Explicit Motives Research Articles

Most important performance evaluation methods of production lines: A comprehensive review on historical perspective and emerging trends

Production is one of the most significant building blocks that strengthen the sustainable economy of companies and thus contribute to the countries’ welfare. Performance indicators of the production line affect planning operations and the efficiency of the supply chain to which the factory is connected. The key indicators for production line designers and performance analysts to monitor and improve include production rate, resource utilization rate, and average inventory level. The production rate is the most important indicator closely affecting an industrial plant's productivity and efficiency levels. From this perspective, accurate and fast estimation of this indicator is very critical. Production rate can be calculated by simulation, analytical technique, or artificial intelligence methods according to the production line characteristics. In this comprehensive review, the most important performance evaluation methods are discussed historically and systematically about the buffer allocation problem using the snowball sampling method. With this explicit motivation, 145 papers were reviewed and classified according to production line topology, hypothetical/real-case line, machine reliability, previous method on which the method is based, and originality and/or line characteristics. To present a comprehensive comparison, the methods considered were analyzed according to different criteria. This review provides general/in-depth qualitative and quantitative discussions and highlights insights to practitioners and scholars. In addition, the impact of recent key work on production line analysis in the field is assessed along with emerging trends, evolving manufacturing paradigms are discussed, and the challenges associated with performance analysis are addressed.

Who Watches the Watchdog? Understanding Media Systems as Information Regimes

This article explores institutions that monitor news media performance. It opens up critical inquiry into how knowledge about media systems is shaped, shared, and bounded in society. Using Sweden as an illustrative and data-rich case, we first map the overall media monitoring structure in Sweden. Second, we examine the kind of knowledge and data about media that monitoring institutions produce, including their motives and the underlying values they support. Third, we extrapolate questions about implicit and explicit motives to participate in an “information regime.” Fourth, by means of media system theory, we discuss the international relevance of the Swedish case to understand media monitoring systems in other parts of the world.

Up for the challenge: Power motive congruence drives nurses to craft their jobs and experience well-being.

Job crafting is the behavior that employees engage in to create personally better fitting work environments, for example, by increasing challenging job demands. To better understand the driving forces behind employees' engagement in job crafting, we investigated implicit and explicit power motives. While implicit motives tend to operate at the unconscious, explicit motives operate at the unconscious level. We focused on power motives, as power is an agentic motive characterized by the need to influence your environment. Although power is relevant to job crafting in its entirety, in this study, we link it to increasing challenging job demands due to its relevance to job control, which falls under the umbrella of power. Using a cross-sectional design, we collected survey data from a sample of Lebanese nurses (N = 360) working in 18 different hospitals across the country. In both implicit and explicit power motive measures, we focused on integrative power that enable people to stay calm and integrate opposition. The results showed that explicit power predicted job crafting (H1) and that implicit power amplified this effect (H2). Furthermore, job crafting mediated the relationship between congruently high power motives and positive work-related outcomes (H3) that were interrelated (H4). Our findings unravel the driving forces behind one of the most important dimensions of job crafting and extend the benefits of motive congruence to work-related outcomes.

Motive perception at first impressions: On the relevance of targets’ explicit and implicit motive dispositions

When people judge the motive dispositions of unacquainted others, are their judgments accurate representations of the targets’ explicit motives, their implicit motives, or both? To address this question, we assessed target persons’ explicit motives via self-report and their implicit motives via a Picture Story Exercise as well as two recently developed affective contingency-based measures. Targets were then filmed during a short, casual conversation. The recordings were shown to thirty unacquainted observers who judged targets’ affiliation, power and achievement motives. For all three motives, observer ratings were linked to explicit motives. For the affiliation and achievement domains, ratings were also linked to implicit motives. We further investigated whether the extent of congruence between observer ratings and motive ratings would depend on information modality, this was not the case. The findings thus indicate that both explicit and implicit motives are relevant for observer judgments, but that these effects are not modality-specific.

Initiatives to promote access to medicines after publication of the Brazilian Policy on the Comprehensive Care of People with Rare Diseases

BackgroundRare diseases affect a small number of people compared to prevalent diseases. The vast majority of these diseases are of genetic origin, have no cure, are chronic and can lead to death. Although the right to access medicines is included in the constitutionally guaranteed right to health in Brazil, problems in the supply of medicines for rare diseases are reported in the country. This study aimed to describe and analyse the initiatives to promote access to medicines for treating rare diseases in the Unified Health System, Brazil, after the publication of the Brazilian Policy on the Comprehensive Care of People with Rare Diseases. Based on the model published by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, which described access to medicines in prelaunch, perilaunch and postlaunch policies, the initiatives referring to each category were summarized based on documentary research searched in online databases from January 2014 to December 2020.ResultsDifferent actions and policy interventions were identified, which went through the expansion of resources for research and development, health regulations, incorporation of new drugs, review and publication of clinical guidelines, and expansion of the network of care facilities by the Ministry of Health. On the other hand, aspects related to care policies, pricing methods, technological development, and development of pharmaceutical service processes were not implemented.ConclusionsAlthough it is impossible to determine the explicit motivation of such actions concerning the Policy, its publication certainly was a landmark in Brazilian society, allowing greater recognition of the needs of rare disease patients and the specificities of treatment’. However, this study suggests that the steps that make up the life cycle of medicines are not linked, lacking articulation and integration of the care network, and consequently, there is no evidence that rare disease policy publication has generated a broad impact on the promotion of access to medicines to treat rare diseases in Brazil.

Depth of the self: Implicit motives and human flourishing. Introduction to the special section

This special section is the outcome of a conference organized in Würzburg, as part of the interdisciplinary research project Motivational and Volitional Processes of Human Integration: Philosophical and Psychological Approaches to Human Flourishing (2018–2021). The goal of the project was to connect (philosophical) perspectives on flourishing to empirical research that suggests that implicit motives play an important role in who we are and what we do and decide. One main aim was to find a middle ground between two extremes that conceptualize implicit motives either as recalcitrant states that hamper flourishing, or as reflecting who we really are, much more than our explicit motives. We propose that both implicit and explicit motives are crucial to flourishing. The articles in this special section bring up other important questions as well. First of all, what is the role of the external world? It seems to be crucial for being a self, but it may also hamper flourishing. And second, how should the relationship between the self as basic subjectivity, and the self with certain values, desires, and intentions be understood?

Motor performance in joint action tasks: The impact of dyadic motive fit

In many daily situations, two or more individuals need to coordinate their actions to achieve a common goal and perform successfully. Past research on joint action has predominantly focused on the question of how such interactions are accomplished. Here we focus on the impact of inter-individual, trait-like differences to predict joint action performance. More specifically, we examined whether performance in a joint action task is moderated by the (in)congruence of individuals' motive dispositions. To this end, 27 dyads performed a joint action task in which they had to navigate a ball through a maze with each partner using a joystick and each being responsible for either moving the ball along the x-axis or the y-axis. As dependent measures, we analyzed dyads' performance (times and errors). As trait-like predictors, we assessed implicit and explicit motives by means of the Picture Story Exercise and the Unified Motive Scale, respectively. Linear regression modeling revealed that congruent explicit affiliation motives predict faster best times and that higher congruent implicit achievement motives are associated with reduced errors. Exploratory Response Surface Analyses yielded identical results for the affiliation motive. These findings provide initial evidence to suggest that interindividual differences and in motives as well as their fit are related to joint action performance. Future directions of this new paradigm and novel ways to analyze dyadic motive fits and their relation to joint action performance are discussed.

Direct Effects of Cannabis Intoxication on Motivations for Softer and Harder Drug Use: An Experimental Approach to the Gateway Hypothesis.

Aims: This study experimentally tested whether there is a gateway-type effect of cannabis administration on tobacco and cocaine motivation and whether motivational responses predicted use 6 months later. Methods: A 2 (condition: active cannabis vs. placebo joint)×3 (substance stimulus type: tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine) factor within-subjects design for both implicit and explicit motivation. Both experimental sessions were conducted in a cannabis dispensary ("coffeeshop") in Amsterdam and were separated by ∼1 week, followed by a 6-month online follow-up. Eighty-five participants between 18 and 27 years of age (57% male), who used cannabis, tobacco, and cocaine <15 times per month, participated in session 1 (session 2: N=79 and follow-up: N=81). Counterbalanced over sessions, participants smoked an active and a placebo joint following a paced puffing procedure. Before and after smoking, craving and avoidance (explicit motivation) were assessed using visual analog scales, and after smoking, the stimulus response compatibility test was completed to assess approach biases (implicit motivation). Self-reported intoxication and similarity to their usual smoking experience were assessed at the end of both sessions. Self-reported frequency/quantity and dependence symptoms for tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine were assessed at all time points. A linear mixed model approach was used to assess the effects of condition, substance stimulus type, and their interactions on explicit and implicit motivation. Results: In the active condition, participants reported higher levels of intoxication and an experience more similar to their usual smoking experience than in the placebo condition. There was no significant effect of condition, substance type, or their interaction on approach bias. Participants exhibited increased cannabis craving during the placebo condition only and increased explicit cannabis avoidance during the active condition only. Explicit tobacco avoidance decreased during both conditions. Baseline measures did not predict use at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: In light users, cannabis intoxication did not affect implicit and explicit tobacco or cocaine motivations. Tobacco avoidance decreased regardless of condition, indicating that the cannabis cue-rich setting-rather than tetrahydrocannabinol itself-may momentarily increase the likelihood to smoke tobacco. However, motivation at baseline did not predict use 6 months later, deeming any gateway-like function unlikely.

Analysis of the Linguistic Aspect of the Speech Portrait of a Modern English-speaking Blogger

In the study of an individual speech portrait, three aspects are distinguished: linguistic, social and behavioral. It is the linguistic aspect that is the subject of our study. The object of analysis in this study is the speech of the popular video blogger PewDiePie, blogger Nora Dunn and blogger ForReadingAddicts, the subject are the lexical and stylistic preferences of the speech of the English-speaking blogger. The speech behavior of a public linguistic personality is studied making possible to see the features of the personality's speech, hidden and explicit motives, communicative goals, and the features of communicative needs. A model for compiling a speech portrait is described and an analysis of the stylistic and lexical features of the speech of a modern English-speaking blogger is carried out on the example of the popular video blogger PewDiePie, blogger Nora Dunn and blogger ForReadingAddicts. As a result of the study, a model for compiling a speech portrait was described and the characteristic features of the speech of each of the analyzed bloggers were highlighted. The lexical and stylistic preferences of the analyzed personalities are revealed, the list of language means used by English-speaking bloggers is determined. These features are determined, first of all, by the target audience of each blog, the sphere of professional activity of the authors and, of course, the characteristic features of each personality, the level of general erudition and its social environment. A detailed analysis of the speech portrait is based on specific language levels: phonetic, lexical, stylistic. This analysis of the features is a characteristic of different levels of realization of a linguistic personality.

Getting to the bargaining table: The role of explicit motives and traits in negotiation initiation

Motives have been considered as a second source of individual differences next to trait measures. In negotiation initiation research, there is accumulating evidence that personality is related to propensity to initiate negotiations. To our knowledge, no previous study investigated if explicit motives are associated with the propensity to initiate negotiations. With this research, we close this research gap and add on to the literature by concurrently investigating if trait measures of personality as well as motivational measures of personality are associated with negotiation initiation. To that end, we conducted two studies (N = 101, and N = 359) with self-report (Study 1) and vignettes (Study 2) to measure negotiation initiation. In general, we found support for our hypotheses. We add to the literature by demonstrating that explicit motives and traits should not be used interchangeably and that traits and explicit motives might have complementary effects on negotiation initiation. We also report practical implications of our study.

The who and how of attentional bias in cannabis users: associations with use severity, craving and interference control.

Cognitive and motivational processes are thought to underlie cannabis use disorder (CUD), but research assessing how cognitive processes [e.g. interference control (IC)] interact with implicit [e.g. attentional bias (AB)] and explicit motivation (i.e. craving) is lacking. We assessed the presence of AB in cannabis users with varying use severity and tested models of moderation, mediation and moderated mediation to assess how AB, craving and IC interact in their association with measures of cannabis use. A cross-sectional study design was used. Eight studies performed by our laboratory in the Netherlands including never-sporadic, occasional (≤ 1/month) and regular cannabis users (≥ 2/week), and individuals in treatment for CUD were combined (n = 560; 71% male). Studies included a classic Stroop task (IC), a cannabis Stroop task (AB) and measures of session-induced and average session craving. Both heaviness of cannabis use (grams/week) and severity of use related problems were included. Only those in treatment for CUD showed an AB to cannabis (P = 0.019) and group differences were only observed when comparing CUD with never-sporadic users (P = 0.007). In occasional and regular users, IC was negatively associated with heaviness (β = 0.015, P < 0.001), but not severity of use. Average session craving (exploratory), but not session-induced craving (confirmatory), mediated this association between AB and heaviness (β = 0.050, P = 0.011) as well as severity of use (β = 0.083, P = 0.009); higher AB was associated with heavier use and more severe problems through increased craving. Attentional bias only appears to be present in cannabis users with the most severe problems and craving appears to mediate the association between attentional bias and both heaviness and severity of use in occasional and regular users. The association of interference control with heaviness but not severity of use may point to subacute intoxication effects of cannabis use on interference control.

Motivational Factors of Women Entrepreneurs in Agribusiness Entrepreneurial Development in Malaysia

Successful women entrepreneurs are recognized through their strong motivation, desire, and capabilities to enhance economic development and increase entrepreneurial diversity in a range of various economic contexts. Motivation comprises biological, emotional, social, and cognitive components that drive behavior and agribusiness entrepreneurship. Given the important role played by women in contributing to the development of entrepreneurial activities in agribusiness, this study therefore aims to examine the motivating factors for women involved in agricultural entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial development in agribusiness. An online survey was conducted among women entrepreneurs in Malaysia, and descriptive analysis and multiple regression analyses were employed to analyze the data quantitatively. The findings revealed that women in the study area mostly received support from implicit and explicit motivation, such as psychological characteristics and competencies to achieve their business goals and boost their efforts in uplifting economic wellbeing and developing the agribusiness sector. Women who engaged in community development were highly influenced by connections and attitude motivational patterns that predict entrepreneur behavior. Hence, activities that led to increased motivation for women to improve their competency, power, and involvement in agribusiness should be fully supported. These factors enhanced job creation and built their credibility in agricultural entrepreneurship development.

Linking Implicit Motives and Explicit Motives with Negotiation Performance

Recently, some scholars voiced out a demand, to give a second chance to the study of individual differences in negotiation performance. The current study aims to do so, whilst building on McClelland’s motives framework, and focusing on the Big Three classes of motives: achievement, affiliation and power. We hypothesized that achievement- and power-motivated individuals would exhibit high negotiation performance, whereas affiliation-motivated individuals would exhibit low negotiation performance. Further, we hypothesized that implicit motives explain additional variance in negotiation performance beyond explicit motives and traits. To test these hypotheses, in study 1, we collected data from 140 individuals (56 females) using self-report measures of negotiation performance. In study 2, we conducted a mixed-motive negotiation experiment with 84 participants (34 females). Results showed that explicit achievement and affiliation, and implicit power motives were positively related negotiation performance. Further, in study 2, we found that implicit achievement motive was positively associated with negotiation performance while explicit achievement motive was negatively related. We, also, found that implicit motives explain extra variance in negotiation performance beyond traits in study 2. We are among the few researchers who showed that motivational perspectives of personality should be taken into consideration when theorizing on antecedents of negotiation performance.

Censoring Ukrainian patriotism in the Russian Empire: the ban on the second printing of the History of the Rus′ in 1858

ABSTRACT This article examines the censorship case of the second printing of Istoriia Rusov ili Maloi Rossii (The History of the Rus′ or Little Russia). The book, which was apocryphally attributed to Archbishop Georgii Konisskii, is a history of the Little Russian Cossacks containing much fiction. It was submitted to the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee in August 1858. After consideration at the council of the Chief Censorship Administration, the highest collegial body of censorship in the Russian Empire, it was denied authorization for publication. The explicit motive for the denial was that the book contained local patriotism. This expressed motive shows that already five years before the notorious Valuev directive, which restricted Ukrainian publications in the empire, the censors were alert to the propagation of Little Russian or Ukrainian particularism and found it harmful. The files of the Chief Censorship Administration indicate the page numbers of the passages that the censors found impermissible, which makes possible a detailed reconstruction of their thinking. The censors marked the passages in which the status of Muscovy as the successor to the medieval Principality of Kyiv was questioned, as well as those that portrayed the Russian monarchs negatively.

The Achievement Motive in the Brain: BOLD Responses to Pictures of Challenging Activities Predicted by Implicit Versus Explicit Achievement Motives.

The achievement motive refers to a preference for mastering challenges and competing with some standard of excellence. Along with affiliation and power motives, the achievement motive is typically considered to occur on the level of implicit versus explicit representations. Specifically, whereas implicit motives involve pictorial, emotional goal representations and facilitate corresponding action effortlessly, explicit motives involve propositional (“verbalized”) goal representations but need some effort to translate into action (McClelland et al., 1989). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether and to which degree the implicit and explicit achievement motives differentially predict blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to pictures of individuals engaging in challenging activities. Whereas the implicit AM predicted activity in areas associated with emotion (orbitofrontal cortex) and visual processing (right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor and occipital cortices), the explicit AM predicted activity in areas associated with cognitive self-control or verbal goal processing (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). The findings support the commonly assumed distinction between implicit and explicit motives with neuronal data. They also suggest that explicit motives require cognitive self-control to overcome potential lacks of motivation.

Narcissism and concern: The mediating role of explicit motives

Narcissism and concern: The mediating role of explicit motives

Effect of health warning labels on motivation towards energy-dense snack foods: Two experimental studies

Health warning labels (HWLs) show promise in reducing motivation towards energy-dense snack foods. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could optimise their effectiveness. In two experimental studies in general population samples (Study 1 n = 90; Study 2 n = 1382), we compared the effects of HWLs and irrelevant aversive labels (IALs) on implicit (approach) motivation towards unhealthy snacks, using an approach-avoidance task (Study 1), and a manikin task (Study 2). We also assessed explicit motivation towards unhealthy snacks using food selection tasks. We examined whether labelling effects on motivation arose from the creation of outcome-dependent associations between the food and its health consequences or from simple, non-specific aversive associations. Both label types reduced motivation towards snack foods but only when the label was physically present. HWLs and IALs showed similar effects on implicit motivation, although HWLs reduced explicit motivation more than IALs. Thus, aversive HWLs appear to act both through low level associative mechanisms affecting implicit motivation, and by additionally emphasizing explicit causal links to health outcomes thereby affecting explicitly motivated choice behaviours.

Influence of Gamification Elements on Explicit Motive Dispositions

Explicit motive dispositions are the psychological needs that drive the behavior and play a predictive role in the selection of the achievement goal. In the presence of situational incentive cues, the variables of explicit motive dispositions may arouse/suppress. Similar to these incentive cues, gamification elements (such as leaderboards, points, badges, etc.) offer motivational affordances that either increase or decrease performance and engagement depending on the agent’s perception. However, this similarity, and the effects of motivational affordances on the agent’s explicit motive disposition and the selection of subsequent achievement goals, have not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, the gamification elements (leaderboard and points) of the DRACO gamification system are redesigned to provoke explicit motive dispositions of the students. The results of the field study revealed that the experiment group had a significantly lower fear of failure and power motives (both hope and fear), fewer selections of performance-avoidance goals, and performed better based on theory exams and course grades compared to the control group. Consequently, it supports the hypothesis that gamification elements could provoke explicit motive dispositions and could affect the subsequent achievement goal selection, and the design of the gamification elements could be a determinant factor in this behavior change. Furthermore, this study contributes to a systematic Spanish translation of the UMS-3 questionnaire.

Microsoft PowerPoint Media Use and Student Learning Motivation in Islamic Religious Education

This study aimed to analyze using Microsoft Powerpoint computer media on students' learning motivation in Islamic Religious Education subjects. The approach used in this study is quantitative. The data used in this study, namely the use of Microsoft Powerpoint media and students' learning motivation in religious education at a private Junior High School in Garut Regency, was analyzed in the form of statistical data. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded as follows: 1) The use of Microsoft PowerPoint media is well proven and reduce verbalism, teaching materials are more transparent in meaning; 2) The more explicit motivation of students is in the excellent, as evidence by excellent results of research on the indicators of being diligent, tenacious, happy to work independently, confident and happy to find and solve problems showing a number 4.09. This figure is in the interval 3.5 – 4.5, including good category; and, 3) The use of Microsoft PowerPoint media on students' motivation to learn is good. It is proven that the study results show that 57% is in a suitable category. As for 43%, it is influenced by other factors.

Perceived Intrinsic Motivation Mediates the Effect of Motive Incongruence on Job Burnout and Job Satisfaction

Job burnout is a profound concern in modern society producing enormous financial and emotional costs for companies, health insurances, and the individual employee. In this study, we aimed at contributing to the literature on determinants of job burnout by investigating the indirect effects of implicit and explicit motive discrepancies (IED) through intrinsic motivation, with the aim of replicating previous findings from the literature. In addition, we extended this research by adding job satisfaction as an outcome variable in the mediation model, as well as volition as a moderator in these relationships. We preregistered our study and collected data from 136 participants (82 females; Mage = 29.33 years, SDage = 6.30) using indirect measures (for implicit motives) and self-report measures (for explicit motives, job burnout, job satisfaction and volition). IED was shown to have an indirect effect on both job burnout and job satisfaction through intrinsic motivation. Additionally, these indirect effects were mitigated by high levels volition. We discuss implications of our findings for research and practice. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.1980758.