of the Web 2.0, has a good effect on the sharing of implicit information.

Re-Engineering the Operating Room Using Variability Methodology to Improve Health Care Value

Variability in flow of patients through operating rooms has a dramatic impact on a hospital's performance and finances. Natural variation (uncontrollable) and artificial variation (controllable) differ and require different resources and management. The aim of this study was to use variability methodology for a hospital's surgical services to improve operational performance. Over a 3-month period, all operations at a referral center were classified as either scheduled (artificial variation) or unscheduled (natural variation). Data regarding patient flow were collected for all cases. From these data, mathematical models determined explicit resources to be allocated for scheduled and unscheduled cases, with isolation of the 2 flow streams. Services were allocated block time based on 80% prime time use, and scheduled cases were capped at 5:00 PM. Guidelines for operating room access were implemented to smooth the daily schedule and minimize artificial variation on the day of surgery. After implementation of this redesign, 12 months of data were compared with the previous 12-month period. Metrics analyzed included prime time use, overtime minutes, access for urgent or emergent cases, the number of room changes to the elective schedule on the day of surgery, and variation of daily schedules. Surgical volume and surgical minutes increased by 4% and 5%, respectively. Prime time use increased by 5%. Overtime staffing decreased by 27%. Day-to-day variability decreased by 20%. The number of elective schedule same day changes decreased by 70%. Staff turnover rate decreased by 41%. Net operating income and margin improved by 38% and 28%, respectively. Variability management results in improvement in operating room operational and financial performance. This optimization may have a significant impact on a hospital's ability to adapt to health care reform.

Using dual-task methodology to dissociate automatic from nonautomatic processes involved in artificial grammar learning.

Previous studies have suggested that both automatic and intentional processes contribute to the learning of grammar and fragment knowledge in artificial grammar learning (AGL) tasks. To explore the relative contribution of automatic and intentional processes to knowledge gained in AGL, we utilized dual-task methodology to dissociate automatic and intentional grammar- and fragment-based knowledge in AGL at both acquisition and at test. Both experiments used a balanced chunk strength grammar to assure an equal proportion of fragment cues (i.e., chunks) in grammatical and nongrammatical test items. In Experiment 1, participants engaged in a working memory dual-task either during acquisition, test, or both acquisition and test. The results showed that participants performing the dual-task during acquisition learned the artificial grammar as well as the single-task group, presumably by relying on automatic learning mechanisms. A working memory dual-task at test resulted in attenuated grammar performance, suggesting a role for intentional processes for the expression of grammatical learning at test. Experiment 2 explored the importance of perceptual cues by changing letters between the acquisition and test phase; unlike Experiment 1, there was no significant learning of grammatical information for participants under dual-task conditions in Experiment 2, suggesting that intentional processing is necessary for successful acquisition and expression of grammar-based knowledge under transfer conditions. In sum, it appears that some aspects of learning in AGL are indeed relatively automatic, although the expression of grammatical information and the learning of grammatical patterns when perceptual similarity is eliminated both appear to require explicit resources.

Performance implications of matching adaption and innovation cognitive style with explicit and tacit knowledge resources

Some organizations are more effective at using their knowledge resources than are others, and this can lead to performance differences among organizations with equivalent resources. One aspect of organizations that helps to explain differences in effective use of organizational resources is the cognitive styles of organization members. We propose that a better matching of cognitive style and knowledge resources will improve organizational performance through improved knowledge resource utilization. In particular, and based on adaption-innovation theory (Kirton, 1976), we propose that teams of individuals with an adaptor cognitive style will perform better when explicit knowledge is available and teams of individuals with an innovator cognitive style will perform better when tacit knowledge is available. In addition, when there are significant differences in cognitive styles among a team of organizational members we suggest that training can improve the successful use of available organizational knowledge resources.

Time Delays in Membrane Systems and Petri Nets

Timing aspects in formalisms with explicit resources and parallelism are investigated, and it is presented a formal link between timed membrane systems and timed Petri nets with localities. For both formalisms, timing does not increase the expressive power; however both timed membrane systems and timed Petri nets are more flexible in describing molecular phenomena where time is a critical resource. We establish a link between timed membrane systems and timed Petri nets with localities, and prove an operational correspondence between them.

The knowledge resource development model: the transition from theory to practice

In our observation, as organisational leaders and consulting practitioners, there is a dichotomy between the human approaches and the technology-focused approaches in the practical application of knowledge management theory. Furthermore, a fundamental element, which is the authenticity of explicit knowledge resources and the need for and effect of the management of such resources, is not seen as central in the use of knowledge. We argue the need for a holistic practice that integrates four dimensions and six specific attributes in a Knowledge Resource Development (KRD) model. While informed by relevant theory, our paper aims to present a practitioners' view to bridge thinking and doing for improved organisational outcomes. We hold that the approach is a critical step towards enabling organisations to actualise the potential of intellectual capital in practical ways and with a greater reliability than what would otherwise be the case. The KRD model integrates compliance and risk management with the learning needs that are required to sustain the growth of organisational capacity. It has been employed in hands-on knowledge management work within the context of organisational objectives.

What promotes persistence of a single population: an individual-based model

A family of models was analysed describing dynamics of single populations with non-overlapping generations and explicit resources: a model with all individuals being identical, the same model but with a constant and resource-dependent random mortality, and a model with individual variation due to competition for resources. The population made up of identical individuals cannot be regulated. It grows exponentially and then declines to zero. The population with a constant random mortality typically shows identical behaviour, only the extinction time of the population being longer. Less frequent in this case were declines to low numbers after the first maximum followed by exponential growth to the second maximum, and only then final extinction. The population with random resource-dependent mortality has an intermediate extinction time between that of the population without random mortality and with a constant mortality. Population can be regulated only in the model with individual variation. Persistence of such a population depends on the way in which individual hierarchy is established during resource partitioning and on the frequency of competition among individuals over their life cycle.

Behavioral Syndrome Associated with Brain Damage in Children

Variability in flow of patients through operating rooms has a dramatic impact on a hospital's performance and finances. Natural variation (uncontrollable) and artificial variation (controllable) differ and require different resources and management. The aim of this study was to use variability methodology for a hospital's surgical services to improve operational performance.Over a 3-month period, all operations at a referral center were classified as either scheduled (artificial variation) or unscheduled (natural variation). Data regarding patient flow were collected for all cases. From these data, mathematical models determined explicit resources to be allocated for scheduled and unscheduled cases, with isolation of the 2 flow streams. Services were allocated block time based on 80% prime time use, and scheduled cases were capped at 5:00 PM. Guidelines for operating room access were implemented to smooth the daily schedule and minimize artificial variation on the day of surgery. After implementation of this redesign, 12 months of data were compared with the previous 12-month period. Metrics analyzed included prime time use, overtime minutes, access for urgent or emergent cases, the number of room changes to the elective schedule on the day of surgery, and variation of daily schedules.Surgical volume and surgical minutes increased by 4% and 5%, respectively. Prime time use increased by 5%. Overtime staffing decreased by 27%. Day-to-day variability decreased by 20%. The number of elective schedule same day changes decreased by 70%. Staff turnover rate decreased by 41%. Net operating income and margin improved by 38% and 28%, respectively.Variability management results in improvement in operating room operational and financial performance. This optimization may have a significant impact on a hospital's ability to adapt to health care reform.