Explanatory Descriptions Research Articles

Character Education TPACK Skills to Emergency Remote Learning During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The transition of education to an online environment due to the COVID-19 pandemic presents new challenges for teachers and students. On the other hand, there is only a little research on developing PCK related to character education. Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) technology solves today's online learning problems. This research aims to analyze Character Education TPACK skills for emergency distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is a mixed methods research with a quantitative approach and is supported qualitatively. The population and sample are 200 teachers. The data collection method uses a questionnaire. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisting of 33 statements and 5 open questions, which were distributed. Data were examined numerically and subjectively using component analysis and teacher explanatory descriptions. Data analysis techniques use quantitative statistics. The research results show that the mastery of TPACK Character Education in online classes uses different learning media and instructional platforms. This research implies that in the future, teachers can increase the use of teaching materials, media, methods and learning models for appropriate subjects and follow TPACK integrated with character education to create an active, fun and meaningful learning atmosphere.

PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL PATI BERBANTUAN MODUL PEMBELAJARAN TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS IV SD NEGERI JRAHI 01

ABSTRACTThe learning process in this is how learning effect after using of learning based local wisdom can increase the average learning outcomes. The purpose of this research it was to increase the average learning outcomes of the four grade students of SD Negeri Jrahi 01 by using local wisdom - based learning assisted lerning modules and the effect can be known. This quantitative research was carried out at SD Negeri Jrahi 01 Pati Regency with the research subjects being 20 students with 7 male students and 13 female students. This study used the One Group Pretest Postest research design with data collection techniques used including pretest and posttest questions as well as documentation. Data analysis to be used is quantitative analysis using statistical formulas with explanatory descriptions. The form of a test is using Pired T-test and N-gain. The result of the research shows that there is increase the average learning outcames of the four grade students of SD Negeri Jrahi 01 before and after taught by using learning effects pati local wisdom - based assisted learning modules. Before using research (pretest) get the average learning outcomes 60,5 and after using research (postest) get the average 80,5 means there is an increase of 15%. It can be concluded of local wisdom based learning assisted by learning moduls can be affect learning outcomes of the four grade students of SD Negeri Jrahi 01.

THE PHRASEOLOGY OF SILENCE: TO HOLD ONE’S TONGUE BEHIND TEETH

The process of communication between people consists of speaking and non-speaking. Thus the concept of non-speaking, or silence, as well as the semantics of language units representing the concept, should be examined as thoroughly as the ones of speaking. Nonetheless, the words and idioms of silence are still not in the center of linguistic investigations. Among the phraseological units of silence one can distinguish phraseological somatisms. These are the combinations that include the names of somatic objects or the names of their features. The object of the article is the semantics of the Russian phraseological unit of silence — derzhat’ jazyk za zubami (Eng. lit. to hold one’s tongue behind teeth). Contrary to the existing explanatory phraseological descriptions, we postulate not one but three meanings of the unit. These meanings are distributed among three semantic fields. The two of them are SECRECY and GOSSIP and the third one describes the behavior of the participant in an actual communicative situation. In the explication of phraseological units, the specific attention is paid to the inner form of the phraseological unit described. The concepts of metaphoric and nonmetaphoric inner forms of the phraseme are formulated and discussed. It is affirmed that the inner form of derzhat’ jazyk za zubami in all three meanings is a metaphoric one.

Implementation for Improved Supervision and Control Industrial Business of Region Law Enforcement in DKI Jakarta

The rapid development of DKI Jakarta today can be seen from the many infrastructure developments in almost all areas of the capital city. Therapid development of development certainly affects the increase in industrial activities in DKI Jakarta. One of them is the increasing number of industrial business places in the DKI Jakarta area. This is what makes the government of DKI Jakarta Province flowto supervise and control industrial business premises. The phenomenon that occurs in the field is not only a positive impact produced by the business of industri, but the negative impact is no less important. Therefore, there needs to be intensive supervision so that this industrial business can be well organized. The purpose of this study is to see how the monitoring efforts carried out by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government through the Civil Service Police Unit and faktor-what factors are obstacles in the implementation of the supervision. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques including observation and interviews which are then processed and analyzed. The author uses descriptive analysis tools which are then presented in the form of explanatory descriptions with logical sentences so that they can be understood and understood.Based on the results of the study, the monitoring carried out by the DKI Jakarta Civil Service Police Unit in this case is the Section of Supervision and Control of Industrial Business Premises, namely through conservation, inspection and reporting of implementation well in terms of officers, but in terms of business actors, there are still business actors who alwaysavoid when there are officers who conduct direct inspections to the field. This is because there are obstacles that become obstacles in the implementation of supervision, including human resources, and business actors.

Stethoscope and the History of Its Creation in the Reflection of Philately and Numismatics

The article presents research materials concerning the study of representation in the collection materials, necessary information about the French physician, the author of the method of auscultation, René Laennec. He is described through philatelic materials, as well as through commemorative and table medals. The text is richly illustrated with illustrative material, explanatory descriptions and comments. Also, the article presents research materials concerning the study of representation in the collection materials, necessary information about the French physician, the author of the method of auscultation, René Laenneck. He is described through philatelic materials, as well as through commemorative and table medals. The text is richly illustrated with illustrative material, explanatory descriptions and comments

The History and Development of Transplantology in The Reflection of a Number of Collection Tools

The article presents research materials concerning the study of the reflection of data on transplantology and famous doctors-transplantologists in such means of collecting as philately (stamps, envelopes, blocks, post cards), numismatics (commemorative coins and medals) and faleristics (award and commemorative signs and badges). The text is accompanied by illustrative material, explanatory descriptions and comments.

René Laennec: Serving Medicine in Reflection of the Means of Collectin

The article presents research materials concerning the study of representation in the collection materials, necessary information about the French physician, the author of the method of auscultation, René Laennecke. He is described through philatelic materials, as well as through commemorative and table medals. The text is richly illustrated with illustrative material, explanatory descriptions and comments.

The Cultural Philosophy Values in The “Denpasar-Style Bridal Makeup: Symbols and Meanings” Documentary Film

Documentary film is a film genre that has a very important role in human civilization. Documentary films can "revive" everything that did not exist before, so that it can be known by a wide audience through visualization and verbal information that can be accounted for. One of the functions that documentaries also have is as a cultural educational medium that is easily accessed digitally by anyone, anywhere. This writing will examine the philosophical values that are visually transformed in the Cultural Documentary Film "The Balinese Bride Makeup: Symbols and Meanings". This writing uses a qualitative descriptive method, by providing explanatory descriptions of the results of the study using Documentary Film theory (Ayawaila: 2018) and Anthropological theory (Sare: 2007). The results obtained through this paper include findings on 3 cultural philosophical values contained in the documentary films used as research objects, as follows: 1) Character Education Values; 2) Values of Roles and Responsibilities, and 3) Cultural Inheritance Values.

Transformer‐based code search for software Q&A sites

AbstractIn software Q&A sites, there are many code‐solving examples of individual program problems, and these codes with explanatory natural language descriptions are easy to understand and reuse. Code search in software Q&A sites increases the productivity of developers. However, previous approaches to code search fail to capture structural code information and the interactivity between source codes and natural queries. In other words, most of them focus on specific code structures only. This paper proposes TCS (Transformer‐based code search), a novel neural network, to catch structural information for searching valid source codes from the query, which is vital for code search. The multi‐head attention mechanism in Transformer helps TCS learn enough information about the underlying semantic vector representation of codes and queries. An aligned attention matrix is also employed to catch relationships between codes and queries. Experimental results show that the proposed TCS can learn more structural information and has better performance than existing models.

Random Practice Enhances Retention and Spatial Transfer in Force Field Adaptation.

The contextual-interference effect is a frequently examined phenomenon in motor skill learning but has not been extensively investigated in motor adaptation. Here, we first tested experimentally if the contextual-interference effect is detectable in force field adaptation regarding retention and spatial transfer, and then fitted state-space models to the data to relate the findings to the “forgetting-and-reconstruction hypothesis”. Thirty-two participants were divided into two groups with either a random or a blocked practice schedule. They practiced reaching to four targets and were tested 10 min and 24 h afterward for motor retention and spatial transfer on an interpolation and an extrapolation target, and on targets which were shifted 10 cm away. The adaptation progress was participant-specifically fitted with 4-slow-1-fast state-space models accounting for generalization and set breaks. The blocked group adapted faster (p = 0.007) but did not reach a better adaptation at practice end. We found better retention (10 min), interpolation transfer (10 min), and transfer to shifted targets (10 min and 24 h) for the random group (each p < 0.05). However, no differences were found for retention or for the interpolation target after 24 h. Neither group showed transfer to the extrapolation target. The extended state-space model could replicate the behavioral results with some exceptions. The study shows that the contextual-interference effect is partially detectable in practice, short-term retention, and spatial transfer in force field adaptation; and that state-space models provide explanatory descriptions for the contextual-interference effect in force field adaptation.

ANALISIS USAHATANI PADI: (STUDI KASUS DI DESA BELANTI SIAM, KECAMATAN PANDIH BATU, KABUPATEN PULANG PISAU)

This study aims to determine the description of farming and to analyze the income of Rawa Paddy and its contribution to the household income of farmers in Belanti Siam Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency. The data analysis method uses a combination of primary and secondary data. The data obtained from the results of research and are qualitative in nature are processed in tabulated form and edited in the form of explanatory descriptions of the results of the interviews. The data from the research were then analyzed according to the purpose of this study. The sample of this research is Farmer Households (RTP) who have a steady income from Rawa Paddy Farming, where there are two farmer groups of 20 people and 22 people, then a random sample is taken from the 2 groups. The results of this study indicate that the income of Rawa Paddy obtained by farmers is Rp. 36,355,109 for one year and contributes 74.93% of the total household income of farmers of Rp. 48,518,176, or an average of Rp. 4,043,181 per month. . In general, it can be said that the income of Rawa Padi is quite large when compared to the minimum wage of Pulang Pisau Regency of Rp. 2.4 million per month, this shows that the role of swamp rice farming for farmers in Belanti Siam Village is very positive because it can increase farmers' income

Integrated Commonsense Reasoning and Deep Learning for Transparent Decision Making in Robotics

A robot’s ability to provide explanatory descriptions of its decisions and beliefs promotes effective collaboration with humans. Providing the desired transparency in decision making is challenging in integrated robot systems that include knowledge-based reasoning methods and data-driven learning methods. As a step towards addressing this challenge, our architecture combines the complementary strengths of non-monotonic logical reasoning with incomplete commonsense domain knowledge, deep learning, and inductive learning. During reasoning and learning, the architecture enables a robot to provide on-demand explanations of its decisions, the evolution of associated beliefs, and the outcomes of hypothetical actions, in the form of relational descriptions of relevant domain objects, attributes, and actions. The architecture’s capabilities are illustrated and evaluated in the context of scene understanding tasks and planning tasks performed using simulated images and images from a physical robot manipulating tabletop objects. Experimental results indicate the ability to reliably acquire and merge new information about the domain in the form of constraints, preconditions, and effects of actions, and to provide accurate explanations in the presence of noisy sensing and actuation.

Integrating Non-monotonic Logical Reasoning and Inductive Learning With Deep Learning for Explainable Visual Question Answering.

State of the art algorithms for many pattern recognition problems rely on data-driven deep network models. Training these models requires a large labeled dataset and considerable computational resources. Also, it is difficult to understand the working of these learned models, limiting their use in some critical applications. Toward addressing these limitations, our architecture draws inspiration from research in cognitive systems, and integrates the principles of commonsense logical reasoning, inductive learning, and deep learning. As a motivating example of a task that requires explainable reasoning and learning, we consider Visual Question Answering in which, given an image of a scene, the objective is to answer explanatory questions about objects in the scene, their relationships, or the outcome of executing actions on these objects. In this context, our architecture uses deep networks for extracting features from images and for generating answers to queries. Between these deep networks, it embeds components for non-monotonic logical reasoning with incomplete commonsense domain knowledge, and for decision tree induction. It also incrementally learns and reasons with previously unknown constraints governing the domain's states. We evaluated the architecture in the context of datasets of simulated and real-world images, and a simulated robot computing, executing, and providing explanatory descriptions of plans and experiences during plan execution. Experimental results indicate that in comparison with an “end to end” architecture of deep networks, our architecture provides better accuracy on classification problems when the training dataset is small, comparable accuracy with larger datasets, and more accurate answers to explanatory questions. Furthermore, incremental acquisition of previously unknown constraints improves the ability to answer explanatory questions, and extending non-monotonic logical reasoning to support planning and diagnostics improves the reliability and efficiency of computing and executing plans on a simulated robot.

Towards a Theory of Explanations for Human\u2013Robot Collaboration

This paper makes two contributions towards enabling a robot to provide explanatory descriptions of its decisions, the underlying knowledge and beliefs, and the experiences that informed these beliefs. First, we present a theory of explanations comprising (i) claims about representing, reasoning with, and learning domain knowledge to support the construction of explanations; (ii) three fundamental axes to characterize explanations; and (iii) a methodology for constructing these explanations. Second, we describe an architecture for robots that implements this theory and supports scalability to complex domains and explanations. We demonstrate the architecture’s capabilities in the context of a simulated robot (a) moving target objects to desired locations or people; or (b) following recipes to bake biscuits.

Landscape-style Maps in Traditional Chinese Local Government

Abstract. The various landscape-style maps that we have recently been learning about were originally painted at Local government offices. It is thought that they were not made for printing and publication but were kept as government materials.This becomes clear by looking at the Daming Yitongzhi 大明一統志 and various regional gazetteers, but the focus of traditional Chinese gazetteers was chronology: which individuals came from that area (like a family’s ancestors), who was appointed to that location, or whether any literary works are associated with the place. In other words, the importance of geographic texts in traditional China lay in exploring a location’s past and recognizing that area and its people.On the other hand, maps placing importance on practical utility were also drawn to meet actual political and military demands. The annotated maps compiled by government offices in the late Ming recorded the actual state of affairs from the vantage point of administrative needs.This change, which attached importance to local realities, became quite pronounced from the Wanli 萬暦 era onwards and can be confirmed on the basis of extant atlases and annotated maps from local government offices. An early example indicative of this trend is the Linghai yutu 嶺海輿圖 by Yao Yu 姚虞, which is included in the Siku quanshu 四庫全書 and is judged to be valuable for providing detailed information about contemporary affairs and defences and for having established a different format for local gazetteers. It is said to have been compiled when Yao Yu was regional inspector (xun’an yushi 巡按御史) of Guangdong and to have a preface by Zhan Ruoshui 湛若水 dated Jiajing 嘉靖 21 (1542). One reason that various maps from around the country, including annotated maps, have survived may be that a need for them came to be widely felt in government offices.It used to be extremely rare to see the originals of maps created by late-Ming regional government offices. Subsequently, photographic reproductions of the Nanjing fuxian ditu ce 南京府縣地圖冊in the Zhenjiang 鎭江 Museum, the Jiangxi quansheng tushuo 江西全省圖説(江西輿地圖説)[Map of Jiangxi Province with Explanations] in the National Library of China, and other provincial maps and explanatory descriptions made using traditional techniques of the Ming and Qing periods have been included in collections like Cao Wanru曹婉如, et al. (eds.), Zhongguo gudai ditu ji: Ming dai 中國古代地圖集：明代 [Collection of Chinese Old Maps: The Ming Period] (Wenwu Press, 1994) and Zhonghua gu ditu zhenpin xuanji 中華古地圖珍品選集 [Collection of Rare Chinese Old Maps] (Ha’erbin ditu Press, 1998).The reason for the attention paid to this early-Wanli-period Jiangxi yudi tushuo 江西輿地圖説 is partially because it is thought to be one of the earliest paintings by a government office, but it is also because of the existence of Zhao Bingzhong 趙秉忠’s Jiangxi yudi tushuo (Jilu huibian 紀録彙編, fasc. 208) and Wang Shimao王世懋’s Rao Nan Jiu sanfu tushuo饒南九三府圖説 (Jilu huibian, fasc. 209), works from the same period that can be contrasted with this map book.I have discussed this in detail elsewhere, but we have confirmed, from photographs of picture map and explanatory descriptions of Taihe 泰和 County contained in the Zhonghua gu ditu zhenpin xuanji, that the original early-Wanli-period Jiangxi yudi tushuo is extant in the collection of the National Library of China in Beijing, making it possible to investigate the specifics of government-office illustrations. It also became clear that the textual contents of the Jiangxi yudi tushuo (held by the National Library of China in Beijing) and the Jilu huibian version are nearly identical.

The Spectrum of Mechanism-Oriented Models and Methods for Explanations of Biological Phenomena.

Developing and improving mechanism-oriented computational models to better explain biological phenomena is a dynamic and expanding frontier. As the complexity of targeted phenomena has increased, so too has the diversity in methods and terminologies, often at the expense of clarity, which can make reproduction challenging, even problematic. To encourage improved semantic and methodological clarity, we describe the spectrum of Mechanism-oriented Models being used to develop explanations of biological phenomena. We cluster explanations of phenomena into three broad groups. We then expand them into seven workflow-related model types having distinguishable features. We name each type and illustrate with examples drawn from the literature. These model types may contribute to the foundation of an ontology of mechanism-based biomedical simulation research. We show that the different model types manifest and exert their scientific usefulness by enhancing and extending different forms and degrees of explanation. The process starts with knowledge about the phenomenon and continues with explanatory and mathematical descriptions. Those descriptions are transformed into software and used to perform experimental explorations by running and examining simulation output. The credibility of inferences is thus linked to having easy access to the scientific and technical provenance from each workflow stage.

Neo-Aristotelian Naturalism and the Indeterminacy Objection

Philippa Foot’s virtue ethics remains an intriguing but divisive position in normative ethics. For some, the promise of grounding human virtue in natural facts is a useful method of establishing normative content. For others, the natural facts on which the virtues are established appear naively uninformed when it comes to the empirical details of our species. In response to this criticism, a new cohort of neo-Aristotelians like John Hacker-Wright attempt to defend Foot by reminding critics that the facts at stake are not claimed to be explanatory descriptions of the kind provided by empirical science. Instead, they are derived from a logical form that is presupposed when we categorize something as a living organism. Neo-Aristotelian naturalism is therefore said to be immune to the empirical defeaters put forward as criticism of the theory. I argue that neo-Aristotelians like Hacker-Wright can only rescue Foot’s naturalism from being uninformed by exposing it to an indeterminacy objection: if claims about human virtue are grounded in facts about our species other than those derived from science, then the position becomes immune to empirical defeaters at the cost of being unable to generate informative normative content.

Factors influencing knowledge transfer between NPD teams: a taxonomic analysis based on a sociotechnical approach

This paper sets out a taxonomy of the main factors influencing knowledge transfer (KT) between new product development (NPD) teams, based upon a sociotechnical approach whose framework consists of personnel, technological, work design, and external environment subsystems. The taxonomy was constructed from a literature survey combined with: (1) interviews and focus groups conducted with NPD experts and (2) a principal component analysis applied to a survey of 82 companies. Such steps were necessary because of the large amount of data collected from the literature review. They combine extensive explanatory descriptions from qualitative analysis together with strong confirmatory results given by multivariate quantitative analysis. The final set of 16 main factors summarized more than 100 elements of the NPD environment that influence KT between NPD teams. The key contributions of the proposed taxonomy are: (1) It is the first proposal of an organized understanding about KT influence factors based on a systemic and sociotechnical perspective; (2) New variables emerge from such analysis; and (3) It helps to understand better the elements needed for KT management in the NPD process.

How Social Workers Portray Children’s Perceptions When Constructing Their Identities

Constructions of institutional identities are necessary when assessing children’s needs and making intervention decisions. To be able to make holistic descriptions of children’s identities, social workers have to listen to children’s perceptions of themselves and their surroundings. In this study we explore how social workers construct children’s identities when portraying the children’s perceptions in social investigations conducted according to the BBIC model when concerns have been expressed about the children’s health. Inspired by a discursive analytical approach, we focused on the language used. We analysed descriptions of children’s perceptions in 35 written investigations. We found that in terms of words used, the children’s perceptions were given greater attention than those of parents and others (e.g. teachers, doctors). When focusing on the quality of these constructions, the main patterns found were that social workers more frequently submitted non-explanatory rather than explanatory descriptions . We also found that social workers differ in the way they handle the task of reporting children’s voices. These findings indicate that the use of the BBIC manual needs to be developed to ensure children are not just listened to and their perceptions described, but also that children are constructed as agents of their life. To obtain a holistic view of children’s life-world, there is a need of identity descriptions that include details of how children understand their problems, what they experience as positive and what is acceptable support for them.

The Multiple Realizability of Biological Individuals

Biological theory demands a clear organism concept, but at present biologists cannot agree on one. They know that counting particular units, and not counting others, allows them to generate explanatory and predictive descriptions of evolutionary processes. Yet they lack a unified theory telling them which units to count. In this paper, I offer a novel account of biological individuality, which reconciles conflicting definitions of ‘organism’ by interpreting them as describing alternative realizers of a common functional role, and then defines individual organisms as essentially possessing some mechanisms that play this role. In the first part, I argue that there is a real problem of biological individuality, and a need to arbitrate over the solutions to it. In part two, I identify two critical functional roles (‘policing’, and then ‘demarcation’), as well as some definitions that name their realizers. In part three, I argue that we should make the possession of mechanisms that play these roles – to greater or lesser effect – definitional of biological individuals.