Experimental Myasthenia Gravis Model Research Articles

Use of Toll-Like Receptor Agonists to Induce Ectopic Lymphoid Structures in Myasthenia Gravis Mouse Models.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by autoantibodies against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. MG symptoms are characterized by muscle weaknesses. The thymus of MG patients is very often abnormal and possesses all the characteristics of tertiary lymphoid organs such as neoangiogenesis processes, overexpression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and infiltration of B lymphocytes leading to ectopic germinal center (GC) development. We previously demonstrated that injections of mice with polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)], a synthetic double-stranded RNA mimicking viral infection, induce thymic changes and trigger MG symptoms. Upon Poly(I:C) injections, we observed increased thymic expressions of α-AChR, interferon-β and chemokines such as CXCL13 and CCL21 leading to B-cell recruitment. However, these changes were only transient. In order to develop an experimental MG model associated with thymic GCs, we used Poly(I:C) in the classical experimental autoimmune MG model induced by immunizations with purified AChR emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant. We observed that Poly(I:C) strongly favored the development of MG as almost all mice displayed MG symptoms. Nevertheless, we did not observe any ectopic GC development. We next challenged mice with Poly(I:C) together with other toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists known to be involved in GC development and that are overexpressed in MG thymuses. Imiquimod and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides that activate TLR7 and TLR9, respectively, did not induce thymic changes. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide that activates TLR4 potentiated Poly(I:C) effects and induced a significant expression of CXCL13 mRNA in the thymus associated with a higher recruitment of B cells that induced over time thymic B-lymphoid structures. Altogether, these data suggest that tertiary lymphoid genesis in MG thymus could result from a combined activation of TLR signaling pathways.

T cell receptor transgenic mice recognizing the immunodominant epitope of the Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by T cell-dependent antibody-mediated reduction of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the neuromuscular junction. Immunization of animals with Torpedo californica AChR (TAChR) results in an experimental model of MG. We used the variable regions of alpha and beta T cell receptor (TCR) genes recognizing an immunodominant peptide containing amino acids 146-162 from the alpha subunit of TAChR presented in the context of I-A(b) to generate TCR-transgenic mice. We found that the transgenic TCR was strongly positively selected and that transgenic T cells proliferated robustly to the immunodominant peptide and TAChR. Unexpectedly, there was a variable paucity of B cells in the blood and spleen from transgenic mice, which averaged about 16% of peripheral blood lymphocytes, compared to 55% in wild-type B6 mice. Unselected transgenic mice immunized with TAChR exhibited weak anti-TAChR antibody responses. However, transgenic mice selected to have relatively higher B cell numbers produced anti-TAChR titers equal to B6 mice and a predominance of Th1-induced antibody isotypes were observed in certain experiments. The incidence and severity of clinical disease was variable following immunizations. These mice should be useful for studying the pathogenesis and treatment of MG.

Increased levels of circulating acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-reactive IL-10-secreting cells are characteristic for myasthenia gravis (MG).

Antibodies to the nicotinic AChR are pivotal in the immunopathogenesis of MG. Cytokines produced by T-helper cells are important regulators of humoral immune responses. IL-10 is considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, but it promotes B cell activation and worsens experimental autoimmune MG in Lewis rats, an experimental model of MG. To study IL-10 and, as a control, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in MG, we used an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, thereby assessing numbers of blood mononuclear cells (MNC) secreting IL-10 and IFN-gamma spontaneously and after stimulation with AChR. Low numbers of IL-10-secreting cells were regularly found in peripheral blood from patients with MG as well as in controls with other neurological diseases and healthy subjects. However, only MG patients had elevated blood levels of AChR-reactive IL-10- and IFN-gamma-secreting cells. The MG patients showed no responses to the control autoantigen myelin basic protein, underlining the specificity of the IL-10 and IFN-gamma responses. Immunosuppressive treatment reduced numbers of AChR-reactive IFN-gamma-secreting cells but increased the numbers of IL-10-secreting cells. The numbers of IL-10-secreting cells tended to be higher in patients with generalized versus ocular MG, further suggesting that the augmented IL-10 responses may be important in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of MG.

Targeting antigen-specific T cells by genetically engineered antigen presenting cells: A strategy for specific immunotherapy of autoimmune disease

We describe a strategy for specific immunotherapy of autoimmune disease based on targeting the antigen-specific T cells in an experimental model of myasthenia gravis. To address the problem of heterogeneity of the T cell repertoire, we have genetically engineered antigen presenting cells (APCs) to process and present epitopes of the autoantigen, acetylcholine receptor (AChR), to the entire spectrum of AChR-specific syngeneic T cells. APCs derived from BALB/c mice were stably transfected with cDNA for the key immunogenic domain of the AChR α-subunit, flanked by sequences of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP) that direct APCs to process and present the antigen via the MHC Class II pathway. Transfected APCs strongly stimulated AChR-specific T cells from BALB/c mice. Fas ligand, or antibody to Fas, abrogated the T cell response, by inducing apoptosis of the APC-stimulated T cells. The new results of this investigation are (1) that autoreactive T cells can be effectively targeted by autologous APCs that are engineered to present the relevant autoantigen, and (2) that these specifically targeted and activated T cells can be profoundly inhibited by agents that trigger the Fas-mediated apoptosis pathway. The present findings suggest that engineering APCs for simultaneous presentation of the autoantigen and delivery of FasL will provide a powerful strategy for the elimination of autoreactive T cells.

Immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis: selective effects of CTLA4Ig and synergistic combination with an IL2-Diphtheria toxin fusion protein

We examined the effects of CTLA4Ig treatment in an experimental model of myasthenia gravis (EAMG) induced by immunizing Lewis rats with purified Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR). During a primary response, CTLA4Ig treatment inhibited AChR antibody production profoundly, and induced a shift of AChR antibody isotypes from the normally predominant IgG2 isotype pattern toward an IgG1 response. Challenge of rats previously treated with CTLA4Ig produced markedly lower AChR antibody responses compared to untreated controls, persistent inhibition of the IgG2b isotype, and no development of EAMG. Treatment of a secondary AChR response with CTLA4Ig or with DAB 389IL2 (which kills lymphocytes expressing IL2 receptors) inhibited AChR antibody responses, and clinical EAMG moderately. In contrast, combined treatment with CTLA4Ig plus DAB 389IL2 strikingly inhibited AChR antibody levels, and completely prevented EAMG. Our results suggest that the therapeutic benefit of CTLA4Ig may be due to overall inhibition of AChR antibody production as well as a shift in the antibody isotype repertoire.

In vivo preferential usage of TCR V/gb8 in Torpedo acetylcholine receptor immune response in the murine experimental model of myasthenia gravis

The aim of our study was to determine the T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ gene usage involved in the T cell response to Torpedo AChR in C57BL/6 mice. The specific proliferation towards AChR was found to be blocked by anti-Vβ8.1,2,3 and to a lesser extent by anti-Vβ5 mAbs, but not by the other antibodies used (anti-Vβ2, Vβ6, Vβ9). In addition, a significant expansion of CD4 +Vβ8 + cells was observed when lymph node cells from these primed mice were stimulated in vitro with purified AChR. Involvement of Vβ8 subfamilies was also explored in vivo. After 7 days of treatment, there was a striking inhibition of the proliferative response of cells from anti-Vβ8.1,2,3-treated mice and a moderate inhibition when using anti-Vβ.1,2 and anti-Vβ8.2 antibodies. Thus our in vitro and in vivo analysis indicate that in C57B1/6 mice, T cell response to AChR is restricted to few Vβ TCR, mostly belonging to the V;38 sub-families.

An immunodominant site of acetylcholine receptor in experimental myasthenia mapped with T lymphocyte clones and synthetic peptides

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of man caused by antibodies directed against the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). In the experimental model of MG in mice, murine experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an anti-AChR immune response is induced by immunization with Torpedo AChR, and anti-AChR antibodies. AChR-sensitized T cells, and neuromuscular dysfunction result. The production of antibodies to AChR is thymus-dependent. In order to define the epitopes of the AChR identified by AChR-specific T cells, we generated T cell populations and T cell hybridoma clones and tested their reactivity to synthetic uniform-sized overlapping peptides representing the entire extracellular portion of the alpha-chain of the AChR. The predominant reactivity of the T cell clones and the parent lines was to a peptide corresponding to residues 146-162 of Torpedo AChR. This data is consistent with a highly limited recognition of AChR determinants in murine EAMG by AChR-specific T cells.

Critical reexamination of the thymus immunization model of myasthenia gravis.

Previous studies have described an experimental model of myasthenia gravis (MG) produced by immunizing animals with thymus extracts. In view of the hypothesis that the autoimmune process in MG may be initiated within the thymus itself, we have reexamined this model using presently available methods to evaluate its resemblance to MG. We immunized Lewis rats with extracts of rat thymus in Freund's adjuvant, as originally described by G. Goldstein. Five procedures were used to test for myasthenic characteristics: (1) repetitive nerve stimulation; (2) recording of miniature endplate potentials; (3) assays of anti-ACh receptor antibodies in serum; (4) determination of ACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions by [125I] alpha-bungarotoxin binding; and (5) evaluation of the histology of the thymus gland. Our results showed that the thymus-immunized animals did not demonstrate abnormalities in any of these parameters. We conclude that immunization of rats with thymus extracts, as described, failed to produce a myasthenia-like condition.

Tolerance to curarizing agent induced by chronic administration of the drug

Baseados em teoria discutível segundo a qual a miastenia grave é provocada pela presença no sangue de substância curarizante liberada pelo timo, tentou-se reproduzir um modelo experimental. Foram utilizados 40 ratos, criados nas mesmas condições, nascidos no mesmo dia, pesando ao redor de 350 g e divididos em 4 grupos: o Grupo I não foi manuseado; no Grupo II foi injetada solução fisiológica, 1 ml i.p. durante 6 semanas; no Grupo III foi injetada a dimetil tubocurarina (DMT) 2,8 mcg/kg i.p., durante o mesmo tempo; no Grupo IV 14 mcg/kg da mesma droga foram injetados i.p. Uma semana após a última injeção i.p. os ratos, anestesiados, foram preparados para registro neuromuscular. O nervo ciático foi estimulado nas freqüências de 0,33 pulsos/seg, 70 pulsos/seg (séries de 10 pulsos a intervalos de 3 seg), 70 pulsos/seg (mantidos por 15 seg) e novamente 0,33 pulsos/seg logo após a tetanização. A dose curarizante de DMT foi determinada por uma "terceira parte cega" quando 80% do bloqueio era alcançado. Quando apenas 10 estímulos em alta freqüência foram aplicados ao nervo, foi observada diferença significativa (p<0.05) na resposta: Grupo I, 46,50 ± 20,00 g+; Grupo II, 55,25 ± 11,33 g+; Grupo III, 37,25 ± 10,77 g+; Grupo IV 37,00 ± 12,74 g+. Diferenças significantes de força muscular foram também observadas após a tetanização mantida: Grupo I, 79,00 ± 16,21 g+; Grupo II, 76,75 ± 15,23 g+; Grupo III, 59,12 ± 17,38 g+; Grupo IV, 61,62 ± 14,74 g. Doses significamente mais altas de curare i.v. foram necessárias no grupo injetado diariamente com a maior dose de curare do que em qualquer dos outros grupos (p < 0,01): Grupo I, 3,62 ± 1,17 mcg/kg; Grupo II, 3,69 ± 1,21 mcg/kg; Grupo III, 4,01 ± 0,80 mcg/kg; Grupo IV, 5,48 ± 1,40 mcg/kg. Tais resultados mostram que a administração crônica do curare leva ao enfraquecimento físico e hiposensibilidade à droga. Isto sugere que embora a existência de substância curarizante no sangue humano possa realmente contribuir para a fraqueza muscular do paciente miastênico, o curare sangüíneo não tem importância fundamental na patogênese da síndrome, pois o miastênico é altamente sensível à injeção de qualquer substância curarizante.