Explanatory Ideas Research Articles

Effect of nucleation rate and auxiliary species on the electrochemical properties of Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Co and Mn) based anodes

The polyanion-type compounds Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Co and Mn) with high theoretical capacities, environmental friendliness and low-cost, have long been considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, they are rarely reported as anode materials. Herein, Li2FeSiO4 (LFS), Li2CoSiO4 (LCS) and Li2MnSiO4 (LMS) based materials were prepared by a sol–gel method and the subsequent calcination, which were systematically investigated as anode materials for LIBs. Due to the slowest nucleation rate of the precursor during the sol–gel process, the calcination product LFS particles are the smallest. Since small particles offer more capacitive contribution and the auxiliary species Fe3O4 provides more capacity, LFS has the largest capacity of 661.4 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g–1 after 300 cycles, which is higher than LCS and LMS. Inspired by the large capacitive contribution of LFS for LIBs, LFS is also applied for aqueous lithium-ion capacitors, which can obtain a capacitance of 78 F g−1 at 1 A g–1. This work will provide an explanatory idea for a range of substances with analogical chemical formula but different lithium storage properties.

The mediating effect of financial development on CO2 emissions: An empirical study based on provincial panel data in China

Global climate change has become the greatest threat to humanity, and China is developing policies among various industries to peak CO2 emissions as soon as possible and expects the reduction of CO2 emissions through financial development. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2017, this paper uses fixed effect model and mediating effect model to explore the mechanism and effective pathway of financial development on CO2 emissions per capita among different regions in China. Empirical results consistently indicate that financial development has the significantly positive effect on CO2 emissions per capita, but the impact is inverted U-shaped. It means that only when the financial development in China gradually increased to 4.21 can achieve the goal of reducing CO2 emissions per capita. These results provide new explanatory ideas for the inconsistent direction of the impact of financial development on carbon emissions in existing studies. Then, the technological innovation and industrial structure are intermediaries for financial development to reduce CO2 emissions per capita, while the economic scale is the opposite. And it illustrates not only theoretical but also empirical results on the mediating pathways of financial development driven CO2 emission reduction. Under the theory of “natural resource curse”, in regions with high fossil energy dependence, the mediating effect of the economic scale is greater than that in regions with low fossil energy dependence. But the mediating effects of technological innovation and industrial structure from financial development on CO2 emissions per capita are all negative and more powerful than that in regions with low fossil energy dependence. This provides an important practical basis for the development of differentiated carbon reduction policies through finance in different fossil energy dependent regions.

Improving Speech Writing Skills Through Mind Mapping Of Class Vi Students Of SDN 004 Kabun

This research is motivated by students who are not yet skilled in writing speech texts with systematic and effective language. This is caused by several factors such as the lack of knowledge of students about linguistic elements in writing so that the writings produced by students are not in accordance with the applicable grammatical rules. In addition, teachers have not been able to develop an active, innovative, creative, effective, and fun learning atmosphere in learning. This causes students to lose their motivation and passion to learn to write. The results showed that mind mapping which is used as a learning tool can improve students' activities and learning outcomes in writing speech texts. The learning process with the help of mind mapping helps students generate main ideas and explanatory ideas, and connects these ideas in coherent and coherent sentences. Thus, learning to write speech texts through mind mapping makes students think critically, logically, and systematically

KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN WACANA ARAB MELAYU MAHASISWA PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM SULTHAN SYARIF HASYIM SIAK SRI INDRAPURA

On the basis of a sense of responsibility and concern for the problem of ability in language skills and the lack of interest and motivation of students in studying Arabic Malay which is integrated with the Riau Malay Culture course which is only studied once during their study period, the researcher is sensitive and motivated to conduct research on one of the one language skill associated with Arabic-Malay teaching, namely the skill of reading comprehension of Arabic-Malay discourse. The problem in this study is how the ability to read and understand Arabic-Malay discourse of students of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at the Islamic College of Sulthan Syarif Hasyim Siak Sri Indrapura. Researchers provide limitations on the ability to read comprehension, namely the ability to determine the four aspects of reading comprehension including: main ideas, explanatory ideas, messages/mandates, and conclusions in Arabic-Malay discourse. This study aims to determine and describe the ability to read Arabic-Malay discourse comprehension in the four aspects of reading comprehension. The method used in this study is a descriptive method with a research sample of 30 students in the fifth semester of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program, Sulthan Syarif Hasyim Siak Sri Indrapura Islamic College for the 2022/2023 Academic Year. This sampling is known as a full sample or 100% of the total research population. The data collection technique used in this study was an objective test technique (multiple choice questions). Data analysis techniques by collecting test results, providing assessments according to the scoring reference, finding the percentage of each aspect of reading comprehension, and finding/calculating the average value. The results of the study concluded that the ability to read Arabic-Malay discourse varied, namely (1) the ability to determine main ideas was in the low category with an average of 25.00 (2) the ability to determine explanatory ideas was in the low category with an average of 26.67 (3) the ability to determine messages/mandates was in the low category with an average of 45.00 and (4) the ability to determine conclusions is in the low category with an average of 8.33. Overall, the ability to read and understand Arabic-Malay discourse among students of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at the Islamic College of Sulthan Syarif Hasyim Siak Sri Indrapura is in the low category with an average of 26.25.

Ability Write Reading Summary

The data collection tool used was a written test, namely making a summary of the story of the legend of Malin Kundang, with assessment criteria, namely point 2 length of the summary, main idea, explanatory idea, use of words and sentences according to the contents of the summary with the reading. before the indicator is determined as a means of collecting research data, it is first validated by the three Indonesian language study teachers in a triangulation manner until it is declared fit for use. After the legend manuscript was administered to the respondent, it was processed statistically; with the results as the interval 71-85. Second, from the results of observations of the level of ability obtained information: 1) a description of student learning outcomes in learning obtained data, namely: students who have a high level of ability are 16 people or 40.504%, students who have a moderate level of ability are 9 people or 24.32%, students who have a low level of ability are 13 people or 34.14%. 2) a description of student learning outcomes for each item of question is obtained: for item 1 (ability level 36 people, and medium ability level 1 person), for item 2 (high ability level 22 people, medium ability level 7 people, low ability level 8 people ), for icon 3 (high ability level 24 people, medium ability level 5 people, low ability level 8 people), for item 4 (high ability level 25 people, medium ability level 6 people, medium ability level 7 people, low ability level 28 people) based on the description above, it can be concluded that the students' ability to write a narrative paragraph framework is classified as moderate. This statement is stated as moderate because of the variation in the abilities of students where there are good performers and some are low. So that to determine it, take the middle way, namely moderate.

THE ABILITY TO WRITE A SUMMARY OF READING STUDENTS OF CLASS X-2 SMA NEGERI 1 TELUKDALAM KABUPATEN NIAS SELATAN

ABSTRACT
 The data collection tool used was a written test, namely making a summary of the story of the legend of Malin Kundang, with assessment criteria, namely point 2 length of the summary, main idea, explanatory idea, use of words and sentences according to the contents of the summary with the reading. before the indicator is determined as a means of collecting research data, it is first validated by the three Indonesian language study teachers in a triangulation manner until it is declared fit for use. After the legend manuscript was administered to the respondent, it was processed statistically; with the results as the interval 71-85. Second, from the results of observations of the level of ability obtained information: 1) a description of student learning outcomes in learning obtained data, namely: students who have a high level of ability are 16 people or 40.504%, students who have a moderate level of ability are 9 people or 24.32%, students who have a low level of ability are 13 people or 34.14%. 2) a description of student learning outcomes for each item of question is obtained: for item 1 (ability level 36 people, and medium ability level 1 person), for item 2 (high ability level 22 people, medium ability level 7 people, low ability level 8 people ), for icon 3 (high ability level 24 people, medium ability level 5 people, low ability level 8 people), for item 4 (high ability level 25 people, medium ability level 6 people, medium ability level 7 people, low ability level 28 people) based on the description above, it can be concluded that the students' ability to write a narrative paragraph framework is classified as moderate. This statement is stated as moderate because of the variation in the abilities of students where there are good performers and some are low. So that to determine it, take the middle way, namely moderate.

Experimental examination and theoretical modeling of drying behavior in the ram machine

In this study, drying behavior of a ram machine, basically used for drying of textile products with hot air, was experimentally examined and the drying behavior was theoretically modeled by the first order kinetic model derived from Fick’s second law. The experimental study was carried out under real conditions in a 10-chamber ram machine. The experiments were carried out at three different drying air temperatures (110–130–150 °C) and three different fabrics feed rates (0.167–0.333–0.500 m/s) by using 95% cotton + 5% lycra content fabric. By utilizing the data obtained from the experiments, the evaporation amount, the non-dimensional humidity ratios, the heat and mass transfer coefficients and energy efficiency analysis occurring in each cabin were calculated. It was observed that the R2 values varied from 0.9945 to 0.9994 by comparing the model and experimental data with the help of regression analysis. According to the values obtained from the experimental conditions, when the drying air temperature was increased from 110 °C to 130 °C, the heat convection coefficient increased by about 15–23% while the energy efficiency decreased by about 4%. In the same way, when the drying air temperature was increased from 130 °C to 150 °C, the heat convection coefficient increased by about 20–30% while the energy efficiency decreased by about 5%. In addition, it was concluded that the use of the first order kinetic model as a drying model in the ram machine was considerably suitable. With the presented results, both academic researchers and industrial researchers will be able to find explanatory ideas on the drying behavior of dried fabrics in the ram machines.

Analisis Wacana Menurut Teori Theo van Leeuwen Tentang Topik Obat-Obatan Terlarang pada Surat Kabar Riau Pos

This study entitled "Reading Comprehension Ability Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru. The issues discussed in this research is how Ability Reading Comprehension Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru. This study aimed to collect information and data on the ability of reading comprehension, then the data and information collected are described, analyzed and interpreted in detail and systematically in order to know the true picture. The population in this study were all eighth grade students totaling 150 students consisting of five classes. The sample used is a sample random sampling which took 50% of the population, then collected a sample of 75 students. The method used in this research is descriptive method, a method that exposes / decipher data. The theory used is the theory of Henry Guntur Tarin (2008), Abdul Razak (1991), and (2005), Kundharu Saddhono and Slamet (2012). Data analysis was performed after the data collected and processed is calculated using the formula proposed by Anas Sudijono (1987: 43), after a large percentage of students answer is known, then connected with the assessment criteria set out Burhan Nurgiantoro (2001: 400). The study concluded Reading Comprehension Ability Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru in determining the basic idea is categorized quite ie 74.64%. Ability Reading Comprehension Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru in determining the explanatory idea is categorized quite ie 70.13%. Ability Reading Comprehension Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru in determining the mandate / view categorized enough that the author is 74.40%. Ability Reading Comprehension Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru in determining which conclusions are categorized as being 64.00%. Overall concluded Reading Comprehension Ability Class VIII students of SMP Nurul Falah Pekanbaru is averaging 70.79% were categorized as adequate and acceptable hypothesis.

Abduction for Juridical Science and Practice

The authors study the characteristic features that distinguish abduction from other methods of scientific research by comparing a number of methods: deductive, inductive, hypothetical-deductive, comparison with analogy. Abduction has emerged as a special way of searching for explanatory hypotheses because of the lack of a view of the need to limit the tasks of methodology, and also because of the view that the philosophy of science and logic must necessarily engage in the conceptual analysis of the emergence of new ideas and hypotheses in science. Abduction has such a way of reasoning that it corresponds to the scheme of real scientific research, starting the way with the establishment of some observable properties of phenomena, the scientist in conclusion tries to establish basic explanatory ideas. Critics of the model of abductive reasoning made attempts to structure abduction to hypothetical reasoning, moreover, to the ordinary modified deductive scheme, that is, from the effect to the ground, and from action to inference. It does not reflect the specifics of the abductive course of reasoning from facts to an explanatory hypothesis. This specificity of abductive reasoning is difficult to structure, which becomes clear when referring to their epistemological analysis. According to the authors, abduction is one of the most important methods of studying any scientific category, a cognitive procedure, a method of scientific research that belongs to a class of plausible reasoning of a non-deductive nature, possessing a quasi-structure rather than a full-fledged stable structure.

The unity of neuroscience: a flat view

This paper offers a novel view of unity in neuroscience. I set out by discussing problems with the classical account of unity-by-reduction, due to Oppenheim and Putnam. That view relies on a strong notion of levels, which has substantial problems. A more recent alternative, the mechanistic “mosaic” view due to Craver, does not have such problems. But I argue that the mosaic ideal of unity is too minimal, and we should, if possible, aspire for more. Relying on a number of recent works in theoretical neuroscience—network motifs, canonical neural computations (CNCs) and design-principles—I then present my alternative: a “flat” view of unity, i.e. one that is not based on levels. Instead, it treats unity as attained via the identification of recurrent explanatory patterns, under which a range of neuroscientific phenomena are subsumed. I develop this view by recourse to a causal conception of explanation, and distinguish it from Kitcher’s view of explanatory unification and related ideas. Such a view of unity is suitably ambitious, I suggest, and has empirical plausibility. It is fit to serve as an appropriate working hypothesis for 21st century neuroscience.

Sharing in a Common Life: People with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties

There is a view that what we owe to other people is explained by the fact that they are human beings who share in a common human life. There are many ways of construing this explanatory idea, and I explore a few of these here; the aim is to look for constructions that contribute to an understanding of what we owe to people with profound and multiple learning difficulties and disabilities (PMLD). In exploring the idea of sharing in a common life I construe ‘sharing’ as ‘participating in’, and ‘common life’ as the social life characteristic of the environment that someone lives in. My principal purpose is to render the idea of sharing in a common life in terms that help explain its eligibility as a ground for establishing the moral status of people with PMLD. The participatory options I examine each make some call on agency, if only as something hoped for in the future, including when hope flies in the face of expectation. Accordingly I look at conceptions of actual and potential participation in social life, and at the idea of treating people as if they have the potential to participate, even when the existence of any such potential is unlikely. I conclude with some thoughts on the relation between participation and the moral status of profoundly disabled people, and about how much, and how little, the argument has achieved.

The role of scientific modeling criteria in advancing students' explanatory ideas of magnetism

Student construction of models is a strong focus of current research and practice in science education. In order to study in detail the interactions between students' model generation and evaluation and their development of explanatory ideas to account for magnetic phenomena, a multi-session teaching experiment was conducted with a small number of fifth grade students. Two small groups received full scaffolding, and two small groups received partial scaffolding. Students in both fully and partially scaffolded groups were asked to make their own predictions, observations, and explanations for scientific phenomena. Then they were asked to elaborate individual ideas and discuss with others in order to select or develop the best group consensus model and to compare their current group model with their previous group models. Only fully scaffolded groups were explicitly asked to consider the scientific modeling criteria of visualization and explanatory power. Through reflection on their explanations using these modeling criteria, most students in the fully scaffolded groups gradually developed, evaluated, and revised their explanations to coherent and sophisticated explanatory models. By contrast, none of the students in the partially scaffolded groups, who relied only on self-generated model evaluation criteria, revised their original fragmented ideas toward more coherent and sophisticated explanations. Through a detailed analysis of the evolution of the students' thinking in both fully and partially scaffolded groups, we explore the ways in which the explicit scaffolding of the scientific modeling criteria seemed to aid in the evolution of their ideas toward more sophisticated and coherent explanatory models. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 1053–1081, 2015.

Probability summation—a critique

This Discussion Paper seeks to kill off probability summation, specifically the high-threshold assumption, as an explanatory idea in visual science. In combination with a Weibull function of a parameter of about 4, probability summation can accommodate, to within the limits of experimental error, the shape of the detectability function for contrast, the reduction in threshold that results from the combination of widely separated grating components, summation with respect to duration at threshold, and some instances, but not all, of spatial summation. But it has repeated difficulty with stimuli below threshold, because it denies the availability of input from such stimuli. All the phenomena listed above, and many more, can be accommodated equally accurately by signal-detection theory combined with an accelerated nonlinear transform of small, near-threshold, contrasts. This is illustrated with a transform that is the fourth power for the smallest contrasts, but tends to linear above threshold. Moreover, this particular transform can be derived from elementary properties of sensory neurons. Probability summation cannot be regarded as a special case of a more general theory, because it depends essentially on the 19th-century notion of a high fixed threshold. It is simply an obstruction to further progress.

American Scholars: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, John Brown, and the Springs of Intellectual Schism

The essay examines Ralph Waldo Emerson, Joseph Smith, and John Brown as shapers and representatives of America's common, though riven, culture of intellectual life–charismatic thinkers and actors who spoke to their society's need for general explanatory ideas in idioms that continue to bespeak our nation's deepest commonalities and deepest fractures.

When Ideas were Falling Down from Trees

According to a popular legend, Newton thought of the Universal Law of Gravitation while he was sitting under an apple tree and an apple fell on his head. This story expresses two main concepts: a scientific mind is always elaborating ideas and novel explanatory ideas might be found in unexpected places or through a “changed perspective”. Many important ideas in science have seemed to appear “out of the blue”, as represented by the metaphorical light-bulb, apple head bonk, or intuitive dream. Among theories about the creative process, one explains that it begins with the generation of “crudely formed ideas and associations, followed by their exploration through evaluation and testing” [1]. In the process of associations of ideas the concept of “linking” is important in connecting human thoughts with the external environment [2].

Entanglement Model of Homeopathy as an Example of Generalized Entanglement Predicted by Weak Quantum Theory

Homeopathy is scientifically banned, both for lack of consistent empirical findings, but more so for lack of a sound theoretical model to explain its purported effects. This paper makes an attempt to introduce an explanatory idea based on a generalized version of quantum mechanics (QM), the weak quantum theory (WQT). WQT uses the algebraic formalism of QM proper, but drops some restrictions and definitions typical for QM. This results in a general axiomatic framework similar to QM, but more generalized and applicable to all possible systems. Most notably, WQT predicts entanglement, which in QM is known as Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlatedness within quantum systems. According to WQT, this entanglement is not only tied to quantum systems, but is to be expected whenever a global and a local variable describing a system are complementary. This idea is used here to reconstruct homeopathy as an exemplification of generalized entanglement as predicted by WQT. It transpires that homeopathy uses two instances of generalized entanglement: one between the remedy and the original substance (potentiation principle) and one between the individual symptoms of a patient and the general symptoms of a remedy picture (similarity principle). By bringing these two elements together, double entanglement ensues, which is reminiscent of cryptographic and teleportation applications of entanglement in QM proper. Homeopathy could be a macroscopic analogue to quantum teleportation. This model is exemplified and some predictions are derived, which make it possible to test the model.

Modelling the Middle Ages: the history and theory of England's economic development

Most of what has been written on the economy of the middle ages is deeply influenced by abstract concepts and theories. The most powerful and popular of these guiding beliefs are derived from intellectual foundations laid down in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by Adam Smith, Johan von Thunen, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx. In the hands of twentieth-century historians and social scientists these venerable ideas have been moulded into three grand explanatory ideas which continue to dominate interpretations of economic development. These trumpet in turn the claims of 'commercialization', 'population and resources', or 'class power and property relations' as the prime movers of historical change. In this highly original book John Hatcher and Mark Bailey examine the structure and test the validity of these conflicting models from a variety of perspectives. In the course of their investigations they provide not only detailed reconstructions of the economic history of England in the middle ages and sustained critical commentaries on the work of leading historians, but also discussions of the philosophy and methods of history and the social sciences. The result is a short and readily intelligible introduction to medieval economic history, an up-to-date critique of established models, and a succinct treatise on historiographical method.

The Term Comorbidity Is of Questionable Value in Reference to Developmental Disorders

Over the last decade, there has been an enormous increase in the number of studies evaluating the overlap of developmental syndromes or disorders in both children and adults. This overlap of symptoms is often referred to as comorbidity, a term we criticize in this article because of its unsubstantiated presumption of independent etiologies. The premise of this article is that discrete categories do not exist in real life, and that it is misleading to refer to overlapping categories or symptoms as "comorbidities." We illustrate our point by presenting data from 179 school-age children evaluated with rigorous research criteria for seven disorders: reading disability (RD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder (DCD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), depression, and anxiety. Fully 50% of this sample met the criteria for at least two diagnoses. The children with ADHD were at higher risk of having at least a second disorder compared to the children with RD. Overall, the high rates of overlap of these behavioral, emotional, and educational deficits in this broadly ascertained sample support the idea that the concept of comorbidity is inadequate. We discuss the concept of atypical brain development as an explanatory idea to interpret the high rate of overlap of developmental disorders.

Interpretive principles and the quantum mysteries

Much has been written in recent years about the strange features associated with the quantum-mechanical description of nature at the atomic level. Physics teachers should help their students to see that many of these mysterious features are direct results of interpretive principles added to the basic theory of quantum mechanics, and that therefore they may or may not reflect the best possible understanding we can achieve of how nature works at that level. This paper discusses three such principles and their connection to well-known quantum mysteries. The practical significance of distinguishing between quantum mechanics itself and these principles is that it remains possible that other explanatory ideas may be found which lead to less mysterious consequences.

Searching for Missing Links: neo‐Marxist theories of education

Since the appearance of Bowles & Gintis’ (1976) ‘correspondence thesis’, neo‐Marxist theorizing about educational change has gone in several directions. Different approaches have emphasized capitalist reproduction requirements, contradictions between these requirements and the democratic state, hegemony theory and processes of class formation. While studies with affinity to a Marxist problematic of subordination and oppression have become more theoretically open and empirically grounded, some of the core explanatory ideas of the historical materialist perspective tend to have been ignored or dismissed. In consequence, the main conceptual, empirical and theoretical limitations of the correspondence thesis are being repeated, notably in arguments about a ‘post‐Fordist’ form of education. After a discussion of the contemporary relevance of historical materialism's core ideas for explaining educational change, the limited foci of neo‐Marxist theories of education are critically reviewed. Some suggestions are ...