Experimental Neurophysiology Research Articles

The trial of David Ferrier, November 1881: Context, proceedings, and aftermath

ABSTRACT In November 1881, the eminent physiologist and physician David Ferrier was prosecuted under the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876. The prosecution was raised by the Victoria Street Society, formerly known as the Society for the Protection of Animals Liable to Vivisection, through its activist founder, Frances Power Cobbe. This article examines the legislative context prior to Ferrier’s trial, the personalities involved in the prosecution, and its course and outcome. The resultant impact, both personal, on Cobbe and Ferrier, and professional, on experimental neurophysiology, is discussed, in particular the foundation of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by Research (AAMR) and the provision of legal support for medical practitioners subject to litigation.

Electric Epidural Stimulation of the Spinal Cord of the Decerebrated Rat

Decerebrated animals are often used in experimental neurophysiology to study multilevel physiological processes. The model of a decerebrated cat is traditionally used to study locomotion in acute experiments. We wondered if it would be possible to replace it with electrical epidural stimulation of the spinal cord with a decerebrated rat model. On an acute preparation of 16 Wistar rats decerebrated at the precollicular level, the tonic muscles activity, muscles evoked potentials and the possibility of inducing locomotion during electrical epidural stimulation of the spinal cord, were studied. Histological control of the level of decerebration was performed in 10 rats. Quadrupedal walking was induced in five animals, bipedal hindlimb walking – in one animal; the parameters of the evoked locomotion do not depend on the substantia nigra degree of damage. The tonic activity and the amplitude of the sensory component of the evoked potential of the hindlimb muscles (mm. tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis) depend on the rostrocaudal level of decerebration – they are higher when the substantia nigra is damaged. Thus, the model under consideration makes it possible to successfully study muscle tonic activity and evoked muscle potentials; however, the use of this model in the study of controlled locomotion requires additional research.

How studies on curare contributed to the development of neurophysiological research in Brazil

Curare is a poison obtained from different species of plants in South America, which was used in arrows by the natives. Its lethal paralyzing potential and mechanism of action began to be explored in the 19th century. In this article, we highlight the research on this poison and the fruitful exchanges between the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II and the researchers João Baptista de Lacerda, Louis Couty and Alfred Vulpian who contributed to the development of experimental neurophysiology in Brazil. Vulpian found that curare does not affect the nerve itself, but acts between the nerves and the muscle, through a "ligand substance" - this Vulpian's pioneering concept is often wrongly attributed to Claude Bernard. These prestigious scientists contributed to the transnational circulation of knowledge that later yielded in the preparation of curare purified extract used for convulsive therapy and anesthesia.

Inferring Excitatory and Inhibitory Connections in Neuronal Networks.

The comprehension of neuronal network functioning, from most basic mechanisms of signal transmission to complex patterns of memory and decision making, is at the basis of the modern research in experimental and computational neurophysiology. While mechanistic knowledge of neurons and synapses structure increased, the study of functional and effective networks is more complex, involving emergent phenomena, nonlinear responses, collective waves, correlation and causal interactions. Refined data analysis may help in inferring functional/effective interactions and connectivity from neuronal activity. The Transfer Entropy (TE) technique is, among other things, well suited to predict structural interactions between neurons, and to infer both effective and structural connectivity in small- and large-scale networks. To efficiently disentangle the excitatory and inhibitory neural activities, in the article we present a revised version of TE, split in two contributions and characterized by a suited delay time. The method is tested on in silico small neuronal networks, built to simulate the calcium activity as measured via calcium imaging in two-dimensional neuronal cultures. The inhibitory connections are well characterized, still preserving a high accuracy for excitatory connections prediction. The method could be applied to study effective and structural interactions in systems of excitable cells, both in physiological and in pathological conditions.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEROTONINE, HISTAMINE AND THE BRAIN`S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH DEPRESSION AND ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

Introduction. Depression is a persistent mental state of sadness that can affect an individual`s thoughts, behavior, emotion and well-being. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is of great importance both for experimental neurophysiology and for clinical diagnosis. The purpose of our study was to establish if there is a connection between the values of serotonine, histamine and EEG in patients with depression and endocrine pathology based on the collected data. Materials and methods. We included 50 individuals diagnosed with depression from Endocrinology Clinic of Craiova, over a period of 2 years (2018-2020). Serotonine and histamine were measured in blood and urine/24 hours in all the sample. Electroencephalography was performed to this patients. Outcomes. In our study, 27 patients had mild depression, 17 had moderate depression and 6 had a severe disorder Also, the serotonine values were low (normal value 80-400 μg/L) in patients with depression and endocrine pathology. Conclusion. In patients with EEG abnormalities occure significant changes in the values of serotonine and histamine (increased urinary histamine and decreased serotonine levels).

Hrayr Terzian (1925-1988): a life between experimental neurophysiology and clinical neurology.

This article provides a biographic and scientific profile of prof. Hrayr Terzian (Addis Abeba 1925-Verona 1988). In 1966, Terzian was appointed professor of the clinic of nervous and mental diseases in Cagliari, and in 1970 moved to Verona, where until his death he led the Neurology Clinic serving as the first rector of the local university. As a close friend of the psychiatrist Franco Basaglia (1924-1980), Terzian contributed to the reform of the Italian mental health system. His interests and scientific contributions were extremely broad. He was the first to describe the electroencephalographic changes induced by the antipsychotic chlorpromazine and, together with Henri Gastaut (1915-1995) and his wife Yvette, to describe the rolandic arched ("mu") rhythm. He contributed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of the cerebellum on the antigravity postural tone and provided the first description of Klüver-Bucy syndrome in humans. Always attentive to the social and political aspects of medical practice, prof. Terzian achieved outstanding results both in experimental neurophysiology and in clinical neurology. Besides offering a tribute to Hrayr Terzian, this article provides a brief historical overview of the different clinical pictures caused by bilateral temporal lesions: from the first animal observations by Sanger Brown (1852-1928) and sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schäfer (1850-1935), later confirmed and expanded upon by Heinrich Klüver (1897-1979) and Paul C. Bucy (1904-1992), to the first cases of bitemporal lesions in humans, including that of the famous patient H.M. (Henry Gustav Molaison, 1926-2008).

An HFAC block-capable and module-extendable 4-channel stimulator for acute neurophysiology

Objective. This paper describes the design, testing and use of a novel multichannel block-capable stimulator for acute neurophysiology experiments to study highly selective neural interfacing techniques. This paper demonstrates the stimulator’s ability to excite and inhibit nerve activity in the rat sciatic nerve model concurrently using monophasic and biphasic nerve stimulation as well as high-frequency alternating current (HFAC). Approach. The proposed stimulator uses a Howland Current Pump circuit as the main analogue stimulator element. 4 current output channels with a common return path were implemented on printed circuit board using Commercial Off-The-Shelf components. Programmable operation is carried out by an ARM Cortex-M4 Microcontroller on the Freescale freedom development platform (K64F). Main results. This stimulator design achieves ± 10 mA of output current with ± 15 V of compliance and less than 6 µA of resolution using a quad-channel 12-bit external DAC, for four independently driven channels. This allows the stimulator to carry out both excitatory and inhibitory (HFAC block) stimulation. DC Output impedance is above 1 M Ω. Overall cost for materials i.e. PCB boards and electronic components is less than USD 450 or GBP 350 and device size is approximately 9 cm × 6 cm × 5 cm. Significance. Experimental neurophysiology often requires significant investment in bulky equipment for specific stimulation requirements, especially when using HFAC block. Different stimulators have limited means of communicating with each other, making protocols more complicated. This device provides an effective solution for multi-channel stimulation and block of nerves, enabling studies on selective neural interfacing in acute scenarios with an affordable, portable and space-saving design for the laboratory. The stimulator can be further upgraded with additional modules to extend functionality while maintaining straightforward programming and integration of functions with one controller. Additionally, all source files including all code and PCB design files are freely available to the community to use and further develop.

Структуроспецифичные изменения содержания моноаминов в мозге при остром стрессе, вызванном однократным введением физиологического раствора

Intraperitoneal (ip) administration is widely used in the experimental neurophysiology to systemically deliver the pharmacologically active substances. However, this technique involves a short-term immobilization of an animal and is accompanied by pain, therefore, it may be stressful. Here, we evaluate the neurochemical and hormonal changes that accompany the ip saline injection in rodents. We show that the acute ip saline injection leads to the increase in the corticosterone secretion in C57Bl/6N mice, which confirms the stressfulness of the procedure. Acute ip saline injection in in C57Bl/6N mice resulted in the increased dopamine turnover in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and caudate putamen, as well as the decreased norepinephrine content in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. In Wistar rats the ip saline injection was followed by the increase in the ratio between the total dopamine metabolite content and in the total dopamine content. The observed increase of the dopaminergic system activity after an acute i.p. saline injection may affect the cognitive functions and the performance of the reward system in rodents. The experimental studies using ip drug administration and aiming at exploration of learning, memory, attention, and reinforcement, should take into account possible changes in monoaminergic transmission in the cortex and nucleus accumbens.

Neurophysiological maturation in adolescence - vulnerability and counteracting addiction to alcohol.

The results of contemporary studies confirm the formation of two neural networks in the brain during the period of adolescence. The first is defined as emotional, located in the limbic system, develops earlier, quicker, and more intensively than the second one in the prefrontal cortex, called the judgement network, which fulfils the role of control and inhibition of emotional reactions. The domination of the emotional network in adolescence is manifested by hyperactivity of the limbic system, accompanied by intensified undertaking of courageous, reckless, risky, or even sometimes dangerous actions, so very characteristic in the maturation. The aim of the article is to present the state of the art in the field of latest achievements in experimental neurophysiology related to the maturation of the structural end functional processes in adolescents, and to alcohol vulnerability. Alcohol effect initiation starts in early adolescence, and therefore is connected with alcohol abuse and addiction in adulthood, which confirms the necessity for provision of an early prophylactic protection for juveniles, even before entering the phase of early adolescence. Some electrophysiological characteristics, such as low P3 amplitude of the Event-Related Potential (ERP) and Event-Related Oscillations (EROs), are manifested by their high risk offspring, and are considered to be biological markers (endophenotypes) of a predisposition to develop alcohol use disorders. Electroencephalographic oscillations induced within the range of the theta and delta waves (Event-Related Oscillation- ERO), considered as endophenotypes and markers of increased vulnerability for addiction, present three groups of genes and three types of neurotransmitters, with gamma aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine and glutamate as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. A new research approach consisting in the application of electroencephalographic methods and techniques in developmental and genetic studies of the conditioning of varied vulnerability, and especially increased preferences for alcohol tasting and abuse in adolescence, provide unique possibilities for comprehensive and deepened studies which may contribute to the prevention of alcohol addiction, the genesis of which, to a great extent, is related with the effect of causative environmental and genetic factors during adolescent development.

Developmental coordination disorder in children - experimental work and data annotation.

BackgroundDevelopmental coordination disorder (DCD) is described as a motor skill disorder characterized by a marked impairment in the development of motor coordination abilities that significantly interferes with performance of daily activities and/or academic achievement. Since some electrophysiological studies suggest differences between children with/without motor development problems, we prepared an experimental protocol and performed electrophysiological experiments with the aim of making a step toward a possible diagnosis of this disorder using the event-related potentials (ERP) technique. The second aim is to properly annotate the obtained raw data with relevant metadata and promote their long-term sustainability. Results The data from 32 school children (16 with possible DCD and 16 in the control group) were collected. Each dataset contains raw electroencephalography (EEG) data in the BrainVision format and provides sufficient metadata (such as age, gender, results of the motor test, and hearing thresholds) to allow other researchers to perform analysis. For each experiment, the percentage of ERP trials damaged by blinking artifacts was estimated. Furthermore, ERP trials were averaged across different participants and conditions, and the resulting plots are included in the manuscript. This should help researchers to estimate the usability of individual datasets for analysis. Conclusions The aim of the whole project is to find out if it is possible to make any conclusions about DCD from EEG data obtained. For the purpose of further analysis, the data were collected and annotated respecting the current outcomes of the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility Program on Standards for Data Sharing, the Task Force on Electrophysiology, and the group developing the Ontology for Experimental Neurophysiology. The data with metadata are stored in the EEG/ERP Portal.

The right tool and the right place for the job: the importance of the field in experimental neurophysiology, 1880-1945.

This paper seeks to contribute to understandings of practice and place in the history of early American neurophysiology by exploring research with jellyfish at marine stations. Jellyfish became a particularly important research tool to experimental physiologists studying neurological subjects at the turn of the twentieth century. But their enthusiasm for the potential of this organism was constrained by its delicacy in captivity. The discovery of hardier species made experimentation at the shore possible and resulted in two epicenters of neurophysiological research on the American East Coast: the Marine Biological Laboratory and the Carnegie Institution's Dry Tortugas Laboratory. Work done in these locations had impacts on a wide range of physiological questions. These centers were short lived-researchers at the MBL eventually focused on the squid giant axon and the Tortugas lab closed after the death of Mayer-but the development of basic requirements and best practices to sustain these organisms paints an important picture of early experimental neurophysiology. Marine organisms and locations have played an integral role in the development of experimental life sciences in America. By understanding the earliest experimental research done at these locations, and the organisms that lured researchers from the campus to the coastline, we can begin to integrate marine stations into the larger historical narrative of American physiology.

Assessing a novel polymer-wick based electrode for EEG neurophysiological research

BackgroundThe EEG technique has decades of valid applications in clinical and experimental neurophysiology. EEG equipment and data analysis methods have been characterized by remarkable developments, but the skin-to-electrode signal transfer remains a challenge for EEG recording. New methodA novel quasi-dry system – the polymer wick-based electrode – was developed to overcome the limitations of conventional dry and wet silver/silver-chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes for EEG recording. ResultsNine participants completed an auditory oddball protocol with simultaneous EEG acquisition using both the conventional Ag/AgCl and the wick electrodes. Wick system successfully recorded the expected P300 modulation. Comparison with existing method(s)Standard ERP analysis, residual random noise analysis, and single-trial analysis of the P300 wave were performed in order to compare signal acquired by both electrodes. It was found that the novel wick electrode performed similarly to the conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes. ConclusionsThe developed wick electrode appears to be a reliable alternative for EEG research, representing a promising halfway alternative between wet and dry electrodes.

The CARMEN (Code Analysis Repository and Modelling for E-Neuroscience) project for collaborative sharing of data and analysis tools in electrophysiology: reviewing an early co-laboratory.

The CARMEN (Code Analysis Repository and Modelling for E-Neuroscience) project for collaborative sharing of data and analysis tools in electrophysiology: reviewing an early co-laboratory.

51. Initiatives and projects for collaboration in neuroinformatics

Sharing of electrophysiology data, related metadata, processing methods and workflows is one of the crucial tasks in neuroinformatics. International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) develops and maintains computational infrastructure for neuroscientists and INCF Programs address infrastructural issues of high importance to the neuroscience community. The INCF program “Standard for data sharing – Electrophysiology Task Force” deals with collection of requirements for developing the data format that could be accepted and widely shared within the community. To enable collaboration through the sharing of neuroscience data, INCF also introduced the INCF Dataspace that associates data sources in a distributed system based on iRods solution. The Czech National Node for Neuroinformatics (CNNN) is currently focused on two main topics. The first one deals with higher reliability of interactions of human subjects, artificial systems and their alliances. Theoretical knowledge is applied in transportation area; relations between the components of the EEG alpha rhythm and attention levels of relevant subjects are investigated. The Node also continues in building of complex hardware and software infrastructure for research in electrophysiology. A catalog server connected to INCF Dataspace and a node server for EEG/ERP domain (a subnode of the catalog server) were established. The Node members also work in an international group developing the Ontology for describing Experimental Neurophysiology (OEN). The EEG/ERP Portal (EEGBase) is a web-based system that enables researchers to store, manage, share, and process data and metadata from EEG/ERP experiments ( EEG/ERP Portal (EEGBase), 2014 ). The portal also enables users to work in research groups, define metadata, and run methods for discrete signal processing. Users may have different roles in the system and the related level of authority. The EEG/ERP Portal was registered as a neuroscience resource within the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF); direct access to the services implemented in the EEG/ERP Portal is ensured through the NIF interface. Off-line and mobile versions of the portal are also available. A programmable hardware stimulator that allows users to create various experiments and use the combined stimulation (acoustic and visual) was designed and developed. The stimulator is portable and can be connected to conventional equipment. Acknowledgments The work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Project “NTIS - New Technologies for Information Society”, European Centre of Excellence, CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0090.

Data Management and License Policy in EEGBase

Data Management and License Policy in EEGBase

Corrigendum: Software and hardware infrastructure for research in electrophysiology

This article adds Yann Le Franc as a co-author of the technology report article “Software and Hardware Infrastructure for Research in Electrophysiology,” describes his individual contribution to the article, and presents changes in two paragraphs in Section 2.4, where an additional reference is also provided. Moreover, the members from the OEN group who work and cooperate on building OEN are personally acknowledged. Co-author: Yann Le Franc Affiliation: e-Science Data Factory S.A.S.U., Paris, France; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium Authors' Contributions Yann Le Franc contributed to the Figures 3,4 and 8 and to the work on the Ontology for describing Experimental Neurophysiology (OEN). Section 2.4 Old version: The group follows the best practices for creating ontologies, for example, it cooperates with community of researchers who design and create ontologies, uses existing data formats and repositories (odML, HDF5), and reuses existing resources (terms, ontologies—NEMO, OBI). For the general description of experimental neurophysiology, the terms from ontologies NEMO and OBI are relevant. However, the set of the domain terms is still not complete in these ontologies (information stored in the EEG/ERP Portal cannot be fully described by these ontologies) and OEN will be finally an extension of OBI (e.g., the granularity of OBI for devices and related information will be extended). New version: The group follows the best practices for creating ontologies, for example, it cooperates with community of researchers who design and create ontologies, uses existing data formats and repositories (odML, HDF5), and reuses existing resources (terms, ontologies—NEMO, OBI). For the general description of experimental neurophysiology, the terms from ontologies NEMO and OBI are relevant. However, the set of the domain terms needed to describe the information stored in the EEG/ERP Portal is not yet complete in these ontologies. OEN aims at defining these missing terms and at term, should be used to propose an extension of OBI's neurophysiology model (e.g., the granularity of OBI for devices and related information will be extended). Old version: Terminologies within OEN have been primarily developed in the odML format. Subsequently, an OWL file has been constructed aided by Ontofox (Xiang et al., 2010). The current developer's version of OEN is available at https://github.com/G-Node/OEN. New version: The OEN device branch development is based on the odML terminology (Grewe et al., 2011), concepts gathered by the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF) and concepts used in the EEGBase data model to describe setups and setup configurations. The gathered terms are currently mapped with the aforementioned ontologies. Subsequently, an OWL file has been constructed to contain OEN terms and the mapped terms. Existing terms in other ontologies will be imported using the MIREOT approach (Courtot et al., 2011), aided by Ontofox (Xiang et al., 2010). The current developer's version of OEN is available at https://github.com/G-Node/OEN.

Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage in the Statocyst of the Longfin Inshore Squid, Doryteuthis pealeii

Squid are a significant component of the marine biomass and are a long-established model organism in experimental neurophysiology. The squid statocyst senses linear and angular acceleration and is the best candidate for mediating squid auditory responses, but its physiology and morphology are rarely studied. The statocyst contains mechano-sensitive hair cells that resemble hair cells in the vestibular and auditory systems of other animals. We examined whether squid statocyst hair cells are sensitive to aminoglycosides, a group of antibiotics that are ototoxic in fish, birds, and mammals. To assess aminoglycoside-induced damage, we used immunofluorescent methods to image the major cell types in the statocyst of longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii). Statocysts of live, anesthetized squid were injected with either a buffered saline solution or neomycin at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 3.0 mmol l(-1). The statocyst hair cells of the macula statica princeps were examined 5 h post-treatment. Anti-acetylated tubulin staining showed no morphological differences between the hair cells of saline-injected and non-injected statocysts. The hair cell bundles of the macula statica princeps in aminoglycoside-injected statocysts were either missing or damaged, with the amount of damage being dose-dependent. The proportion of missing hair cells did not increase at the same rate as damaged cells, suggesting that neomycin treatment affects hair cells in a nonlethal manner. These experiments provide a reliable method for imaging squid hair cells. Further, aminoglycosides can be used to induce hair cell damage in a primary sensory area of the statocyst of squid. Such results support further studies on loss of hearing and balance in squid.

ACQ4: an open-source software platform for data acquisition and analysis in neurophysiology research

The complexity of modern neurophysiology experiments requires specialized software to coordinate multiple acquisition devices and analyze the collected data. We have developed ACQ4, an open-source software platform for performing data acquisition and analysis in experimental neurophysiology. This software integrates the tasks of acquiring, managing, and analyzing experimental data. ACQ4 has been used primarily for standard patch-clamp electrophysiology, laser scanning photostimulation, multiphoton microscopy, intrinsic imaging, and calcium imaging. The system is highly modular, which facilitates the addition of new devices and functionality. The modules included with ACQ4 provide for rapid construction of acquisition protocols, live video display, and customizable analysis tools. Position-aware data collection allows automated construction of image mosaics and registration of images with 3-dimensional anatomical atlases. ACQ4 uses free and open-source tools including Python, NumPy/SciPy for numerical computation, PyQt for the user interface, and PyQtGraph for scientific graphics. Supported hardware includes cameras, patch clamp amplifiers, scanning mirrors, lasers, shutters, Pockels cells, motorized stages, and more. ACQ4 is available for download at http://www.acq4.org.

Early intervention for cognitive decline

Event Abstract Back to Event Early intervention for cognitive decline Eline Dekens1, 2, 3*, Marijke Miatton1, 2, 3, Anne Sieben2, Patrick Santens1, 2 and Paul Boon1, 2, 3 1 Ghent University, Belgium 2 University Hospital Ghent, Belgium 3 Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Belgium Patients with MCI have a high risk for developing dementia. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors aimed at enhancing cognitive functions have a statistically significant effect, but their effect size is limited to modest and transient improvements. This finding oblige health systems to find new ways of intervening in early stages. In this pilot study, 3 aMCI patients received an 8 week cognitive training intervention (CT), based on internal and external memory strategies. All subjects improved on free recall and subjective memory performance. These results support the hypothesis that CT can enhance memory performance and should be further investigated as an early intervention method. Acknowledgements This project is part of the joint U4 research program ‘Ageing Brain’ Keywords: Neurodegenerative Diseases, MCI, Cognitive Therapy, neurodegeneration, episodic memory Conference: Belgian Brain Council 2014 MODULATING THE BRAIN: FACTS, FICTION, FUTURE, Ghent, Belgium, 4 Oct - 4 Oct, 2014. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Clinical Neuroscience Citation: Dekens E, Miatton M, Sieben A, Santens P and Boon P (2014). Early intervention for cognitive decline. Conference Abstract: Belgian Brain Council 2014 MODULATING THE BRAIN: FACTS, FICTION, FUTURE. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnhum.2014.214.00011 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 16 Jun 2014; Published Online: 25 Jun 2014. * Correspondence: Miss. Eline Dekens, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Eline.Dekens@ugent.be Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Eline Dekens Marijke Miatton Anne Sieben Patrick Santens Paul Boon Google Eline Dekens Marijke Miatton Anne Sieben Patrick Santens Paul Boon Google Scholar Eline Dekens Marijke Miatton Anne Sieben Patrick Santens Paul Boon PubMed Eline Dekens Marijke Miatton Anne Sieben Patrick Santens Paul Boon Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Characterization of the synaptic mechanisms underlying seizure onset with Dynamic Causal Modelling

Characterization of the synaptic mechanisms underlying seizure onset with Dynamic Causal Modelling