Explicit Articulation Research Articles

Situated Readiness and Transformation of Learning Across Situations and Settings

This short paper introduces the concept of Situated Readiness as a set of skills and dispositions required to participate meaningfully across settings and situations, seeing them as networked and intertwined. Following earlier work within the field, networked learning is here understood as learners' connecting of contexts in which they participate, and as their resituation of knowledge and ways of acting across these contexts (Dohn, 2014). The development of the concept of Situated Readiness is based on a conducted study using a Design-Based Research (DBR) approach to investigate, how student teachers at a Danish Teacher Education Program (TEP) transformed knowledge and ways of participation when transitioning between a course and a public-school class. The findings of the study indicate the needs of socio-epistemic skills and dispositions that enable students to resituate, utilise and transform knowledge from known social contexts to new ones e.g. from a learning situation at the TEP to novel situations in school. Situated Readiness is, in this sense, the ability to attune to the specific social and epistemic requirements and demands, also termed "requirement characteristics", pertaining in these new contexts. To aid the analysis of the skills needed to engage in networked situations, an analytical framework of context levels is presented. The framework points out how requirement characteristics at three interacting levels are posed on the learner. The three levels: 1) the life-setting, 2) the activity-internal level and 3) the domain-internal level form a complex whole and as a learner acting competently in a situation, consists of the ability to respond accordingly to this complex whole. The findings of the DBR study points at challenges towards students’ transformation of knowledge between the two settings, suggesting that the development of Situated Readiness on the learners behalf requires educators to design for learning opportunities, that take into account, how settings and situations are networked and that students are given opportunities and support to recognise these temporally connections as part of their learning trajectories. The lack of explicit articulation of the sameness and differences between the setting leaves the students to realize and attune to these by themselves, which the study shows, is a major challenge to students, who have limited experiences with teaching in practice.

Patagonia’s Substandard Brand Awareness in China

Patagonia has consistently employed marketing methods that deviate from conventional approaches. Nevertheless, its performance in the Chinese market has consistently fallen below expectations. The objective of this research is to examine the factors contributing to the limited recognition of Patagonia within the Chinese market. This study examines the diverse factors that exert influence on the level of brand awareness of Patagonia in the Chinese market. By doing a comprehensive analysis of several published papers and reports, one notable source being an article titled "Competitive Advantage through Product Performance Innovation in a Competitive Market" published in the Journal of Product Innovation Management, it has been identified that there exists a weakness in Patagonia's product innovation strategy as observed in its recent product launches. The study findings indicate that Patagonia's underwhelming success can be attributed to insufficient promotional techniques, uneven product innovation, and a dearth of distinctive brand identity. Furthermore, the strategic utilization of social media, collaborative partnerships with other brands, heightened allocation of resources towards research and development, innovative designs, improved product positioning, and a more explicit articulation of brand values serve to address the challenges that Patagonia encounters while entering the Chinese market. This study asserts that Patagonia's advancement in the Chinese market has been impeded by three primary factors: inadequate marketing techniques, limited product innovation, and a lack of a distinct brand identity. Therefore, in order to surmount these obstacles, it is imperative for Patagonia to adopt and execute the answers and recommendations outlined in this research.

Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Regression Analysis Applied to 2D-QSAR Studies: the Case of Imidazolidine-2,4-dione as PTP1B Inhibitors

In this investigation, we undertook a comprehensive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis using both modern artificial neural network (ANN) methods and classical multiple linear regression methods (MLR). Our primary focus was on revealing the intricate connection between antidiabetic activity and the molecular structure of thirty-nine imidazolidine- 2,4-dione derivatives. The B3LYP hybrid functional and 6-31G (d) basis set computed electronic properties at the quantum level. Rigorous benchmarking against experimental data validated the reliability of our quantum theory approach. Our statistical model effectively predicted activities closely aligned with experimental antidiabetic activities, quantified by the IC50 values. They also revealed a significant superiority of the ANN architecture (6-4-1) over the MLR method. This study stands as a meaningful contribution to the field, providing valuable insights for designing new antidiabetic drugs, particularly as potential inhibitors of tyrosine phosphate 1B (PTP1B). The explicit articulation of our primary aim and emphasis on the study’s significance underscore its potential impact on advancing drug development within the realm of antidiabetic therapeutics.

Preoccupation and Absence of Desire: Voyeurism and Caste in Samskara and Kusumabale

The paper explores the different forms of desires in the novels Samskara (1976) and Kusumabale (2015). In Samskara, there is a preoccupation with the theme of desire and the form and narration of the novel imbibes a voyeuristic male gaze. The valorisation of inter-caste relations is performed through this voyeuristic male gaze where desires of upper caste men are manifested through women, they either become the objects of desire or disgust. Their wives, the upper caste women, are portrayed as unattractive while the lower caste women are objects of the upper caste men’s erotic fascination. Through the feminist lens of Laura Mulvey’s theory of male gaze, I analyse how women lack any conscious agency in the novel as they are limited to their bodies, and caste determines the desirability or the lack of it. In comparison, the portrayal of inter-caste relations in Kusumabale does not involve any explicit articulation of desire and the narrative does not cater to any form of voyeuristic gaze. Instead, the novel portrays the deadly consequences of inter-caste relations which often leads to violence. The novel becomes the exact inverse to everything that Samskara tries to achieve be it through form, thematic style, or narration.

“Mills of God”: Two Ways of Envisaging Justice and Punishment in Greek Antiquity

This paper discusses two typical Greek traditions of envisaging punishments for wrongdoings: one is the religious idea of inherited responsibility, and the other is the invention and evolution of the notion of hell. The former idea, sometimes summarized by authorities such as Gustave Glotz, Eric Dodds, and Hugh Lloyd-Jones under the terms inherited guilt, ancestral fault, and responsabilité héréditaire, is one of the major themes running through the writings of authors of both the Archaic and Classical periods, and is found in genres such as elegy, historiography, oratory, and prominently tragedy. As a core idea of Greek literature, it suggests that the descendants of wrongdoers are punished not for their own sins but for those of their ancestors. With the exclusion of ideas of a punishing hell, an afterlife, and the transmigration of souls, the doctrine of inherited responsibility has its own necessity for sustaining belief in the efficacy of divine punishment, given the common human experience that evil generally escapes punishment. Solon is the first Greek author to make such a statement explicitly. The latter tradition has a much longer history, which runs from Homer to Plato. Nonetheless, the descriptions of hell from Homer onwards do not remain consistent and uniform. Its evolution with the gradual incorporation of religious ideas such as afterlife punishment and transmigration of souls witnesses the need for a much more self-sufficient interpretation of cosmic justice than the notion of inherited responsibility. One interesting fact about the two traditions is that both have coexisted in the same period of time in the testimony of contemporary authors and even in the same author, notably Herodotus and Plato. Nonetheless, “with the growing emancipation of the individual from the old family solidarity”, the former idea has to give way to the latter. And in turn, the notion of inherited responsibility that gradually becomes unacceptable prompts the maturation of hell by the introduction of new elements from eschatological movements. This paper is divided into five parts. The first part serves as an introduction. The second part discusses the Homeric depiction of the Hades, which represents an early Greek understanding of the life of the dead. The third part is devoted to a detailed analysis of Solon’s notion of inherited responsibility and the various factors that contribute to its final explicit articulation. The fourth part focuses on the Orphic ideas of afterlife trial and transmigration of souls and their introduction into what we may call Platonic hell culminant in antiquity, which aims to offer a more self-contained system of justice and punishment. The fifth part is a conclusion.

Leveraging Tacit Knowledge for Teacher Performance in Vocational Schools After-Break

Purpose – The primary objective of this study is to examine the utility of tacit knowledge in enhancing the performance of vocational school teachers who have experienced a career hiatus. Additionally, it seeks to investigate strategies for vocational schools to provide improved support to their teachers in leveraging tacit knowledge to enhance performance, particularly through the promotion of work engagement. Furthermore, the study aims to present a framework for vocational school managers, facilitating the explicit articulation of teachers' tacit knowledge, thereby contributing to the creation and dissemination of new knowledge through effective knowledge management. Design/methodology/approach – In order to gather data for this research, an explanatory survey methodology is employed, with the study's focus directed towards vocational education teachers in the region of West Java. A meticulously chosen sample size of 360 teachers is selected, guided by specific experience criteria and employment within the foundation overseeing the Private vocational school. Structural equation modeling (SEM) serves as the chosen method for hypothesis testing in this study. Findings – This study finds that teacher work engagement serves as a crucial mediator in the relationship between tacit knowledge and performance among vocational school teachers. It is observed that increased tacit knowledge may unexpectedly lead to reduced teacher performance, emphasizing the complexity of this relationship. Tacit knowledge is identified as a valuable resource for addressing workplace demands within vocational education. Moreover, it exerts a significant influence on the motivation process of teachers, subsequently impacting their engagement and overall performance. Interestingly, engagement plays a mitigating role, counteracting the negative effects of suboptimal tacit knowledge utilization by teachers, allowing them to achieve better performance, although not always reaching their full potential based on their rich experiences. Consequently, work engagement emerges as a key mediator, facilitating the translation of tacit knowledge into effective teaching outcomes. These findings shed light on the intricate dynamics of tacit knowledge, engagement, and performance in vocational education, providing valuable insights for educators and policymakers. Originality/value – The originality of this research manifests in its concentrated exploration of the application of tacit knowledge to enhance the performance of vocational school teachers, particularly those who have taken a hiatus in their careers. Additionally, the study introduces a fresh perspective to the realm of vocational education by highlighting the potential outcomes of making teachers' tacit knowledge explicit, with a particular emphasis on work engagement and knowledge management. This novel approach contributes valuable insights to the field, paving the way for further exploration and development.

Adamic Christology and its Implications for Christian Soteriology

The subject of Christology is indispensable in Christianity because the entire Christian gospel centers on the person and works of Jesus Christ. One of the Christological models espoused in the New Testament is Adamic Christology with its focus on the striking analogy between Adam’s sin and Christ’s atoning sacrifice. While allusions of the Adam-Christ comparison appear elsewhere in the New Testament (Luke 3–4; Heb. 2:5–18), the most explicit articulation is found in Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15. Most of the existing literature on the subject focus more on exegetical issues and fail to provide adequate theological analysis on the Adam-Christ comparison. Current interest in theological implications of the Adam-Christ comparison has prompted this paper which explores Adamic Christology based on a theological reading of Romans 5:12-21 and other relevant texts on subject. The researcher used a literary research design comprising textual, theological and historical analyses of data collected from commentaries, articles, books, and dissertations/theses. The main thesis of the paper is that despite remarkable continuities between Adam and Christ on the basis of an ontological inclusivity of all humankind in their vicarious humanity, Christ exceeds Adam in all soteriological respects as the one who reverses the effect of Adam’s sin and its effect on humanity by bestowing salvific benefits on all who express belief in his saving person and works. The paper is an interdisciplinary study that contributes to the fields of Systematic theology (particularly on the issues of hamartiology and soteriology) and New Testament studies (especially Pauline studies).

Subject(s) matter: a grounded theory of technology teachers’ conceptions of the purpose of teaching technology

Technology education internationally has for some time struggled to achieve continuity between what is depicted in policy and curricular documents and the reality of day-to-day practices. With its focus often articulated through the nature of activity students are to engage with, technology teachers are recognised as having significant autonomy in the design and implementation of their practices. From this, it is important to understand teachers’ beliefs about technology education, as their conceptions of the subject will inform practice. As such, this study sought to investigate teachers’ conceptions of the purpose of teaching technology through reflection on their enacted practices. A constructivist grounded theory methodology was employed for the design of the study and analysis of data. According to our analysis, despite similarities between the nature of student activity that teachers designed and implemented, teachers represented the purpose of the subject in different ways. Three different conceptions of the purpose of teaching technology were identified; obtaining knowledge and skills for application, ability to act in a technological way, and ability to think in a technological way. Central to the three conceptions were contentions in the representations of what constituted subject matter knowledge in the subject, and the role that different application cases played in teaching technology. Without consideration and explicit articulation of the purposes for teaching technology, this lack of clarity and differences in rationale for teaching technology are likely to continue.

Should moral commitments be articulated? An introduction

ABSTRACT This Special Issue questions a basic assumption in thinking about morality: the idea that the explicit articulation of moral commitments that usually remain implicit is the basis par excellence for dialogue and rapprochement between people of opposing views. Nicholas Adams shows in the main article of this Special Issue that there is a paradox behind this assumption concerning ethics itself: articulating moral commitments may end up undermining them. It inherently stands in tension with forms of life as people actually inhabit them. Adams associates this basic paradox of ethics with the problem of forced articulation in particular discursive regimes, such as interreligious dialogue. The practice of Scriptural Reasoning is introduced as an alternative mode of dialogue that is less vulnerable to the distortions of articulation. The five response articles (by Petruschka Schaafsma, Ariën Voogt, Rob Compaijen, Dominique Gosewisch, and Sophia Höff) address aspects of Adams’ challenge to articulation in relation to morality, rather than the setting of interreligious engagement. They point out the value of articulation in spite of its inherent imperfection, or constructively elaborate on how to deal with the paradox of ethics as analyzed by Adams. Finally, Adams responds by addressing the concerns of these replies.

Modeling and Simulation of Real-Time Virtual Machine Allocation in a Cloud Data Center

For dynamic resource scheduling in cloud data centers, a novel lightweight simulation system is proposed; two existing simulation systems at the application level for cloud computing are reviewed; and results gained using the suggested simulation system are examined and discussed. The usage of resources and energy efficiency in cloud data centers can be improved by load balancing and the consolidation of virtual machines. An aspect of dynamic virtual machine consolidation that directly affects resource usage and the quality of service the system is delivering is the timing of when it is ideal to reallocate Virtual Machines from an overloaded host [1]. Because server overloads result in a lack of resources and a decline in application performance, they have an impact on quality of service. In order to determine the best answer, existing approaches to the problem of host overload detection typically rely on statistical analysis inspired by nature. These strategies' drawbacks include the fact that they provide less-than-ideal outcomes and prevent the explicit articulation of a Quality-of-Service target. By optimizing the mean inter-migration time under the defined Quality of Service target ideally, we present a novel method for detecting host overload for any stationary workload that is known and a particular state configuration [2]. We demonstrate that our technique exceeds the best benchmark algorithm and offers over 88%of the performance of the ideal offline algorithm through simulations with real-world workload traces from more than a thousand Virtual Machines.

The violence inherent in the system

The concept of ‘the violence inherent in the system’ was famously satirized by Monty Python in their movie The Holy Grail. In order to avoid ridicule, left-wing theorists and activists for a long time stopped using the expression. The underlying social critique, which had given rise to the expression, was also widely dismissed from serious consideration, merely through invocation of the phrase. Because of this, there has been little explicit discussion of the actual political theory that was being satirized in this scene. And yet the theory has continued to exercise considerable influence on the practice of many left-wing groups, particularly in the way that protest is conceptualized and carried out. The central objective in this paper will be to provide an explicit articulation of the theory, in order to show how it falls short of providing a meaningful critique of any aspect of our social practices.

Saying it out loud: explicit equity prompts for public health organization resilience.

In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic there were numerous stories of health equity work being put "on hold" as public health staff were deployed to the many urgent tasks of responding to the emergency. Losing track of health equity work is not new and relates in part to the need to transfer tacit knowledge to explicit articulation of an organization's commitment to health equity, by encoding the commitment and making it visible and sustainable in policy documents, protocols and processes. We adopted a Theory of Change framework to develop training for public health personnel to articulate where and how health equity is or can be embedded in their emergency preparedness processes and documents. Over four sessions, participants reviewed how well their understanding of disadvantaged populations were represented in emergency preparedness, response and mitigation protocols. Using equity prompts, participants developed a heat map depicting where more work was needed to explicitly involve community partners in a sustained manner. Participants were challenged at times by questions of scope and authority, but it became clear that the explicit health equity prompts facilitated conversations that moved beyond the idea of health equity to something that could be codified and later measured. Over four sessions, participants reviewed how well their understanding of disadvantaged populations were represented in emergency preparedness, response and mitigation protocols. Using equity prompts, participants developed a heat map depicting where more work was needed to explicitly involve community partners in a sustained manner. Participants were challenged at times by questions of scope and authority, but it became clear that the explicit health equity prompts facilitated conversations that moved beyond the idea of health equity to something that could be codified and later measured. Using the indicators and prompts enabled the leadership and staff to articulate what they do and do not know about their community partners, including how to sustain their involvement, and where there was need for action. Saying out loud where there is - and is not - sustained commitment to achieving health equity can help public health organizations move from theory to true preparedness and resilience.

Wallace Stevens and Martin Heidegger: Poetry as Appropriative Proximity by Ian Tan

Reviewed by: Wallace Stevens and Martin Heidegger: Poetry as Appropriative Proximity by Ian Tan Krzysztof Ziarek Wallace Stevens and Martin Heidegger: Poetry as Appropriative Proximity. By Ian Tan. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022. Ian Tan’s book is the first extended study of Wallace Stevens devoted almost entirely to the conversation of Stevens’s poetic oeuvre with Martin Heidegger’s ideas about poetry, dwelling, and the event (das Ereignis). What sets the study apart from other scholarly books or essays that explore the relation between Stevens and Heidegger is, first, the comprehensive nature of Tan’s treatment of Stevens, which begins with Harmonium and proceeds all the way to the last poems from 1954–55; and second, the focus on Heidegger’s notion of the Ereignis. It is indeed the Ereignis that constitutes not only the pivot of Tan’s presentation of Heidegger but also the prism for his extensive analysis of Stevens’s poetry. The linchpin of Tan’s argument finds its explicit articulation in the section title “The Appropriative ‘Force’ of Ereignis and Poetry” (15). While many critical texts highlight the proximity (of poetic interests) between Stevens’s late poetry and Heidegger’s thought, Tan argues for adopting the Heideggerian lens for both early and late poems by Stevens. Such a lens does not mean that Heidegger’s work provides a rigid interpretative framework but rather that the understanding of the event as an opening to being (beyond metaphysical ideas and figurations) can be traced throughout Stevens’s poems and his reflections on poetry. Chapter 1, which serves as the Introduction, locates Stevens, and more broadly the relation of poetry and philosophy, in the context of phenomenology [End Page 117] and post-phenomenological thought (Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Derrida, Nancy, among others), with the emphasis on the quasi-transcendental sense of presence elaborated there. The book patterns its approach after “the phenomenological significance of poetry in order to read Stevens’ poetic output as dramatisations of Heideggerian appropriations of Being” (16). This approach is developed in chapters 2 and 3, first by reexamining how Stevens and Heidegger can be read in conversation and then by outlining the significance of later Heidegger’s thought, especially about the event, for reading Stevens. Subsequent chapters trace the arc from Stevens’s first collection, Harmonium, through the relation between poetry and politics in the 1930s, to the idea of the Supreme Fiction, and the question of being in the late poetry. Some of the most interesting insights come in chapter 4, “Considering Presence and Place in Stevens’ Harmonium,” and in particular the discussion of poems like “Sunday Morning” and “The Comedian as the Letter C,” which are rarely studied in the context of scholarship inspired by phenomenological thought and which are presented by Tan in terms of “poetic appropriations” of being, anchored in Heidegger’s discussion of the event and poetic dwelling. What is novel, at least to my knowledge, is that the reading of those early poems focuses on tracing proximity to being in terms of a non-metaphysical sense of presence evoked in them. Tan’s claim is that these approximations of being eschew the subject-object divide and move away from the representational view of language. Perhaps the most characteristic reading for this chapter comes in the section entitled “‘Sunday Morning’ and the Post-Metaphysical Poem” (73–75), in which Tan characterizes the poem’s crucial theme in terms of freedom toward “an authentic attunement facing Being and our possibilities to be” (75). While I like the emphasis on the relation to being, a more developed analysis of Stevens’s language in the poem, tracing its “post-metaphysical” openings, would be important in this context. Chapter 5 examines the contentious interpretations of Stevens’s relation to politics, trying to nuance the approach to the political dimension of poetic writing, especially given Stevens’s predilection toward abstraction, which is often discounted as divorced from historical reality or uninterested in contemporaneous affairs. Tan’s position is that politics in Stevens does not manifest in terms of commitment, critique, or commentary but makes itself known through transforming our relation to the world by means of the imagination. In this manner, poetry “opens up...

“What does it mean to make a picture of the now?”

“What does it mean to make a picture of the now?”

Can fundamental care be advanced using the science of care framework?

This manuscript aims to provide a description of an evidence-informed Science of Care practice-based research and innovation framework that may serve as a guiding framework to generate new discoveries and knowledge around fundamental care in a more integrated manner. New ways of thinking about models of care and implementation strategies in transdisciplinary teams are required to accelerate inquiry and embed new knowledge and innovation into practice settings. A new way of thinking starts with an explicit articulation and commitment to the core business of the healthcare industry which is to provide quality fundamental care. This discursive paper delineates an iteratively derived Science of Care research and innovation framework (Science of Care Framework) that draws from a targeted literature review. The Science of Care Framework integrates caring science with safety and symptom sciences with implementation, improvement, innovation and team sciences. Each science dimension is described in terms of seminal and evolving evidence and theoretical explanations, focusing on how these disciplines can support fundamental care. The Science of Care Framework can serve as a catalyst to guide future efforts to propel new knowledge and discoveries around fundamental care and how best to implement it into clinical practice through a transdisciplinary lens. The Science of Care Framework can accelerate nursing discipline-specific knowledge generation alongside inter and transdisciplinary insights. The novel articulation of the Science of Care Framework can be used to guide further inquiries that are co-designed, and led, by nurses into integrated models of care and innovations in clinical practice.

What would it take to establish a take‐back scheme for fishing gear? Insights from a comparative analysis of fishing gear and beverage containers

AbstractThe problem of marine litter represents a significant global challenge and illustrates the harmful consequences of an economic model that is based on disposability. The seafood sector is not only among the culprits, but is also among the most affected by this threat to the marine environment. Earlier research has pointed to fishing gear take‐back schemes as a measure to mitigate the problem, and policymakers have embraced the idea. The Norwegian scheme for beverage containers has been hailed as a benchmark for the application of Extended Producer Responsibility. Through the lens of business ecosystems, we draw parallels between the existing take‐back scheme for beverage containers and the latent system for fishing gear to answer the question: “What would it take to establish a take‐back scheme for fishing gear?” We elaborate upon four factors that are well established for beverage container take‐back schemes, but lacking or unclear in the case of fishing gear: (i) politico‐institutional support, (ii) the system's value proposition, (iii) the system integrator, and (iv) operational factors (i.e., a network of collection points and procedures, and material variety and complexity). Our findings highlight that when innovations are not based on the usual market mechanisms, unconventional conceptualizations of value itself and how value is mapped and distributed are required. Meaningful engagement of the private sector depends upon either explicit articulation of value capture or policy instruments to enforce responsibility; both are currently either unclear or lacking in the context of fishing gear.

The hidden admission agendas in Finnish primary teacher education in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s

ABSTRACT Applicants’ suitability for the teaching profession has been underlined in admissions to Finnish primary teacher education. Nevertheless, hidden agendas beyond teacher competence frameworks and attribute definitions have also influenced primary teacher admissions, particularly in the last three decades (the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s). This article investigates these agendas connected with the gender and age distribution of the admitted students, and illustrates how these agendas have led to admission reforms, the outcomes of which have usually been insufficient, unpredictable or even undesirable. It provides reinvigoration for the historical research of teacher education policy trends, insights into the gender segregation and age segregation of model citizenship and a more explicit articulation of the aims and visions of teacher education programmes in Finland.

Bill Viola’s figures of submersion as techniques of transindividual affect

This article seeks to establish a fundamental continuity between distinctive periods in Bill Viola’s work. Examining two relatively early works—The Reflecting Pool (1977–79) and The Passing (1991)—and the more recent piece Self Portrait, Submerged (2013), I consider the artist’s physical presence as a catalyst for an inherent continuity between early formalism and the intense affectivity of the later period. Affect and its transindividual energies were present in Viola even before they came to acquire a more explicit articulation in the 2000s and beyond. We see in Viola’s work a merging of artist and artwork which drastically departs from traditional notions of authorial autonomy and mediation, giving rise instead to an event of transindividual affect. I consider the merging of artist and artwork here in light of Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of individuation, a process-oriented ontology remarkably resonant with Viola’s art. I rely on Simondon’s concepts of the technical object, the preindividual and the transindividual, to examine: first, Viola’s immanent, transductive relation to his medium as illustrated in The Reflecting Pool; second, the way in which the artist’s participatory witnessing of technological ontogenesis transmutes into a directly affective experience in The Passing; and finally, the confluent affectivity of artist and spectator in Self Portrait, Submerged.

Defying gravity: environmental justice rises in California’s capital city

ABSTRACT Sacramento, California’s capital city has not, until recently, had the kind of cohesive and effective environmental justice (EJ) movement as seen in several other regions around the state or country. However, in the past 15 years, a variety of new forms of EJ organising are producing a vibrant if uneven movement. This article examines how and why this transformation has occurred and what challenges the movement has faced and which persist. I propose that the rise of the EJ movement in Sacramento can be traced to an explicit articulation of an EJ master frame, the development of an increasingly dense network of EJ-oriented organisations, the mobilisation of a grassroots base of residents, and several state-led EJ policy initiatives that have created openings for community mobilisation. The article begins by presenting a theoretical framework to understand the formation and development of social movements. This is followed by an overview of local environmental injustices and a series of focused case studies of key EJ struggles in the region. Finally, it closes with a discussion of the dynamic rise of the Sacramento EJ movement and further questions to track its continued development.

The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300–525 CE By Robin Fleming. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2021. Pp. 303. $45. ISBN 978-0-8122-5244-6 (cloth).

<i>The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300–525 CE</i> By Robin Fleming. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2021. Pp. 303. $45. ISBN 978-0-8122-5244-6 (cloth).