Expert Review Research Articles

Prospective and External Validation of an Ensemble Learning Approach to Sensitively Detect Intravenous Fluid Contamination in Basic Metabolic Panels.

Intravenous (IV) fluid contamination within clinical specimens causes an operational burden on the laboratory when detected, and potential patient harm when undetected. Even mild contamination is often sufficient to meaningfully alter results across multiple analytes. A recently reported unsupervised learning approach was more sensitive than routine workflows, but still lacked sensitivity to mild but significant contamination. Here, we leverage ensemble learning to more sensitively detect contaminated results using an approach which is explainable and generalizable across institutions. An ensemble-based machine learning pipeline of general and fluid-specific models was trained on real-world and simulated contamination and internally and externally validated. Benchmarks for performance assessment were derived from in silico simulations, in vitro experiments, and expert review. Fluid-specific regression models estimated contamination severity. SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) values were calculated to explain specimen-level predictions, and algorithmic fairness was evaluated by comparing flag rates across demographic and clinical subgroups. The sensitivities, specificities, and Matthews correlation coefficients were 0.858, 0.993, and 0.747 for the internal validation set, and 1.00, 0.980, and 0.387 for the external set. SHAP values provided plausible explanations for dextrose- and ketoacidosis-related hyperglycemia. Flag rates from the pipeline were higher than the current workflow, with improved detection of contamination events expected to exceed allowable limits for measurement error and reference change values. An accurate, generalizable, and explainable ensemble-based machine learning pipeline was developed and validated for sensitively detecting IV fluid contamination. Implementing this pipeline would help identify errors that are poorly detected by current clinical workflows and a previously described unsupervised machine learning-based method.

Child Fatalities Resulting From Caregiver Behavior: A Public Health Approach to Child Maltreatment Classification.

Limited research describes approaches for applying a public health lens to fatal child maltreatment classification. Specialized terminology and tools could help improve consistency in classifying deaths resulting from caregiver behavior. A six-criterion classification tool was developed via expert panel review of over 100 child deaths by the Alaska Division of Public Health's Child Death Review (CDR) program. Next, accuracy and acceptability were assessed by inviting staff from other CDRs using a national listserv to classify 21 brief case scenarios with the tool. Among the 47 respondents, sensitivity was 0.87, specificity 0.77, and accuracy 0.84. Variability by tool criterion ranged from 97% to 74% accurate. Most respondents (66%) reported the tool as being helpful for classifying deaths and moderate reliability was found. Study participants found it difficult to consistently apply specific criteria which resulted in a modification of the tool to improve the potential for universal adoption.

Evidence-based Cesarean Delivery: Intraoperative management following placental delivery until skin closure (Part 9): Evidence based care during cesarean delivery.

This expert review provides recommendations for the cesarean technique after placental delivery to skin closure. Following placental delivery during cesarean, sponge curettage may be omitted as it has not been shown to decrease the risk of retained products of conception. Uterine irrigation and mechanical cervical dilation cannot be recommended. Either intra-abdominal or extra-abdominal repair of the hysterotomy is acceptable with some possible benefits with decreased postoperative pain and nausea/vomiting with intra-abdominal repair. There is insufficient evidence to recommend one uterine closure technique over the other with regards to suture type, continuous versus interrupted, locking or non-locking, one versus two-layer closure. Double layer uterine closure has been shown to be more beneficial with regards to residual myometrial thickness and full thickness bites (including endometrium) should be considered. Glove change by the surgical team is recommended after placental delivery and prior to closure of the abdominal wall. The following techniques are not recommended: intra-abdominal irrigation, use of adhesion-prevention barriers, peritoneal closure, and rectus muscle re-approximation. Based on non-cesarean evidence, fascial closure bites should be at least 5 × 5 mm with monofilament suture for vertical incisions. As an adjunct to postoperative pain control, surgeons may consider wound infiltration with local anesthesia either supra- or sub-fascial. Prior to closure, subcutaneous irrigation may be performed with saline, and routine use of subcutaneous drains is not recommended. Though closure of the subcutaneous layer can be considered in all patients, it should occur when the depth is ≥ 2cm. A monofilament absorbable suture, such as poliglecaprone, should be used to close the CD skin incision. There is no level 1 evidence evaluating the potential benefit of additional skin adhesive or sterile strips after suture skin closure. If a dressing is preferred over the skin incision the following may be considered: a DACC-impregnated dressing if available, otherwise a standard gauze dressing is appropriate. Prophylactic negative pressure would therapy can be considered in patients with obesity. Vaginal seeding at CD is not recommended.

Implementation of structured radiology reporting and its associated accuracy in comparison to pancreas multi-disciplinary clinic expert radiology review.

To evaluate the feasibility of implementation of structured reporting in the setting of a high-volume pancreatic multidisciplinary clinic (PMDC) and to assess its value by comparing the accuracy of structured reports with expert imaging reviews. A single institutional prospective cohort study was conducted during March 2022 to May 2024 to understand the feasibility of implementation of structured reporting (SR) for all patients who were seen in our weekly PMDC. Descriptive and regression analyses were performed to find an association between SR and difference in vascular involvement of the primary pancreatic tumor between the radiology report and expert radiologist review (gold standard) during PMDC. Among 466 patients seen in the PMDC, 426 (91.4%) had reports generated prior to PMDC. Of this, 294 reports met the inclusion criteria. The usage of SR increased from 58.3% in Mar 2022 to 87.8% in June 2024. Majority of the reports that used SR (n = 226, 76.9%), were performed for initial staging (n = 197, 67.0%) of PC. The median years of experience of reading radiologists that used non-SR was 14 (IQR: 8-27) years, while it was 9 (IQR -9-15) years for those who used SR (p = 0.030). Of note, as compared to the radiology report, increased vascular involvement was noted in PMDC review 62.5% (20 out of 32) of the time with non-SRs, whereas increased vascular involvement during PMDC review was noted in only 36.6% (48 out of 132) of the time with SRs. On multivariable analysis, using SR lowered the odds of increase in vascular involvement during PMDC review by 0.29 times (95CIs 0.11-0.79; p = 0.015). SR is feasible and superior to the free-text reporting with respect to the accuracy of peri-pancreatic vascular involvement. While its use cannot replace the PMDC radiology review, it can nonetheless be an indispensable tool in clinical management, particularly in a non-PMDC setting.

The OPAD-perception framework: measuring perceptions of online personalized advertising

PurposeThe paper aims to develop and validate an instrument to measure users’ perceptions of online personalized advertising.Design/methodology/approachFirst, we identified 12 different aspects of online personalized advertisement and formulated candidate items through a literature review. A card sorting study and expert review were conducted to generate the initial scale items. We then conducted one survey (n = 308) to create a reliable measurement instrument and another (n = 296) to validate the instrument. Finally, we tested how the dimensions of the OPAD-Perception Framework can be used to differentiate between different levels of ad sensitivity, control/no control over the ad personalization process, and different levels of granularity of ad explanation.FindingsThe resulting OPAD-Perception Framework contains 49 Likert-formatted questions measuring ten distinct dimensions of online personalized advertising: reliability, usefulness, transparency, interactivity, targeting accuracy, accountability, creepiness, willingness to rely on, self-actualization, and persuasion.Originality/valueThe OPAD-Perception Framework can serve as a powerful tool to measure users’ attitudes toward online personalized advertising. This will enable advertisers and social media platforms to better support users’ privacy expectations and provide user-friendly interfaces for controlling the ad personalization process.

Development and Validation of a Simulation Model for Ureteral Stent Placement.

Currently, there are no validated training models for cystoscopy with ureteral stent placement. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate a novel endoscopic simulation model for training in ureteral stent placement. A low-cost, low-fidelity training model was developed to simulate ureteral stent placement. Recruited participants were divided into 3 groups: novices (postgraduate year 3/4 gynecology residents), advanced learners (urogynecology and reconstructive pelvic surgery fellows), and experts (urology residents, urogynecology faculty, and urology faculty). Construct validity was measured using de-identified video-recorded performances on the model, which were evaluated by 2 expert reviewers using validated scales (Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills [GOALS], Global Rating Scale [GRS]) and procedure-specific metrics. The model was created using a hollow Styrofoam sphere, plastic tubing from a retropubic sling, and a silicone pacifier. Thirty-six surgeons were assessed performing the procedure using the model with cystoscopic equipment. The experts (n = 12) performed significantly better than the advanced learners (n = 17) and novices (n = 7) in total scores (max 75, median [IQR]: 75 [75-75], 61 [56.5-68.5], 45 [43-46], respectively; P < 0.001) and within each individual scale domain. Increasing experience with ureteral stent placement had a significant correlation (P < 0.001) with better performance on the model. A minimum total passing score of 63 was established. On post simulation assessment, most participants "agreed" or "strongly agreed" that the model closely approximates the feel of ureteral stent placement. This ureteral stenting simulation model is easy to construct, affordable, and reproducible. The model is valid and reliable for practicing the procedure in preparation for live surgery.

Evaluation of the Safety Rate in the Diagnostic Radiology Departments in Alkhoms City, Libya

Diagnostic radiation such as X-rays and CT scans play a central role in the diagnosis of diseases. Excessive radiation exposure poses a high risk for healthcare providers as well as patients, which may cause serious diseases such as cancer. Providing protection requirements in the radiation departments and continuous inspection to prevent radiation leakage is the right way to provide human protection. The current study aimed to evaluate the safety rate in the diagnostic radiology departments in Alkhoms City. The questionnaire designed for the study in Arabic language, presented to experts for verification and review, then distributed to eleven medical centres in the Alkhoms region containing many relevant questions regarding the radiology department such as the name and address of a medical centre, in-formation about users and safety. Lead plates are present in 91% of health centres 36% of health centres installed lead plates for 1-5 years, 27% for 6-10 years, and 36% for 21 years or more. Lead plates are inspected once in 27%, three times in 9%, and four times or more in 9% of medical centres, on the other hand, 56% of medical centres didn’t inspect lead plates since installed. The lead plates last examined in 27% of medical centres a year ago, in 9% examined less than five years ago, and in 9% examined less than twenty years ago. On the other hand, 56% of medical centres have not performed any check-ups since installation. Protection glass and lead plates are present in 82% of medical centres, a radiation protection gown is present in 36%, and a dosimeter is present in 9% of medical centres only. Only 18% of health centres have organised a training programme for their radiology department staff. The safety rate in radiology departments in Alkhoms City- Libya is low because most medical centres lack protective equipment, and if they do, there is no regular inspection or testing of this equipment.

Cinemeducation improves early clinical exposure to inborn errors of metabolism.

Cinemeducation is an effective tool to help students develop humanistic skills. However, there was a need for more studies to find out if this can also be utilized to improve the interest and satisfaction of students learning about rare diseases such as the inborn errors of metabolism. The aim was to introduce cinemeducation as part of early clinical exposure and teach first-year MBBS students in the Department of Biochemistry about inborn errors of metabolism. This was a quasi-experimental, cross-over study involving 100 MBBS students. Movie clips prepared from Lorenzo's Oil (for Lipid metabolism) and Extraordinary Measures (for Lysosomal Storage Disease) and corresponding paper-based cases; questionnaires and feedback forms were validated by expert group review. Students' academic performance was improved in the groups where the Extraordinary Measures movie was used for cinemeducation. Still, this effect was not observed when the movie Lorenzo's Oil was used. Both learners and facilitators were satisfied with cinemeducation. Cinemeducation was effectively introduced to teach inborn errors of metabolism in the Department of Biochemistry topic-dependent manner.

Assessing Teacher Accountability: Development and Validation of the Teacher’s Professional Accountability Scale (TPAS)

This study aims to develop and validate the Teachers’ Professional Accountability Scale (TPAS) constructed by the researcher, which addresses the need for a comprehensive tool to measure professional accountability among Secondary school teachers. Professional accountability is the obligation of educators to adhere established standards and practices with competence and integrity, is crucial for improving educational quality and ensuring favorable student outcomes. A descriptive survey method was employed, and the TPAS was constructed and standardized through a pilot study. The scale consists of 94 items across four dimensions: procedural responsibility, consequential responsibility, instructional responsibility, and school and classroom responsibilities for student outcomes. Item analysis and selection resulted in a final draft of 74 items with satisfactory discrimination power. Reliability analysis using split-half method and Cronbach’s alpha yielded coefficients of 0.85, indicating high internal consistency. Content validity was established through expert reviews, and norms were developed based on z-scores from a sample of 281 Secondary school teachers. The TPAS provides a validated measure for assessing professional accountability, contributing to the advancement of educational research and practice, The study reached some recommendations, including the commitment of the school administration and senior management to the accountability standards reached, and the provision of joint workshops to ensure the efficiency of the implementation of professional accountability standards for teachers.

A Process Analysis Framework to Adopt Intelligent Robotic Process Automation (IRPA) in Supply Chains

Intelligent Robotic Process Automation (IRPA) combines Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotic Process Automation (RPA) to automate complex unstructured tasks, improve decision-making, and cope with changing scenarios. A process analysis framework for IRPA adoption was developed by identifying key factors through a literature review and semi-structured expert opinion survey. The employed experts in the survey comprised RPA/IRPA consultants, RPA/IRPA initiative team leaders, and RPA/IRPA developers with three years or more experience. For the initial factor collection phase, there were a total of eighteen (18) responses, and for the factor evaluation phase, a total of twenty-six (26) experts were used to collect responses. Identified factors were shortlisted and evaluated using a Relative Importance Index (RII) analysis. The study’s findings are presented through a Causal-Loop Diagram (CLD) to illustrate the relationships between factors. The framework provides practical guidance for organizations planning to adopt IRPA, informing decision-making, resource allocation, and strategy development. The final process analysis framework highlights the importance of accuracy, level of human involvement in a task, and standardization as the main three primary factors for successful IRPA adoption. Three major secondary factors were identified: digital data input, integration with existing systems, and the cost of adopting new technologies. This research contributes to the added value to existing knowledge and serves as a foundation for future research in IRPA adoption.

Development and validation of a measurement tool to assess student perceptions of using real patients in physical therapy education at the Rocky Mountain University, the United States: a methodological study.

This study aimed to develop and validate the Student Perceptions of Real Patient Use in Physical Therapy Education (SPRP-PTE) survey to assess physical therapy student (SPT) perceptions regarding real patient use in didactic education. This cross-sectional observational study developed a 48-item survey and tested the survey on 130 SPTs. Face and content validity were determined by an expert review and Content Validity Index (CVI). Construct validity and internal consistency reliability were determined via exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Cronbach's Alpha. Three main constructs were identified (Value, Satisfaction, and Confidence), each having 4 subconstruct components (Overall, Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective Learning). Expert review demonstrated adequate face and content validity (CVI = 96%). The initial EFA of the 48-item survey revealed items with inconsistent loadings and low correlations, leading to the removal of 18 items. An EFA of the 30-item survey demonstrated 1-factor loadings of all survey constructs except Satisfaction and the entire survey. All constructs had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha > 0.85). The SPRP-PTE survey provides a reliable and valid way to assess student perceptions of real patient use. Future studies are encouraged to validate the SPRP-PTE survey further.

Mapping design stages and methodologies for developing STEM concept inventories: a scoping review

BackgroundConcept inventories (CIs) have become widely used tools for assessing students’ learning and assisting with educational decisions. Over the past three decades, CI developers have utilized various design approaches and methodologies. As a result, it can be challenging for those developing new CIs to identify the most effective and appropriate methods and approaches. This scoping review aimed to identify and map key design stages, summarize methodologies, identify design gaps and provide guidance for future efforts in the development and validation of CI tools.MethodsA preliminary literature review combined theoretical thematic analysis (deductive, researcher-driven) focusing on specific data aspects, and inductive thematic analysis (data-driven), using emerging themes independent of specific research questions or theoretical interests. Expert discussions complemented the analysis process.ResultsThe scoping review analyzed 106 CI articles and identified five key development stages: define the construct, determine and validate content domain; identify misconceptions; item formation and response processes design; test item selection and validation; and test application and refinement. A descriptive design model was developed using a mixed-method approach, incorporating expert input, literature review, student-oriented analysis, and statistical tests. Various psychometric assessments were employed to validate the test and its items. Substantial gaps were noted in defining and determining the validity and reliability of CI tools, and in the evidence required to establish these attributes.ConclusionThe growing interest in utilizing CIs for educational purposes has highlighted the importance of identifying and refining the most effective design stages and methodologies. CI developers need comprehensive guidance to establish and evaluate the validity and reliability of their instruments. Future research should focus on establishing a unified typology of CI instrument validity and reliability requirements, as well as the types of evidence needed to meet these standards. This effort could optimize the effectiveness of CI tools, foster a cohesive evaluation approach, and bridge existing gaps.

Nonsurgical Interventions for Gender-Affirming Facial Feminization: A Scoping Review.

Importance: Systematic review will improve understanding of nonsurgical facial feminization techniques, which are useful alternatives or adjuncts to surgical gender affirmation. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of nonsurgical facial feminization techniques in patients seeking gender-affirming feminization by reviewing the literature for patient-reported, subjective, and objective outcomes of feminization. Evidence Review: A comprehensive database search was conducted through July 28, 2022. A total of 264 titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers in Covidence. Of all, 48 met the inclusion criteria for full-text review, and 20 articles were included in the final data extraction. Findings: The most described nonsurgical facial feminization techniques were neurotoxins, fillers, and hair removal. Techniques were derived from cisgender cosmetic procedures to achieve feminine qualities. The most common study type was expert opinion or literature reviews. There were only two studies that analyzed measurable nonsurgical facial feminization techniques. Conclusions and Relevance: There is a lack of high-quality prospective research and randomized, controlled trials specific to the transgender patient population that evaluate outcomes, patient satisfaction, or complications. Such studies are needed to inform evidence-based practices.

Initial surgical management of injuries to the lower extremities in patients with multiple and/or severe injuries - A systematic review and clinical practice guideline update.

Our aim was to develop new evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations for the initial inhospital management of lower-extremity injuries in patients with multiple and/or severe trauma. This guideline topic is part of the 2022 update of the German Guideline on the Treatment of Patients with multiple and/or severe Injuries. MEDLINE and Embase were systematically searched to May 2021. Randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, and comparative registry studies were included if they compared interventions for the initial surgical and non-surgical management of fractures, dislocations or vascular injuries of the lower extremities in patients with multiple and/or severe trauma. We considered patient-relevant clinical outcomes such as mortality, complication rates, length of stay, and function. Risk of bias was assessed using NICE 2012 checklists. The evidence was synthesised narratively, and expert consensus was used to develop recommendations and determine their strength. Eleven studies were identified. They addressed time to definitive fixation (n = 10 studies) and amputation (n = 1). Two new recommendations were developed, one was modified. All recommendations achieved strong consensus. This systematic literature review and subsequent expert consensus process resulted in the following new key recommendations. It is recommended that isolated and multiple lower-extremity fractures are managed with primary definitive fixation in patients whose condition is stable. Patients condition is not considered stable should be managed with primary temporary fixation. In addition, it is recommended that dislocations of the lower extremities are reduced and immobilised as early as possible.

National Health Education Standards: Model Guidance for Curriculum and Instruction (Third Edition).

Since the 1990s, national standards have been developed in K-12 subject areas. National standards in health education were first released in 1995 with a second set released in 2007. A third edition, the National Health Education Standards: Model Guidance for Curriculum and Instruction was developed in 2022 under the auspices of the National Consensus for School Health Education. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the third edition including descriptions of the development process;the 8 standards and aligned performance expectations; considerations related to the translation, dissemination, and implementation of the standards; and projections for potential impact regarding teaching and student outcomes. To develop new standards, the National Consensus formed 3 groups: the Management, Development, and Expert Review Groups. These groups employed an iterative process that included the development of 3 drafts of the standards before finalization. This process included a review of each draft by the 3 groups. The second draft included additional qualitative feedback from over 500 school health education leaders, practitioners, and stakeholders. The third edition includes 8 standards with aligned performance expectations. A description and rationale are provided for each standard along with standard-specific teaching guidance. The third edition of the National Standards for School Health Education provides guidance to state departments of education and local schools in the development and implementation of health instruction that promotes meaningful learning to guide students in the promotion of their own health and the health of others.

Expert review of AI-generated responses to the top ten patient complaints in primary care

Expert review of AI-generated responses to the top ten patient complaints in primary care

Development and preliminary evaluation of a food literacy measure for use with young people in Canada

This paper presents the culmination of a multi-year research project aimed at creating a comprehensive food literacy framework and corresponding measure. Specifically, this paper documents the development and validation of a food literacy measure for young people facing social inequities. This study aimed to: 1) identify items to measure 12 attributes of food literacy 2) test the measure with the identified target groups, considering attribute, face, and content validity, inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability; and 3) refine the measure. The study's design consisted of a five-phase approach, which included drafting the food literacy measure, expert review, cognitive interviews, pilot testing, and validity and reliability testing. Seven international experts provided feedback on the measure and 25 individuals aged 16-25 years old participated in cognitive interviews. Two-hundred and fifty-five (255) young people completed the test survey and 147 completed a retest survey two weeks later. These surveys identified food literacy factors. To further evaluate the validity of these factors. 193 participants completed a confirmatory test, which was used for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the final model's fit. Interview participants were recruited from local programs and services from across Ontario, Canada, while survey participants were recruited from across Canada via social media. The research study was conducted between January 2018 and December 2019. The main outcome measures were validity and reliability scores for a food literacy measurement tool, which consisted of 50 questions across 10 attributes of food literacy. Interview analyses were guided by the four stages of cognitive processing. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify the factors that improved the Cronbach alpha of the food literacy measure. Test-retest reliability was assessed using percent agreement, Cohen Kappa, and weighted Kappa. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to produce an acceptable final model with an RMSEA estimate. The final food literacy measure consisted of 50 questions addressing 10 food literacy attributes. EFA showed an improvement in Cronbach alpha when compared to the initial attribute construction. Test-retest reliability showed percent agreement ranging from 64% to 97%, with most items having fair (0.21-0.40) to moderate (0.41-0.60) Kappa values. CFA produced an acceptable final model with an RMSEA estimate of 0.0437. The food literacy measure is a comprehensive tool for assessing food literacy among young people. Additional research is needed to explore the measure's modularity, its use as an evaluation tool, and its suitability for use with diverse samples, including individuals from varied gender, geographic locations, ethnicities and cultural backgrounds.

The Determination of Factors for ICT Quality Assessment Model

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a crucial asset in business processes and high ICT quality allows for highly efficient business processes. Measuring ICT quality is identified as a crucial step towards ensuring high-quality ICT service. Over the years several ICT assessment models have been developed and each year the factors of measurement are constantly updated. This is due to constant change in technology trends and the user requirements. Thus, any existing factors within models developed previously require review and update if necessary. Therefore, the most relevant factors for ICT assessment model are investigated in this study. Through literature review a set of updated factors are developed and expert review were used to validate the factors. Factors determined in this study are: Software System and Application, Computing Hardware, Network and Communication, Lifelong Learning organizational Governance, Ecosystem Support, Security and Official Recognition. The updated and validated factors shall help future researchers in developing a model to assess ICT compliancy for measuring readiness in providing quality ICT services.

Evaluation of self-stigma in patients with epilepsy: Validation of the self-stigma scale to Spanish (ESSS-S).

The Epilepsy Self-Stigma Scale (ESSS) has been developed in Japan for patients with epilepsy (PWE). We aimed to validate the scale in Spanish and examine its validity and reliability. The transcultural adaptation of the ESSS was conducted using translation and back-translation, along with pilot testing and an expert panel review. An online questionnaire was used to assess construct validity, criterion validity, and internal consistency. A total of 260 out of 628 participants completed the questionnaires. We found a two-factor structure that explained 61.3% of the total variance: factor 1 "self-perceived discrimination" with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.80, and factor 2 "social isolation" with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.75. The reliability of overall ESSS-S 8-item scores was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74). Convergent validity was tested and demonstrated a significant correlation. P. Self-perceived discrimination scores were associated with higher anxiety and depression scores (r = 0.53/0.54; p < 0.001), lower self-esteem (-0.53; p < 0.001), and lower quality of life (r = -0.66; p < 0.001). Social isolation scores were associated with higher anxiety and depression scores (r = 0.41/0.33; p < 0.001), lower self-esteem (-0.34; p < 0.001), and lower quality of life (r = -0.35; p < 0.001). Temporal reliability was also tested, showing a test-retest ICC of 0.87. The mean self-stigma score in the Spanish population was 17.68 ± 5.45 out of 32 points. Invariance across gender and age groups indicated that there are no systematic response biases by gender or age, so stratified scores could be related to other constructs. The Spanish version of ESSS (ESSS-S) is a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of self-stigma in PWE among Spanish speakers. This study aimed to validate the Epilepsy Self-Stigma Scale (ESSS) for Spanish speakers (ESSS-S). We conducted transcultural adaptation of the scale. ESSS-S showed high reliability and strong validity, correlating with higher anxiety and depression, lower self-esteem, and quality of life. ESSS-S is a reliable and valid tool for assessing self-stigma in Spanish-speaking people with epilepsy.

Development, Validation, and Faking-Resistance of an Implicit Measure of Psychopathy in the Workplace

ABSTRACT Researchers have called for faking-resistant measures of psychopathic personality that can be self-administered in high-stakes contexts (e.g. hiring). We developed and validated an implicit measure of psychopathy contextualized in workplace situations. We first detail how the measure is framed, conceptualized, and rooted in psychopathy literature. We then describe the item development process, and Study 1 involves expert review and refining the item list. In Study 2 (N = 396), we examine internal consistency and factor structure for a 22-item version of the measure. In Study 3 (N = 251), we demonstrate test-retest reliability, construct-related validity, and provide initial evidence for criterion-related validity through a two-wave study. Study 4 analyzes the measure using item response theory, based on a sample of 6,746 job seekers, demonstrating effectiveness for measuring high levels of psychopathy. In Study 5 (N = 219) we provide evidence of faking-resistance and criterion-related validity with behavioral (two weeks later) and self-report (one year later) outcomes. Finally, Study 6 provides promising evidence of incremental validity using an organizational sample (N = 615). Overall, scores on this new implicit measure are reliable, with acceptable construct-related, criterion-related, and incremental validity, while also being faking-resistant. Implications for use in workplace settings are discussed.