Explicit Discrepancies Research Articles

Seeking Womanist-Liberation: Using Testimonios to Drive Anti-Racism in Psychology

Eighty-six percent of psychologists are white, leading to implicit and explicit discrepancies, exclusion, and discrimination against people of color in the discipline. Additionally, academia tends to center white, Eurocentric, and male narratives and experiences in psychology which perpetuates oppression of marginalized communities, especially women of color, in psychology. Thus, in this article, we propose a womanist-liberation framework to support radical healing of women of color in psychology and, ultimately, growth of the discipline. We share reflexive narratives called testimonios to describe our experiences as women of color in academia, in the hopes of encouraging reflection, developing insight, cultivating compassion, and inciting social justice action amongst our readers. Lastly, we propose recommendations stemming from a womanist-liberation framework to make psychology more inclusive, responsive, attuned, and liberatory toward the experiences of women of color.

Boosting Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Soft Pseudo-Label and Curriculum Learning

By leveraging data from a fully labeled source domain, unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) improves classification performance on an unlabeled target domain through explicit discrepancy minimization of data distribution or adversarial learning. As an enhancement, category alignment is involved during adaptation to reinforce target feature discrimination by utilizing model prediction. However, there remain unexplored problems about pseudo-label inaccuracy incurred by wrong category predictions on target domain, and distribution deviation caused by overfitting on source domain. In this paper, we propose a model-agnostic two-stage learning framework, which greatly reduces flawed model predictions using soft pseudo-label strategy and avoids overfitting on source domain with a curriculum learning strategy. Theoretically, it successfully decreases the combined risk in the upper bound of expected error on the target domain. In the first stage, we train a model with distribution alignment-based UDA method to obtain soft semantic label on target domain with rather high confidence. To avoid overfitting on source domain, in the second stage, we propose a curriculum learning strategy to adaptively control the weighting between losses from the two domains so that the focus of the training stage is gradually shifted from source distribution to target distribution with prediction confidence boosted on the target domain. Extensive experiments on two well-known benchmark datasets validate the universal effectiveness of our proposed framework on promoting the performance of the top-ranked UDA algorithms and demonstrate its consistent superior performance.

Examining the digital organizational identity through content analysis of missions and vision statements of Malaysian and Singaporean SME company websites

PurposeThis study aims to examine the current state of mission and vision statements on the company websites of fast-growing Malaysian and Singaporean small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and analyze how these attributes are functionally used to build a distinct digital organizational identity.Design/methodology/approachThe content analysis method was used to examine the similarities and differences among 170 Malaysian and Singaporean-selected SMEs based on Aaker’s five brand personality scales.FindingsThe findings demonstrated that there were explicit discrepancies between Malaysian and Singaporean SMEs in the applications of brand personality attributes. The findings also identified an increase in communicating mission and vision statements on the websites of both Malaysian and Singaporean SMEs. This emphasizes the need for Malaysian and Singaporean companies to intensify their efforts to develop a notable digital organizational identity.Research limitations/implicationsThis study endeavors to provide novel insights into the digital communication practices of SMEs in building digital organization identity based on brand personality elements. Therefore, this study theoretically advances Aaker’s brand personality framework by incorporating digital organizational identity as a concept of Aaker’s brand personality from the SME perspective. This study contributes to the organizational identity literature by highlighting the need for these SMEs to integrate brand personality dimensions to compete with leading global companies.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that managers of SMEs can develop a unique digital organizational identity by communicating their vision and mission statements on their websites as a strategic asset for sustaining corporate reputation.Originality/valueTo date, little is known about the inevitable adaptation and application of communication that occurs when using digital means to develop a digital organizational identity. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to establish how Asian SMEs communicate their unique brand personality through websites to build their digital organizational identity.

Early implicit–explicit discrepancies in self-esteem as correlates of childhood depressive symptoms

This longitudinal study examined early social–cognitive markers that might be associated with the emergence of childhood depression and anxiety. At 5 years of age, 137 children completed an implicit self-esteem measure. At 9 years of age, the same children completed measures of implicit self-esteem, explicit self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. Two novel findings emerged. First, higher implicit self-esteem at age 5 than explicit self-esteem at age 9 (implicit > explicit discrepancy) was associated with depressive symptoms at age 9, but not with symptoms of anxiety. Second, this cross-age implicit > explicit discrepancy was associated with depressive symptoms more strongly than was the same implicit > explicit discrepancy measured concurrently at age 9. The overall pattern suggests that the appearance of depressive symptoms in children is associated with discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem and not just lower levels of implicit self-esteem or lower levels of explicit self-esteem taken alone. It is the direction and discrepancy across time that is particularly informative, such that discrepancies between early implicit representations and later explicit reports of self-worth reflect a developmental pathway associated with elevated risk for depressive symptoms. Taken altogether, this study illustrates the benefits of combining work in developmental, child-clinical, and social psychology to provide a more complete view of the developing child. We believe that combining implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem across developmental time points can be used to examine early markers of depression in children at younger ages than typically possible with explicit measures alone.

Critical review of quantum plasmonic models for finite-size media

Abstract We provide a critical analysis of some of the commonly used theoretical models to describe quantum plasmons in finite size media. We summarize the standard approach based on a Fano diagonalization and we show explicit discrepancies in the obtained results by taking the limit of vanishing coupling between the electromagnetic field and the material medium. We then discuss the derivation of spontaneous emission in a plasmonic environment, which usually relies on a Green tensor and is based on an incomplete identity. The effect of the missing terms is calculated in a one-dimensional model.

Comparative study of proton and positive kaon interactions with carbon: hint of new physics like partial restoration of chiral symmetry in nuclei

Concerning the scattering of K+ - mesons on nuclei, the explicit discrepancy between experimental data and optical model calculations is a longstanding problem and none of the conventional medium effect corrections improves significantly the agreement with the data. In this paper the cross sections for the reactions K++12C at incident momenta of the kaon Plab < 800 MeV/c are calculated on the basis of Glauber’s high-energy approximation. The noneikonal corrections, Fermi motion effect and both Pauli and dynamic short-range correlations were incorporated in the Glauber approach for nuclear collisions. The influence of all these corrections on the calculation of the cross sections for the interactions of kaon with nucleus is discussed. The full calculations is compared to available data. The corrections seem to fail in reproducing the experimental data. Our results is compared to optical model calculations. We show that both our model and optical model fails to give a satisfactory description of K+-nuclei cross sections. Different attempts to remove this discrepancy with the in-medium effects taken into account are discussed.

Assessment of Consistency Between Peer-Reviewed Publications and Clinical Trial Registries

Clinical trial registries are intended to increase clinical research transparency by nonselectively identifying and documenting clinical trial designs and outcomes. Inconsistencies in reported data undermine the utility of such registries and have previously been noted in general medical literature. To assess whether inconsistencies in reported data exist between ophthalmic literature and clinical trial registries. In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, interventional clinical trials published from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2014, in the American Journal of Ophthalmology, JAMA Ophthalmology, and Ophthalmology were reviewed. Observational, retrospective, uncontrolled, and post hoc reports were excluded, yielding a sample size of 106 articles. Data collection was performed from January through September 2016. Data review and adjudication continued through January 2017. If possible, articles were matched to registry entries listed in the ClinicalTrials.gov database or in 1 of 16 international registries indexed by the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform version 3.2 search engine. Each article-registry pair was assessed for inconsistencies in design, results, and funding (each of which was further divided into subcategories) by 2 reviewers and adjudicated by a third. Of 106 trials that met the study criteria, matching registry entries were found for 68 (64.2%), whereas no matching registry entries were found for 38 (35.8%). Inconsistencies were identified in study design, study results, and funding sources, including specific interventions in 8 (11.8%), primary outcome measure (POM) designs in 32 (47.1%), and POM results in 48 (70.6%). In addition, numerous data pieces were unreported, including analysis methods in 52 (76.5%) and POM results in 38 (55.9%). Clinical trial registries were underused in this sample of ophthalmology clinical trials. For studies with registry data, inconsistency rates between published and registered data were similar to those previously reported for general medical literature. In most cases, inconsistencies involved missing data, but explicit discrepancies in methods and/or data were also found. Transparency and credibility of published trials may be improved by closer attention to their registration and reporting.

A Comprehensive Dynamic Threshold Algorithm for Daytime Sea Fog Retrieval over the Chinese Adjacent Seas

Sea fog influences human activities over oceans. It is somewhat difficult to separate sea fog from marine boundary stratus (low stratus and stratocumulus) by satellites due to their microphysical similarities and shared spectral features. For the purpose of improving sea fog detection over the Chinese adjacent seas where fog is common during the spring–summer seasons, the vertical structures of fog and stratus were analyzed using ground-based soundings, resulting in the observation of very explicit discrepancies between them, in terms of TAT − SST (TAT, the temperature at tops of fog or stratus; SST, the sea surface temperature). Based on these discrepancies and on previous related studies, we suggest a comprehensive dynamic threshold algorithm. The method combines real-time brightness temperature from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer channel 31 (~11 μm) with climatological monthly mean SSTs to produce a threshold that is monthly-dependent. The retrieved results are generally consistent with the observations from meteorological stations near the coast, on islands and from ships, and the scores of validation by conventional methods are promising. The distribution patterns of the retrieved sea fog frequency in May and June from 2006 to 2010 are both compatible with that from ship-based observations and exhibit more details that are consistent with our understanding of sea fog characteristics. This study is helpful for marine weather service and the improvement of models for sea fog forecasting.

Discrepancies between implicit and explicit attitude measures as an indicator of attitude strength

AbstractThe current research investigates whether implicit–explicit attitudinal discrepancy (IED) weakens attitudes as explicit discrepancies do. Across two experiments, we found that IED is an indicator of weak attitudes. In Experiment 1, we found that individuals with greater IED toward exercise were more swayed by a self‐perceptual manipulation than individuals with lower IED toward exercise. In Experiment 2, we found that the stability and predictive power of attitudes toward alcohol were lessened for participants who had greater IED. These effects occurred independently of the participants' levels of explicit ambivalence and evaluative–cognitive consistency. The present research broadens our understanding of the ways in which evaluations that may not be easily verbalized can affect our thoughts and behavior. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

On the inapplicability of Navier–Stokes equations to interpreting the turbulence

The experimental data are compared with the results of numerical integration of the Navier–Stokes equations for the problem on flow around a fixed solid sphere obtained during the recent decade. It is ascertained that the qualitative rebuilding of flow, i.e., the transition from the stable regime into the unstable one, is followed by the appearance of explicit discrepancies between the calculations and the experiments. The experiments demonstrate the retention of the flow axial symmetry after the stability loss at the critical value of the Reynolds number Re ∗ . What this means is as follows. At Re>Re ∗ , the axisymmetric flow loses its stability because the weak axisymmetric fluctuations generated by the medium begin to grow. Nevertheless, both at Re<Re ∗ and at Re>Re ∗ the weak non-axisymmetric fluctuations fade out, and their fading out is the cause of the retention of the flow axial symmetry. The results of all the calculations without exception are directly opposite. Namely, the stability loss is followed by the loss of the flow axial symmetry, i.e., both at Re<Re ∗ and at Re>Re ∗ the weak axisymmetric disturbances fade out. At the same time, the weak non-axisymmetric disturbances begin to grow at Re>Re ∗ , and their growing is the cause of the loss of the flow axial symmetry. The cause of the Navier–Stokes equations failure is pointed out.

Concentration dependence of the short-range order in the Ni-V and Pt-V systems

The short-range order (SRO) in Pt-V and Ni-V systems has been studied by diffuse scattering of neutrons over a large concentration range. In both systems, a c-dependent SRO has been observed. We show that this concentration sensitivity has a different origin in the two cases. In Ni-V, the change of the SRO pattern is mainly due to c-dependent effective pair interactions (EPI), while in Pt-V, the EPI are c independent. We find explicit discrepancies between our results, deduced from measurements in the disordered state, and the electronic structure calculations, if they are performed in the ordered state. These discrepancies are due to the sensitivity of the electronic structure to the state of order.

An Analytic Function Which is an Approximate Characteristic Function

An analytic function $\chi (z)$ is constructed, where $\chi (x)$ closely approximates (in the sense of $L^p ( - \infty ,\infty )$, $1 \leqq p \leqq \infty $) the characteristic function $\chi ^ * (x)$ of the interval $( - 1,1)$. The poles of $\chi (z)$, the residues at the poles of $\chi (z)$, and the explicit discrepancy between $\chi (x)$ and $\chi ^ * (x)$ make it possible to construct various types of quadrature formulas, and to deduce rates of convergence of quadrature rules. For example, an n-point “quadrature formula” is derived for integrating a continuous function for which the error is $O(\exp ({{ - \pi n^{{1 / 2}} } / 2}))$ as $n \to \infty $; another n-point formula is derived for integrating a function of the form $g(w) = \sum _0^\infty {a_n w^n } $ where $\sum\nolimits_0^\infty {| {a_n } |} ^2 < \infty $, over $( - 1,1)$, for which the error is $O(\exp ({{ - \pi n^{{1 / 2}} } / 2}))$ as $n \to \infty $. The explicit Fourier transform of $\chi $ also leads to some new approximations such as a rational approximation of $\log | {{{(1 + x)} / {(1 - x)}}} |$.