Explanatory Strategy Research Articles

The historical transformation of individual concepts into populational ones: an explanatory shift in the gestation of the modern synthesis.

In this paper, I will conduct three interrelated analyses. First, I will develop an analysis of various concepts in the history of biology that used to refer to individual-level phenomena but were then reinterpreted by the Modern Synthesis in terms of populations. Second, a similar situation can be found in contemporary evolutionary theory. While different approaches reflect on the causal role of developing organisms in evolution, proponents of the Modern Synthesis refrain from any substantial change by reinterpreting and explaining individual-level phenomena from a population perspective. Finally, I will approach these historical and contemporary debates by arguing for the statistical reading of natural selection, which holds that explanations by natural selection are statistical. My main conclusion is that the historical conceptual reinterpretations belong to a new explanatory strategy developed by the Modern Synthesis based on population thinking. Adopting the statistical point of view has three advantages for the issues discussed in this paper. First, understanding historical conceptual change as part of an explanatory shift fits with the emergence of population biology as a discipline that employs statistical methods. Second, concerning current debates in evolutionary biology, the statisticalist reading can validate the goal of both sides of the dispute. It ascribes an invaluable role to the population statistical explanation of the MS and also commends the study of developmental and organismal causes of adaptive evolution. Finally, the division of explanatory roles in evolutionary biology, embarrassed by statisticalism, can be related to the different interpretations that important biological concepts have undergone throughout history and contemporary biology, i.e., that the division of explanatory roles allows for a division of conceptual interpretations.

Achievement of safer learning facilities standards in the disaster safe education unit program at Panggang elementary school

This study aims to discover and describe the achievement of safer learning facility standards for the disaster safe education unit program at Panggang elementary school, Bambanglipuro. This study is a descriptive evaluative research mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory strategy. The sampling technique was carried out with saturated samples. Data collection techniques used observation, interviews, documentation studies, and questionnaires. Data validity uses internal validation, technical triangulation, and source triangulation. Quantitative data analysis uses a percentage formula calculation according to Sugiyono, while qualitative data analysis uses an interactive analysis model. However, each aspect still has gaps. The gaps that occur are not too significant, but still affect the achievement of safer learning facilities. Efforts are needed from Panggang elementary school Bambanglipuro to reduce or even eliminate existing gaps so that safe learning facilities in the disaster safe education unit program can be fully achieved. Keywords: program evaluation, disaster safe education unit program, safer learning facilities

Robust U-HPLC Method Development of Desonide and its Application to In Vitro Release Testing (IVRT) of Topical Cream Products

Background: The study focuses on establishing In Vitro Release Testing (IVRT) parameters for Desonide cream, following the guidelines of the Topical Classification System (TCS), to assess the bioequivalence between the Reference Listed Drug (RLD) and test. Aim: This study aimed to develop a reliable IVRT method using Franz diffusion cells. An environmentally friendly U-HPLC method was created to analyze Desonide in the samples. Objectives: To evaluate the drug release in Desonide products in accordance with SUPAC guidance, quantify the drug concentration using an analytical method, as per bioanalytical method validation guidelines, and ensure that the results meet the acceptance criteria. Linearity was established from 0.50 μg/mL to 40 μg/mL with acceptable regression values. Precision was confirmed three times, with an average % RSD of below 15% for 3 sets of 6QC level sample preparations. Stability tests demonstrated Desonide stability in receptor fluid (LLOQ and ULOQ) for 72 hours at 2-8°C and 25°C. Autosampler stability at LQC and HQC levels was proven at 25°C for 72 hours. Additionally, the stock solution remained stable at both 25°C and 2-8°C for 72 hours. Methods: The study involved evaluating the dosing regimen, release medium, and membrane while optimizing the U-HPLC method based on three variables including column temperature, mobile phase composition, and flow rate. After experimentation, it was determined that Nylon membrane and 0.9% NaCl: Methanol release media (70:30 v/v) with 1000 mg dose were used to maximize the release profile of desonide. Results: The created explanatory strategy is precise, delicate, and exact for measuring Desonide, with satisfactory Limits of Location LOD and Lower Limits of Measurement LLOQ measured at 0.15 and 0.50 ng /mL, respectively. The Regression coefficient r2 was identified to be 0.9996. The degree of Desonide measurement lessening was considered palatable, basically since the recuperation was underneath 30.00, additionally due to the favourable linear relationship watched within the Desonide discharge rates amid the IVRT study. Conclusion: All three generic products analyzed were found to be equivalent to the RLD, meeting for "sameness" outlined in the FDA's SUPAC-SS guidance. A novel U-HPLC method was developed for Desonide, covering the range from 0.5 to 40 μg/ml, with intra and inter-day variability below 2% RSD. Additional characterizations were established, and the stability of Desonide was successfully determined.

Theoretical strategies for an embodied cognitive neuroscience: Mechanistic explanations of brain-body-environment systems

ABSTRACT Cognitive neuroscience seeks to explain mind, brain, and behavior. But how do we generate explanations? In this integrative theoretical paper, we review the commitments of the ‘New Mechanist’ movement within the philosophy of science, focusing specifically on the role of mechanistic models in scientific explanation. We highlight how this approach differs from other explanatory approaches within the field, showing its unique contributions to the efforts of scientific explanation. We then argue that the commitments of the Embodied Cognition framework converge with the commitments of the New Mechanist movement in a way that provides a necessary explanatory strategy available to cognitive neuroscience. We then discuss a number of consequences of this convergence, including issues related to the inadequacy of statistical prediction, neuroscientific reduction, the autonomy of psychology from neuroscience, and psychological and neuroscientific ontology. We hope that our integrative thesis provides researchers with a theoretical strategy for an embodied cognitive neuroscience.

Quality By Plan Approach-To Explanatory Strategy Approval

The analyst points to consider Quality By Plan Approach-To Explanatory Strategy Approval first Increment the proficiency of planning different steps. That includes creating strategies utilizing quality rules. Private transport trade organization and to clarify the different steps. Concerning the advancement of strategies employing a quality approach to explanatory strategies for examining private transport commerce organizations .Cargo sending could be a benefit trade that plays an imperative part in disseminating items to both household and universal markets. Cargo forwarders are dependable for moving products at each arrange of the supply chain. (from crude materials/primary items Middle of the road items and wrapped up products). The condition of the trade subsequently depends on the amount of merchandise which varies agreeing to the financial circumstance of the nation. Transportation trade is another commerce that's picking up ubiquity. Numerous business visionaries are turning to contribute in this trade. And it is likely to go well and grow even more within the future when numerous transportation businesses emerge. The way to bring your claim commerce to outlive and gotten to be one of the best choices among buyers is to get it the market outline of this sort of commerce. Counting taking after news within the important industry circles. To be able to apply it to commerce techniques within the transportation trade. Patterns and significance worth keeping an eye on: The transportation trade has begun to play a part and has been broadly known for some time presently. Within the past five a long time The transportation commerce slant has gotten a parcel of consideration. Since it not as it were makes a difference drive expansive mechanical businesses. but too makes a difference transport products and administrations of little business people. Broaden the course of organizations from B2B (Business-to-Business) commerce to more B2C (Business-to-Customer) trade The slant of transportation commerce in Thailand within the past period. It must be conceded that the transport commerce slant in Thailand is presently exceptionally well known. Counting the inclination to continue to develop within the future. The investigate strategy chosen by the analyst is quantitative investigate. Utilizing interviews as a inquire about device. administrators and work force of private transportation commerce organizations by analyzing quality plan approaches to review examination strategies, counting 1) benefit quality, counting capacity, get to administrations Communication Unwavering quality, security 2) Generally quality administration incorporates cleanliness, comfort, cleanliness, cleanliness, and building propensities. The results is methodologies and frequencies relating to checking and control. Concurring to the definition given by ICH Q10, a control strategy can "be a organized set of controls gathered from current thing and handle understanding that ensures plan execution and thing quality.

The The Influence of Competency and Compensation on Performance and Job Satisfaction as an Intervening Study in Construction Services Companies

The purpose of this study is to ascertain how job satisfaction among employees in construction services organizations influences performance in terms of competency and compensation. The participants in this research were workers of PT Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk, one of Indonesia's state owned enterprises providing construction services. The population of this study was 950, with a sample size of 255 people. Relying on a 5% percentage allowance, the calculation sample originates from the Isaac-Michael table. The research employs a quantitative methodology in conjunction with an explanatory strategy. The questionnaire used for data collection was given to 255 workers of PT Adhi Karya (Persero) Tbk who held manager-level positions. The Smart PLS (Partial Least Square Analysis) application is used in conjunction with the Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis approach. According to the findings, competence and compensation have a considerable yet beneficial impact on performance. Job satisfaction is positively yet significantly impacted by both competence and compensation. Although there is a slight but favorable influence of job satisfaction on performance. Additionally, there is a positive but non-significant influence of competence and compensation on performance as measured by the intervening variable of job satisfaction. Keywords: Job satisfaction, employee performance, competency, and compensation

Scaling Access to Quality Tertiary Education Amidst Population Growth in Developing Countries

This paper sought to examine the scaling access to tertiary education amidst population growth in developing countries. The study employed the mixed method approach with sequential explanatory strategy design. Quantitatively, 100 respondents were sampled with saturation point used to determine participants for the qualitative phase of the study. Data were collected using interview guide and questionnaire. Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics and qualitatively using thematic analysis. The study found that scaling access to tertiary education in developing countries were largely due to the availability of scholarship schemes, expansion in tertiary institutions, availability of online and distance education option. They study also found that tertiary education gives a lot of gains developing countries some of which include economic growth and development, social cohesion and cultural diversity, improved overall quality of life and encourages citizens’ participation in decision making and governance of their countries. The study therefore recommended the need to expand tertiary institutions, institute more scholarship schemes, tertiary institute charging moderate and affordable tuitions fees so as to open access to more individuals.

Effectiveness of MPhil in Public Administration Programme

The philosophical debate regarding the nature and scope of university education basically whether it is responsible to impart universal knowledge concentrating mainly in dissemination of knowledge than advancement of knowledge has been feathered out replacing by a significant role to be played by university for invention and innovation. In this context MPhil in public administration education program has been conducted by CDPA, TU with a view to advance the knowledge pertaining to public administration, policy and governance. It pays triggered attention to make students being able to conduct research activity independently in concerned areas which could contribute to heighten their competencies to compete in both global and Nepalese contexts. It seems ardent to know to usefulness of the context and content of the courses and enhancing the capacity of students in their work life situation. The objective of this paper is to explain the usefulness of the course content and institutional capacity of CDPA for conducting MPhil in public administration program effectively. For this, two hypotheses were constructed: usefulness of the course and contents; and institutional capacity of CDPA helps to enhance effectiveness of MPhil program. The mixed method of sequential explanatory strategy was adopted to conduct this research. Both the hypothesis has been tested based on chi square test in goodness of fit. The relationship between research variables is found to be positive. It is concluded that course and contents should be updated periodically and institutional capacity should be further strengthened. Thus, MPhil in public administration discipline has become vital for solving the problems of concerned areas.

Analysis of Elementary School Students’ Literacy Ability of Javanese Script Through the Use of Script Card Reviewed Based on Critical Thinking Skills

Javanese script is very important for students to learn and understand, because Javanese script is a local wisdom culture that must be preserved in order to protect the nation's language culture so that it does not become extinct through the use of regional languages such as the use of Javanese script as a means for carrying out verbal and written communication and as a cultural expression.The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze the increase in Javanese script literacy skills and (2) to describe the increase in Javanese script literacy in terms of critical thinking skills. This is mixed methods research with a sequential explanatory strategy. The research sample consisted of fifth-grade students from Tegalsari Public Elementary School and Mangkuyudan Public Elementary School. Data gathering was conducted through the utilisation of tests, interviews, and documentation. From the findings and deliberation, the researchers are able to deduce the subsequent conclusions: (1) The proficiency in Javanese script among fifth-grade students in elementary schools improves following the implementation of script media by teachers. (2) Proficiency in critical thinking is closely correlated with the ability to read and write in Javanese script. The amount of critical thinking skills accounts for 39.3% of the variation in students' literacy skills in Javanese script, leaving 60.7% to be attributed to other factors. Students who possess advanced proficiency in Javanese script literacy exhibit a pronounced inclination towards critical thinking. Students who possess a moderate level of proficiency in Javanese script literacy demonstrate either high or medium levels of critical thinking abilities. Students who possess limited proficiency in Javanese script exhibit either moderate or poor levels of critical thinking abilities. According to the findings of this study, the researchers suggest that teachers in primary schools utilise script cards in order to facilitate effective learning activities and enhance students' proficiency in Javanese script as well as their critical thinking abilities.

21st CENTURY SKILLS PROFILE OF STUDENTS IN THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY COURSE OF THE 2018 BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM, MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

This research study aims to determine the 21st Century Skills Profile of students in the research methodology course for the 2018 Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan. This research was conducted in December-March 2021 in the Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, UNIMED. This study used a mixed descriptive method with a sequential explanatory strategy and a sampling technique, namely random sampling of 109 students. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis techniques for quantitative data and interactive analysis for qualitative data. Data were collected using a questionnaire and interview instruments. The results showed the 21st Century Skills Profile of students in the research methodology course for the 2018 Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan was included in the good criteria with a percentage of 77,81%.

Cognitive Presence in Blended Learning: An Investigation of Students’ Perceptions and Expectations

This study examines English students’ perceptions and expectations of the cognitive presence in a blended learning environment. It utilized the sequential explanatory strategy which combined the survey design and interview to obtain the data. The results indicate that students’ perceptions derived from experience are different from their expectations at some points. Few students take the initiative to prepare actively by reading more information related to the course or establishing learning goals. Additionally, students who do not prioritize preparation tend to depend solely on their teachers for course explanations. The findings suggest that self-regulation is critical to effective learning and that students need to explore and gather information themselves to succeed. Furthermore, students expect to search for relevant information online and participate in discussions to stimulate critical thinking and enrich their learning experience. These results can assist teachers and instructional designers in designing blended learning environments that promote students' cognitive presence and foster effective learning.

Threshold Constitutivism and Social Kinds

In “Constitutivism without Normative Thresholds,” Kathryn Lindeman raises two objections to what she aptly calls Threshold Constitutivism. My aim in this short discussion is to respond to her first objection. Although I will argue that this objection fails, I will also argue that thinking through how to respond to it reminds us of something important, namely, that many of the Norm-Governed Kinds that are directly related to intentional action are social kinds, that is, kinds whose existence conditions we ourselves collectively write. Everyone, whether constitutivist or not, needs to think seriously about what those existence conditions should be. 
 
 [1] Journal of Ethics and Social Policy 12 (3): 231-258 (2017).
 [2] Lindeman’s second objection depends on her view, which I do not share, that “Normative Constitutivism has ambitions to be an explanatory strategy for norms in general” (238, my emphasis).

Effectiveness And Strategies Hotel’s Tax Problems In Baubau City

This study attempts to explain the problem of hotel tax in Indonesia especially in Baubau City. With a mixed research design. Sequential explanatory strategy type. To determine the effect of hotel tax effectiveness on local revenue (PAD) in Baubau City, this study used a quantitative design with a survey using a correlation approach. Meanwhile, to find out the strategy to increase hotel taxes using a qualitative design. The results of this study found that only a 2.52% increase in Baubau City's PAD in 2018-2020 was influenced by hotel tax effectiveness. The tax increase strategy carried out both intensification and extensification by the Baubau City BPKAD has many weaknesses so that it has an impact on many obstacles to efforts to increase taxes. No strategy changes have been made to increase hotel tax revenues, including in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic

Relation of Social Media Literacy, Trust, and Information Quality on Public Communication Behaviour in Urban Local Government Social Media in Indonesia

The previous study and theory showed that social media literacy, trust, and quality of information influence public communication behaviour towards local government social media. Hence, this article analyses the relation among those three elements in the context of urban areas in Indonesia. This research uses a mixed method on sequential explanatory strategy, a collaboration of quantitative and qualitative methods conducted subsequently with dominancy on the quantitative methods. The authors selected 100 persons randomly and proportionally as the research sample. In addition, 12 persons from selected followers, social media specialists, academicians, and civil society. Research shows that social media literacy, trust, and quality information on local government social media are good, yet the issue is in the public communication behaviour towards governments' social media. Furthermore, 41.2% of those three elements simultaneously influence the communication behaviour. The most dominant variable influencing communication behaviour is media social literacy and people's trust, while the quality of information has no significant impact. This research is based on social media data in 2022 in three urban cities in Indonesia, namely Bandung, Semarang and Surabaya. They were chosen based on the categories that the local government uses social media for at least 10 years and has a high number of social media users. Keywords: Social media literacy, trust, quality of information, communication behaviour, local government.

Problem-Solving Skills Viewed from Students’ Learning Style in Problem-Based Learning Assisted by Assemblr Based Javanese Culture Augmented Reality

Problem-solving skills are one of the core skills in mathematics learning; this skill helps the student be an effective problem solver. Conditions in the field show that the problem-solving skills of Indonesian students are currently low. This study aims to know the improvement of problem-solving skills and the description of that skill in terms of learning styles in problem-based learning assisted by Assemblr based on Javanese culture augmented reality. The research method used was a mixed method with a sequential explanatory strategy. Data collection techniques included tests, questionnaires, and interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed through statistical tests and groupings of student learning styles. Qualitative data analysis was carried out through data collection, reduction, presentation, conclusions, and triangulation techniques. This study used a one-group pretest-posttest design with a random sampling technique, and research subjects was selected by purposive sampling based on learning styles. Results show that there are no students with an auditory learning style. Students’ problem-solving skills increased with the n-gain score, which is 0.5 in the moderate category. In terms of learning styles based on Polya’s stages, show that students' problem-solving skills with visual, kinesthetic, and visual-kinesthetic styles are quite good. Students can understand problems, formulate problem-solving plans, and carry out formulations, but students with visual and kinesthetic learning styles are still not careful in calculations and re-checking answers, while students with visual-kinesthetic learning styles do not re-check their answers. Further research is expected to examine all learning styles, including auditory learning styles.

Mental Emotional Disorders and Coping Strategies of University Student During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed Methods Study

At the beginning of 2020, the world was shocked by the COVID-19 outbreak which has hit almost all parts of the world. Student academic activities are faced with an online learning system and the adaptation of new habits. This caused a different response from each student. This study aims to analyze the coping strategy of the student-facing COVID-19 pandemic at the Public Health Faculty, Hasanuddin University. This research is a mix-method study conducted in September-October 2020, located at the Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University. This study used a sequential explanatory strategy where quantitative data is collected and analyzed firs with 233 respondents by accidental sampling, followed by qualitative data with 12 respondents by purposive sampling. The results showed that the COVID-19 pandemic affects students psychologically. The results showed that as many as 121 people (51.9%) and there is two coping strategy. Problem-focused coping consists of seeking social support and planful problem solving and Emotional-focused coping that is distancing. The government and Public Health Faculty, Hasanuddin University can maximize the assistance provided in the form of psychological and financial assistance.

Scaffolds and scaffolding: an explanatory strategy in evolutionary biology

In recent years, the explanatory term “scaffold” has been gaining prominence in evolutionary biology. This notion has a long history in other areas, in particular, developmental psychology. In this paper, we connect these two traditions and identify a specific type of explanatory strategy shared between them, namely scaffolding explanations. We offer a new definition of “scaffold” anchored in the explanatory practices of evolutionary biologists and developmental psychologists that has yet to be clearly articulated. We conclude by offering a systematic overview of the various dimensions of scaffolding explanations that further suggests both their usefulness and range of application.

Scaffold: A Causal Concept for Evolutionary Explanations

AbstractThe concept of scaffold is widespread in science and increasingly common in evolutionary biology. While this concept figures in causal explanations, it is not clear what scaffolds are and what role they play in those explanations. Here we present evolutionary scaffolding explanation as a distinct type of explanatory strategy, distinguishing it from other types of evolutionary explanation. By doing so, we clarify the meaning of “scaffold” as a causal concept and its potential contribution to accounts of evolutionary novelty and major transitions.

Is it possible to achieve a "fit" of management control practices and strategies in Indonesia's reformed public hospitals?

Research aims: This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of implementing management control practices (MPCs) and examine whether MPC is possible and how MPCs as a package "fit” with the strategic choices of Local Community Service Agency (BLUD) public hospitals (PHs) in Indonesia.Design/Methodology/Approach: This study applied mixed-method research with a sequential explanatory strategy. Quantitative data were collected through self-administered questionnaires distributed to 29 top management team members of eight BLUD PHs in East Java and Bali, Indonesia. Meanwhile, qualitative data were generated by conducting a semi-structured interview with four selected top management team members of BLUD PHs. The data were then analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by implementing profile deviation analysis, cluster analysis, ordinal regression analysis, and content analysis.Research findings: Quantitatively, the researchers found a negative correlation, yet insignificant, between the “misfit” of MCPs and strategy and management control effectiveness. Thus, the “fit” hypothesis was not supported. Qualitatively, the researchers revealed that BLUD PHs extensively used MCPs and employed them in various ways, including cultural, administrative, and dominantly cybernetic controls. Finally, it can be concluded that using cybernetic controls as a dominant practice is unsuitable for the strategy chosen by BLUD PHs in Indonesia.Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study expands upon what has already been explored in the management control literature concerning how MCPs might be configured to align with organizational strategy, especially in the context of public healthcare organizations. Practically, the reformed PHs in Indonesia are expected to understand better the structure and characteristics of the BLUD-based financial management environment. It is essential for organizations, as it helps them figure out exactly how their management control practices and organizational strategies fit together.Research limitation: Due to the low questionnaire and interview participation, mixed-methods research was underutilized in this study.

The impact of sustainable assessment methods on first-year nursing students’ self-directed learning

BackgroundNursing students are expected to be effective self-directed learners beyond graduation. However, traditional assessment methods are teacher-centred, giving the teacher control over every aspect and rendering the students passive recipients during the process. Conversely, sustainable assessment methods have long-term benefits to learning that go beyond graduation as it is centered on meeting current learning needs while cultivating students’ ability to meet their own future needs. AimThe purpose of this study was to investigate and understand how sustainable assessment methods influence nursing students’ SDL abilities. DesignA mixed-methods design, using a sequential explanatory strategy was used. A quantitative quasi-experimental design was the core method, followed by a supplementary exploratory, descriptive and contextual qualitative method. ResultsThe quantitative one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental method showed that first-year nursing students’ baseline SDL abilities were at a moderate level, and there was an improvement in the learners’ self-reported SDL abilities after they participated in sustainable assessment methods. The focus group interview was conducted to explore and describe nursing students’ experiences and perception of how sustainable assessment methods influenced their SDL in the qualitative follow-up phase. ConclusionThe findings of this study show that sustainable assessment methods can improve first-year nursing student’s Self-directed learning abilities. It is recommended that sustainable assessment methods should be integrated in all modules across the four-year programme. This will enable nursing students to better understand the process of assessment, thereby reducing their anxiety associated with assessment, and further motivating students to be self-directed learners.