Explain Exercise Behavior Research Articles

DO HEALTH BELIEFS PREDICT EXERCISE BEHAVIOR? EXPLORING THE CONSTRUCTS OF THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

Objective: To determine if the tenets of the health belief model explain exercise behavior among residents of Kakamega county. Design: The study design was a cross-sectional analytical, that utilized quantitative methods. Setting: The study was conducted in Kakamega County, located in Western Kenya. Kakamega County has twelve sub-counties; Kakamega North (Malava), Kakamega Central (Lurambi), Kakamega South (Ikolomani), Kakamega East (Shinyalu) and Butere/Mumias. Sample: Simple random sampling was used to sample respondents. The formula that was used for calculating the sample size was Cochran with an attrition rate of 10% ( n = 221). The sample consisted of participants from five sub-counties of Kakamega: Kakamega central (23.1%), Kakamega south (22.6%), Kakamega east (22.2%), Butere (17.5%) and Kakamega north (14.5%) Analysis: Data were analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). The alpha level for all the computations was considered significant at an α 1.96) and loaded satisfactorily onto their corresponding latent variable. In the structural model, the estimation of this hypothesized structural model yielded an acceptable fit to the data, χ2 =1434.7, df = 680; χ 2 /df ratio =2.453(good), CFI = .822; RMSEA = .059, with 90% C.I. = .045 - .075, SRMR = .058. The perceived threat was a direct predictor of exercise behavior (β = .294, p < .001), the variable formed by perceived benefits minus perceived barriers was a direct predictor of exercise behavior (β = .017, p <.001). All variables explained 57% of the variance in exercise behavior. Conclusion: The health belief model provided useful insight in explaining exercise behavior of the respondents. Other theories should be investigated (e.g. Social Cognitive Theory, Health Action Process Approach) to determine which theory better explains behavior in the context and population of interest. Article visualizations:

Real Option Exercise: Empirical Evidence

Abstract We study when and why firms exercise real options. Using detailed project-level investment data, we find that the likelihood that a firm exercises a real option is strongly related to peer exercise behavior. Peer exercise decisions are as important in explaining exercise behavior as variables commonly associated with standard real option theories, such as volatility. We identify peer effects using localized exogenous variation in peer project exercise decisions and find evidence consistent with information externalities being important for exercise behavior. (JEL G30, G31, G32)

Real Option Exercise: Empirical Evidence

We study when and why firms exercise real options. Using detailed project-level investment data, we find that the likelihood that a firm exercises a real option is strongly related to peer exercise behavior. Peer exercise decisions are as important in explaining exercise behavior as variables commonly associated with standard real option theories, such as volatility. We identify peer effects using localized exogenous variation in peer project exercise decisions and find evidence consistent with information externalities being important for exercise behavior.

Predictors of Exercise Practice: From Intention to Exercise Behavior

This study analyzed the predictor variables of participants’ intentions to exercise, subjective perception of exercise, and objective exercise behavior. For that it was adopted a cross-sectional design with follow-up measures of exercise behavior that was evaluated for a period of three months. The study included 304 participants (female = 198, 65%) aged between 14 to 73 years (M = 36.11; SD = 13.17) exercising in private fitness centers. We evaluated three sets of variables: personal (age and gender), physical activity (past exercise behavior), and psychological characteristics of participants (including variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Transtheoretical Model, Self-determination Theory, and Emotional and Affective States Theory). The combination of independent variables most strongly predicted intention to exercise (71% of the variance), followed by subjective perceptions of exercise (38%), and last, by exercise behavior (16%). Results implicate the need to accommodate new variables and theoretical approaches to explain exercise behavior.

Critical Review of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict and Explain Exercise Behavior in Women with Breast Cancer

Critical Review of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict and Explain Exercise Behavior in Women with Breast Cancer

Predicting Exercise Behavior: Testing Personal, Athletic, and Psychological Variables

This study analyzes whether personal, athletic, and psychological factors predict the perception of current exercise frequency. The study included 193 part icipants, of whom 130 were females (67.4%) and 63 were males (32.6%). Personal and athletic information, current exercise frequency, exercise attitudes, perceived behavioral control, expected outcomes of exercising, behavioral regulation, satisfaction with life, and satisfaction with body shape and physical appearancewere evaluated. The results showed that perception of current exercise frequency was best predicted by personal and athletic variables, followed by satisfaction with body shape and physical appearance, intrinsic regulation, and negative expectations about exercise. In conclusion, considering the role of personal and athletic variables (and some psychological dimensions) seems important in explaining exercise behavior.

Comparison of Future Time Perspective and Self‐Determination Theory for Explaining Exercise Behavior

The primary purposes of this study were to compare future time perspective and subtypes of regulation from self‐determination theory as explanatory variables of exercise behavior and to examine potential differences in future time perspective across stages of change. Participants consisted of 317 undergraduates. The two most prominent measures of future time perspective were employed to allow for a comparison. Results revealed numerous significant correlations among future time perspective, self‐regulation subtypes, and exercise behavior. Intrinsic and integrated subtypes of regulation explained the most variance in exercise behavior. Participants in higher stages of change had significantly higher future time perspective scores, lower amotivation scores, and higher scores for internal forms of regulation. Applied implications and suggestions for future research are presented.

Barriers Are Not the Limiting Factor to Participation in Physical Activity in Canadian Seniors

The identification of barriers to physical activity and exercise has been used for many decades to explain exercise behavior in older adults. Typically health concerns are the number one barrier to participation. Data from CCHS-HA dataset (N = 20, 875) were used to generate a sample of Canadians, 60+ years, who did not identify a health condition limitation, illness, or injury as a barrier to participation in physical activity (n = 4,900) making this dataset unique in terms of the study of barriers to participation. While the vast majority of older adults participated in physical activity, 9.4% did not. The relationships between nonparticipation, barriers, self-reported health status, and chronic health conditions were determined using binary logistic regression. The main findings suggest that traditional barriers and self-reported health status are not responsible for nonparticipation. Nonparticipation was best predicted by chronic health conditions suggesting a disconnect between self-reported health status and underlying health conditions. The data are clear in suggesting that barriers are not the limiting factor and physical activity programming must be focused on meeting the health needs of our aging population.

The Role of Motivation and Multidimensional Exercise Self-Efficacy in Exercise Behavior

Several psychosocial constructs included in the Self-Determination Theory (e.g., motivational regulations) and Self-Efficacy Theory have been shown to influence exercise (EX) behavior. In 2008, Rodger et al. introduced a multidimensional exercise self-efficacy scale (MESE) to measure three behavioral domains (i.e., task, coping and scheduling efficacy) that are proposed to influence exercise participation. PURPOSES: To investigate the role of motivational regulations and multidimensional self-efficacy on exercise behavior, and to examine the relationship among these psychological variables. METHODS: All participants ≥ 18 yr old in the OSU Faculty and Staff Fitness Program received an invitation e-mail with a link to the survey that included Behavioral Regulation Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2), MESE, exercise stage of change, Godin Leisure Time Physical Activity Scale, and demographic information. Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression were applied to explain EX behavior and to predict level of autonomy by the three SE dimensions. RESULTS: Most participants (N=139; 65.5% women; age 26-69 yr, M=46.27, SD=11.26) were in the action or maintenance stages (69.3%). None of the motivational regulations or SE was significantly correlated with mild or moderate EX. Only scheduling SE (rvig=.367; rtotal=.319) and identified regulation (rvig=.414; rtotal=.274) showed positive association with vigorous and total EX. Gender, MESE subscales and motivational regulations were included in a regression model that explained 17.2% of the variance in total EX, F(9,122)=2.813, p=.005. Gender and scheduling SE were significant predictors. This model also predicted 35.0% of the variance in vigorous EX. Gender, scheduling SE and amotivation were significant predictors. Task, barrier and scheduling SE explained 23.7% of variability in autonomy. Scheduling SE and task SE were the most influential predictors. CONCLUSION: Gender and scheduling SE were significant predictors and explained more variability in vigorous EX than total EX in adults in a fitness program. Level of autonomy could also be explained by scheduling SE and task SE. The relationship between MESE, motivational regulations, and exercise needs further investigation in a longitudinal design.

Does Protection Motivation Theory Explain Exercise Intentions and Behavior During Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation?

Home-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs have been shown to be effective in increasing exercise capacity, which is a significant predictor of longevity for patients with heart disease. However, adherence to these programs has been problematic. Therefore, it is important to identify key theoretical correlates of exercise for these patients that can be used to inform the development of behavioral interventions to help tackle the adherence problem. The purpose of this study was to determine whether protection motivation theory (PMT) explained significant variation in exercise intentions and behavior in patients receiving home-based CR. Patients (N = 76) completed a questionnaire that included PMT constructs at the beginning and midpoint (ie, 3 months) of the program and an exercise scale at 3 and 6 months (ie, at the end of the CR program). Path analyses showed that response efficacy was the sole predictor of 3-month (beta = .53) and 6-month (beta = .32) intentions. However, the indirect effect of baseline response efficacy on 3-month exercise behavior through intention was nonsignificant (beta = -.01), whereas it was significant (beta = .11) for 3-month response efficacy on 6-month exercise behavior. Self-efficacy significantly predicted 3-month (beta = .36) and 6-month (beta = .32) exercise behaviors, whereas 3-month intention significantly predicted 6-month exercise behavior (beta = .23). Coping appraisal variables (ie, response efficacy and self-efficacy) are potentially useful in explaining exercise behavior during home-based CR.

Does the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) Explain Exercise Behavior in a Community-Based Sample of Older Women?

To determine whether patterns of exercise adoption by older women would conform to the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. Participants were randomized into an exercise group (walk 30 minutes per day, 5 days per week, plus balance exercises twice per week) or attention control (health education on topics other than exercise). The intervention was conducted over 28 weeks with 1-year follow-up. Participants included 272 sedentary women aged 70 and above. Exercise adoption was higher in the intervention group (83% vs. 17% among controls). After 1 year, 60% of the intervention group was in action or maintenance, compared to 16% of the control group. Self-efficacy following the intervention predicted long-term exercise adherence. Few studies have addressed longitudinal analysis of the TTM for exercise adoption. Most constructs from the TTM were useful in explaining exercise adoption in older sedentary women.

Ethnicity and the theory of planned behavior in an exercise context: A mediation and moderation perspective

Objectives Most college students fail to meet recommended exercise levels and ethnic disparities in participation are apparent. The present study examined the moderating and mediating relationships among ethnicity, the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and exercise, and identified common and ethnic-specific beliefs related to exercise. Method College students completed a baseline TPB questionnaire and an exercise assessment at either two-week ( n=237 blacks; n=176 whites) or two-month ( n=280 blacks; n=273 whites) follow-ups. Design One week and two month longitudinal designs. Results Structural equation modeling showed that the TPB was invariant by ethnicity in both samples with affective attitudes and perceived behavioral control being significant predictors of intention, which in turn, significantly predicted exercise. Furthermore, analyses showed that the TPB had a small mediating effect on the ethnicity/exercise relationship in both samples. Finally, common and ethnic-specific beliefs were identified that varied by sample. Conclusion The TPB is a useful framework to explain exercise behavior in black and white students; however, its ability to explain the ethnic disparity in exercise may be limited.

The Relationship Between Psychosocial State and Exercise Behavior of Older Women 2 Months After Hip Fracture

Despite the potential benefits associated with exercise after hip fracture, those who have sustained hip fractures are among the least likely to engage in regular exercise (resistive or aerobic). This article describes the psychosocial state, specifically the self-efficacy expectations and outcome expectations related to exercise, mood, fear of falling, pain, and health status of older women who enrolled in either of two Baltimore Hip Studies (BHS), BHS-4 and BHS-5, and to test a self-efficacy-based model to explain exercise behavior after hip fracture. A total of 389 older women with hip fractures participated in these studies. The participants reported moderate confidence in their ability to exercise and a general belief in the benefits of exercise, high perceived health status, limited depressive symptoms, and some pain and fear of falling. Consistently across these two samples, age and mental status or depressive symptoms influenced outcome expectations, such that older women with more depressive symptoms or lower mental health status had weaker outcome expectations for exercise. Self-efficacy expectations consistently influenced exercise behavior across both samples. It was also consistent across both models that age, cognitive status, physical and mental health status, pain, fear, outcome expectations, and depressive symptoms did not directly influence exercise behavior.

Understanding exercise behavior among korean adults: a test of the transtheoretical model

The purpose of this study was to examine the theorized association of Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change constructs by stage of change for exercise behavior among Korean adults. A total of 1,335 Korean adults were recruited and surveyed from the Nowon district, geographically located in northern Seoul. Four Korean-version questionnaires were used to identify the stage of exercise behavior and psychological attributes of adolescents. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, MANOVA, correlation analysis, and discriminant analysis. Multivariate F tests indicated that behavioral and cognitive processes of change, exercise efficacy, and pros differentiated participants across the stages of exercise behavior. Furthermore, the findings revealed that adults' exercise behavior was significantly correlated with the TTM constructs and that overall classification accuracy across the stages of change was 50.6%. This study supports the internal and external validity of the TTM for explaining exercise behavior.

Application of the transtheoretical model to identify psychological constructs influencing exercise behavior: A questionnaire survey

Background Current research on exercise behavior has largely been attempted to identify the relationship between psychological attributes and the initiation or adherence of exercise behavior based on psychological theories. A limited data are available on the psychological predictors of exercise behavior in public health. Objectives The present study examined the theorized association of TTM of behavior change constructs by stage of change for exercise behavior. Methods A total of 228 college students selected from 2 universities in Seoul were surveyed. Four Korean-version questionnaires were used to identify the stage of exercise behavior and psychological attributes of adolescents. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, MANOVA, correlation analysis, and discriminant function analysis. Results Multivariate F-test indicated that behavioral and cognitive processes of change, exercise efficacy, and pros differentiated participants across the stages of exercise behavior. Furthermore, exercise behavior was significantly correlated with the TTM constructs, and that overall classification accuracy across the stages of change was 61.0%. Conclusions The present study supports the internal and external validity of the Transtheoretical Model for explaining exercise behavior. As this study highlights, dissemination must increase awareness but also influences perceptions regarding theoretically based and practically important exercise strategies for public health professionals.

Relationships between dimensions of perfectionism and exercise behavior among college students

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which dimensions of perfectionism were characteristic of college age adults (N=186 undergraduate college students from a university in the southeastern U.S.) who engaged in aerobic and strength exercise. Participants completed one inventory, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS; Frost et al., 1990), and additional questions regarding their maintenance of an exercise regimen. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine the adequacy of the factor structure of the MPS model compared to factor structures proposed by Stöber (1998), Purdon, Antony, and Swinson (1999) and Cox, Enns, and Clara (2002). Results of the analyses indicate that the Brief MPS, a refined perfectionism scale offered by Cox et al. (2002) utilizing only 22 of the original 35 items on the MPS, provided the best overall structural fit to this population. Moreover, the maintenance of a regular exercise regimen was found to have a significant but small positive relationship with the Organization subscale of the Brief MPS, which, in turn, had a significant positive relationship with the Personal Standards subscale. Taken together, the results of this study provide evidence for the reliability of the factor structure of the MPS and its derivatives as applied to this exercise population. The results also suggest that an individual's need and desire for organization may predict or explain exercise behavior to some small degree, lending credence to the tendency of exercisers to plan and properly execute their exercise routine

Social Cognitive Theory in Diabetes Exercise Research: An Integrative Literature Review

This integrative review critically examined the literature on diabetes research using Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to determine its predictive ability in explaining exercise behavior and to identify key interventions that enhance exercise initiation and maintenance. Literature published between 1985 and 2002 was searched using the following keywords: SCT, self-efficacy, diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, physical activity, and exercise. The databases searched were CINAHL, Medline, and PsychInfo. Of the 38 articles retrieved from databases, 13 were reviewed. A statistically significant relationship between self-efficacy and exercise behavior was found in correlational studies. Results from the predictive study support the predictability of self-efficacy for exercise behavior. Mixed results were found for the predictive ability of outcome expectancies for exercise behavior. Self-efficacy was predictive of exercise initiation and maintenance over time. The evidence for successful interventions to increase self-efficacy and exercise behavior over time was inconclusive. To better understand exercise behavior and to develop effective exercise interventions, a microanalytic, theory-driven approach to studying exercise behavior is needed. Several suggestions are offered to strengthen exercise self-efficacy.

Social Cognitive Theory Contructs as A Determinant of Days of Physical Activity among College Students

0447 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) suggests that behavior is a result of reciprocal interactions between personal, environmental, and behavioral factors. The theory has been utilized to explain exercise behavior. Despite the theories wide use in interventions to promote physical activity, few studies have described the association between SCT and the dependent variable using models containing multiple SCT constructs. PURPOSE: To examine the associations between SCT constructs and days of moderate and vigorous physical activity in college students. METHOD: Subjects were recruited from four general health classes after IRB approval was obtained. The classes were comprised of students from different academic levels and majors. Students were surveyed each week, for six consecutive weeks. Valid and reliable instruments were used to measure friend and family social support, outcome expectancy value, flow, exercise role identity, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and physical activity. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the relationships among the independent (SCT constructs) and moderate days of physical activity as well as vigorous days of physical activity using two separate models. Variables were entered into the model based on their relationship to the dependent variable. Social support was entered first, followed by outcome expectancy value, flow, exercise role identity, self-efficacy, and self-regulation. RESULTS: All SCT constructs were significantly associated with moderate (Model I) and vigorous (Model II) days of physical activity (p < 0.05). The SCT constructs accounted for 21% of the total variance in moderate days of physical activity and 32% of the total variance in vigorous days of physical activity. CONCLUSION: The SCT constructs examined in this study were significant predictors of moderate and vigorous days of physical activity performed by college students. It appears that SCT variables differ in their relationship to moderate and vigorous physical activity. This finding may indicate that moderate and vigorous physical activity are not similar behaviors. These results could have implications for physical activity program development at the college level.

Testing a theoretical model of exercise behavior for older adults.

Although there are many known benefits to exercise, only 10-30% of older adults report regular exercise. Understanding the factors that explain exercise behavior in older adults will help structure interventions that motivate these individuals to initiate and adhere to regular exercise. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of components from two theoretical perspectives that explain exercise behavior, social cognitive theory, and the transtheoretical model. This was a descriptive study using a sample of 179 older adults living independently in an East Coast continuing care retirement community (CCRC). A single one-time interview was completed and included: (a) stage of change for exercise, (b) self-efficacy and outcome expectations, (c) health status, (d) fear of falling, and (e) exercise activity. Model testing used structural equation modeling. Testing of the hypothesized model showed that 11 of the 22 paths were statistically significant. Health status and social support influenced self-efficacy and outcome expectations which directly influenced stage of change and exercise. Social support likewise directly influenced stage of change. Together the variables in the model explained 64% of exercise behavior in older adults. There was a poor fit of the hypothesized model to the data with a chi2 of 144.7, degrees of freedom (df) of 23 and a ratio of 6.3. The revised model fit the data better chi2 = 80.5, df = 19, p <.05, chi2/df = 4.2) and there was improved fit when compared to the hypothesized model (chi2 difference of 64.0, df difference of 4, p < or = l. The combined testing of the mediating components of the theory of self-efficacy as well as the incorporation of the stage of change to explain exercise behavior in older adults suggests that both of these approaches are useful. Stage of change may be particularly useful to help determine the most appropriate intervention to increase activity and exercise in older adults.

Exercise among blue-collar workers: application of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to identify cognitive predictors of blue-collar workers' (N = 468) intention to exercise and their self-reported exercise behavior. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) provided the framework for the study. A cross-sectional sample of skilled and unskilled workers from the physical facilities department of a large, Midwestern state university completed a questionnaire containing measures of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and self-reported leisure exercise behavior. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that workers' attitude toward exercise and perceived behavioral control explained 61.7% of the variance of intention, whereas intention and perceived behavioral control explained 51.3% of the variance of exercise behavior. Subjective norm was not a significant predictor of intention to exercise. The findings support the use of the TPB in identifying cognitive factors that explain exercise behavior and suggest that interventions to promote exercise behavior in blue-collar workers should address their attitude toward exercise and their perceptions of behavioral control.