Experimental Study Of Use Research Articles

Experimental Study of Use of Steel Fiber and Silica-Fume in High Strength Concrete

Steel Fiber is found to be the most suitable for increasing strength of concrete mix. Using Steel Fiber would increase some cost but it gives return many times of its cost as a increasing of Compressive strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength and as well as provide better stability against Earthquake as the need for greater importance as a drawn-out arrangement in the Indian concrete industry. In the present analysis, we have added steel fiber i.e. 0.5 % to 2.0 % of cement content in concrete mix for getting better test results. The focus of this research is to Increase strength of concrete mix in various manner for getting high heights in construction industry. This study examines the effect of using steel fiber with silica fume in High Strength Concrete Mix i.e. M 60. Total 270 concrete specimens were cast in this study. The specimens were prepared for the concrete mix of M 60 grade using w/c ratio 0.32. The effects on different properties of concrete with Steel Fiber added concrete mix were evaluated in this study. The specimens of concrete mixes were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength and carbonation test. Test results of the samples show that the strength of concrete mix increases with the use of Steel Fiber added concrete mix as 0.5 % to 2 % of cement content in M 60 Design Concrete mix. It is also found that carbonation depth for Steel Fiber added concrete mix concrete mix is few more as compared to Normal OPC M60 Design concrete mix. The overall results of this study show that Steel Fiber added concrete performs well in various strength tests with some modification in the mix design.

Oil-in-water emulsification of Athabasca bitumen with pyrrolidine solution

This paper presents an experimental study of use of pyrrolidine solutions to induce the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion of Athabasca bitumen without using synthetic surfactants. Pyrrolidine, an organic alkali, acts not only as an alkali that generates natural surfactants from acidic oil components in bitumen, but also as a cosolvent that improves the fluidity of the o/w emulsions.Experimental results show that the o/w emulsions created by pyrrolidine solutions can result in a large mobility increase of bitumen because of their low viscosity and high bitumen content. O/w emulsions were observed at low pyrrolidine concentrations (below 20 wt% and as low as 0.5 wt%) and low salinities (0 and 1000 ppm). For example, the sample of 0.5 wt% pyrrolidine in 1000-ppm NaCl brine with 7:3 water-oil-ratio showed a single-phase o/w emulsion at all experimental temperatures from 298 K to 373 K. In comparison to the original bitumen, the o/w emulsion was 4–6 orders of magnitude less viscous at 298 K, 2–3 orders of magnitude less viscous at 323 K, and 1–2 orders of magnitude less viscous at 353 K.The affinity of the organic alkali for asphaltic bitumen is important for o/w emulsification at a wide range of temperatures. Pyrrolidine is superior to the other organic alkalis tested, diethylamine and triethylenetetramine, likely because the cyclic structure makes pyrrolidine more compatible with the asphaltic bitumen. The favorable result with pyrrolidine is also confirmed by the Hansen solubility dispersion parameter.

Experimental Study of Use of Ionic Liquids in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Chemical flooding process has shown great potential in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). Unfortunately, chemicals used have some disadvantages such as high cost, high toxicity and high adsorption tendency. In this study, we aim at using Ionic Liquids (ILs) as alternatives for traditional chemicals. Ionic liquids are salts having melting point below 100°C and they found as a liquid at room temperature. Nine Ammonium and Phosphonium based ILs were screened. The screening was based on their solubility in brines of different compositions, thermal stability and ability to reduce the aqueous-oleic phase’s Interfacial Tension (IFT). The screening process flagged Ammoeng 102 as the favored ionic liquid. More investigations of Ammoeng 102 solutions indicated a sharp exponential decrease of IFT values with increasing concentration. On contrary to surfactant solutions, Lower IFT values were obtained with increasing brine salinity indicating the ILs superiority in high salinity reservoirs. Two tertiary flooding experiments were conducted using 500 ppm Ammoeng 102 diluted in 10% and 20% (w/w) brine salinity to investigate its recovery efficiency. Lower salinity secondary brine flooding provided higher recovery. The opposite trend occurred in tertiary ionic solution flooding where recovery is higher for high salinity ionic solution indicating the effectiveness of ILs in recovering oil in high salinity, high temperature environment. In addition, the low cost and low toxicity are more advantages to promote the use of Ionic liquids in future EOR processes.

An experimental study of use of absorbable plate in combination with self-setting α-tricalcium phosphate for orthognathic surgery

The purpose of this study was to histologically and immunohistochemically evaluate bone formation using both self-setting α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP; Biopex) and absorbable plate (Super Fixsorb-MX) in rabbit cranium bone. Twelve adult male Japanese white rabbits (12-16 wk, 2.5-3.0 kg) were used. The surgical defects were made in the nasal bone of a rabbit, and Biopex was implanted in the left side and no material in the right side. Two-hole absorbable plate and 2 screws (Super Fixsorb-MX) were fixed across the defect in each side. The rabbits were killed at 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery, and formalin-fixed specimens were embedded in acrylic resin. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For immunohistochemical analysis, the specimens were treated with bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) antibodies. Finally, these were evaluated microscopically. New bone formation was observed in the region of absorbable plate and nasal membrane after >4 weeks. The area of new bone with Biopex was significantly larger than that of the control side after 1, 4, and 12 weeks (P < .05). The number of BMP-2-stained cells in the experimental side was significantly larger than in the control side after 4 and 12 weeks (P < .05). This study suggests that the use of absorbable plate (Super Fixsorb-MX) in combination with Biopex could be useful and that both of Super Fixsorb-MX and Biopex could provide adequate bone regeneration.