Experimental Goats Research Articles

Interferon gamma kinetics associated with immunodiagnostic techniques in experimental goats infected with biofilm producer and non-biofilm producer strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Caseous lymphadenitis can be diagnosed using serological tests, mainly the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this work, we evaluated interferon-gamma production in goats infected and not infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, correlating it with the ELISA diagnostic test and analyzing the cellular and humoral responses, respectively. Eighteen Canindé goats experimentally infected with biofilm-producing and non-biofilm-producing strains were used. The sensitivity of the antigens was above 80%, with seroconversion observed from 14 days post-infection. A significant band between 64 and 70 kDa was shown in Western blotting. The production of IFN-y shows a tendency towards greater production in goats infected with the biofilm-producing strain stimulated by the TPP antigen of the same strain. The results help better understand the cellular and humoral response and antigenicity of the strains under study, correlated with the production of IFN-y, which plays a vital role in infection.

Efficacy of Commonly Used Anthelmintics Against Naturally Occurring Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Goats

Efficacy of four commonly used anthelmintics have been evaluated against naturally occurring gastrointestinal nematodes in goats following the method of faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in the present study. Fifty goats in the age group of 1 to 2 years old and of either sex, having infection with strongyle group of nematodes were selected in the sheep and goat farm under project ‘Biotech Kisan Hub”, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery sciences and the goats were equally divided into five groups; group I (infected control), group II (albendazole treated), group III (fenbendazole treated), group IV (ivermectin treated) and group V (levamisole treated). Faecal egg count (FEC) in terms of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) were estimated in all the experimental goats (n = 50) on 0-day post treatment (0 DPT) and again on 10 DPT. Efficacy of albendazole, fenbendazole, ivermectin and levamisole were 78.15%, 80.24%, 86.38% and 95.46%, respectively. Comparatively less efficacy of albendazole and fenbendazole indicated the emergence of anthelmintic resistance and lower efficacy of ivermectin might be due selection of resistant worms. Efficacy of levamisole was comparatively higher and it can be used strategically to control GI helminth parasites of goats in that farm.

Клинико-диагностические проявления ложной беременности у коз

The purpose of research is to study the clinical and diagnostic manifestations of false pregnancy in goats. The object of the study is replacement goats of breeding age (n = 6) and lactating goats (n = 37) of the Saanen breed, which were diagnosed with pseudopregnancy during a screening ultrasound examination for pregnancy and infertility. It has been established that anaphrodisia and hydrometra are obligatory symptoms of false gestation. Due to the accumulation of a significant amount of serous transudate in the uterine cavity, a pronounced bilateral symmetrical increase in abdominal volume was recorded in almost every third patient. Hydrometra was effectively recognized using ultrasound. During transabdominal scanning of pseudouterine goats, an accumulation of echo-negative fluid was visualized in the uterine cavity in the absence of the fetus (fetuses) and placentas. In the majority of sick goats (35 heads, or 81.4 %), the diagnosis was made on the hydrometer during the first ultrasound. Only 8, or 16.6 %, of the experimental goats required additional ultrasound to diagnose the hydrometer and differentiate it from a physiologically developing pregnancy. When analyzing the results of a study of the concentration of serum progesterone in pseudofetal goats, another characteristic feature of the pathology was revealed – moderate progesteronemia. It is interesting to note that the average progesterone values in pseudofetal goats were 3.5 times lower (P ≤ 0.01) than in clinically healthy goats with a gestation period of 50–90 days (4.50 ± 1.52 vs. 15.81 ± 1.32 ng/ml). Hematological and biochemical blood parameters in pseudopregnant goats did not have significant deviations from the norm and were comparable to those in clinically healthy goats with a physiologically developing pregnancy. Transabdominal visual echography is an informative method for diagnosing and differentially diagnosing false gestation from a physiologically developing pregnancy, which allows one-time (in 81.40 % of cases) or two-time examination of goats using the character¬ristic echo symptoms of hydrometers to make an accurate diagnosis of pseudo-pregnancy.

Development and validation of an indirect ELISA for the serodiagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) is a dreadful pathogen of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). Mccp local strains have recently been isolated from naturally infected goats in northern areas of Pakistan. In this study, we established an in-house indirect ELISA (iELISA) based on whole-cell proteins (WCP) of local Mccp strains for the detection of anti-Mccp antibodies. Serum samples from naturally (n=500) and experimentally infected (n=20) and non-infected animals (n=100) were used for the establishment of iELISA. The specificity and sensitivity of the iELISA were determined using a commercially available competitive ELISA (cELISA) kit as a reference standard. The cut-off value (OD450) was found 0.53 by ROC analysis. As indicated by a kappa value of 0.88 and 96.66% agreement, both assays showed perfect agreement. An iELISA based on WCP of local Mccp detected seroconversion in experimental goats 7 days post-infection (dpi). The iELISA revealed a sensitivity of 90.83% (95% CI: 83.77%, 95.55%) and a specificity of 92.31% (95% CI: 84.79%, 96.85%) and has no cross-reaction with related mycoplasma epidemic diseases. For both inter-assay and intra-assay precision, the iELISA percentage coefficient of variation (%CV) was 4.8% and 1.74%, respectively. In conclusion, this in-house iELISA based on local Mccp-WCP was determined as a sensitive and specific assay for the diagnosis of Mccp infection.

Rectal temperature and body surface temperature rhythm in Red Sokoto goats infected with <i>Trypanosoma evansi</i> during the rainy season

There are limited studies on circadian rhythmicity in farm animals affected by protozoan diseases. The rectal temperature (RT) and body surface temperature (BST) rhythmic patterns in experimental Trypanosoma evansi-infected Red Sokoto goats (T. evansiinfected RSG) July – September were evaluated. Five goats were assigned to each experimental group, with group I as the negative control (CRSG), while animals in group II were individually infected with about 2.0x106 /2ml T. evansi-inoculum. Temperature reaction patterns were monitored by digital clinical and infrared thermometry. The RT and BST of goats, the ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH) inside the pen were measured at 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 hours (GMT+1) three times a week for 12 weeks. The AT had maximum, minimum and mean values of 27.0°C, 24.2°C and 25.6±0.26°C, respectively, while RH had maximum, minimum and mean values of 94.5%, 53.6% and 80.5±11.5%, respectively. Results obtained, via the application of a single Cosinor procedure showed that the RT and BST exhibited daily rhythmicity in both groups with the pattern distorted in T. evansi-infected RSG which showed an ascent from the 5th to the 10th week. The rhythmic characteristic of RT of the T. evansi-infected RSG showed that the mesor and amplitude were higher (p˂0.05) than those recorded for CRSG. Both groups showed no difference (p˃0.05) in acrophase. The eye region in both groups showed the highest BST, while the coronary band had the lowest. The result, for the first time, reported rhythmicity of RT and BST in T. evansi- infected goats under tropical conditions. The results obtained from our study may be useful for the early screening, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of protozoan diseases.

Ovarian dynamics in progesterone tablet-induced superovulation in goats assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.

Controlled internal drug-releasing (CIDR) devices are commonly used for superovulation in goats. However, such devices are unavailable in some countries, including Japan. In this technical note, we aimed to explore the efficacy of an alternative superovulation protocol using progesterone tablets in goats. We employed intravaginal progesterone tablets (LUTINAS® Vaginal Tablet 100 mg) following a standard superovulation protocol. Additionally, we assessed the ovarian dynamics using 3T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1day preceding the progesterone treatment (Day "-1") and 3days before the end of treatment (Days 11-13). The ovarian monitoring was successfully performed in the short tau inversion recovery T2-weighted images of MRI, and ovulation was confirmed by the disappearance of follicles on Day 13 post-administration of the tablets. Immediately after ovulation, oviduct flushing yielded a substantial number of oocytes (13.5 ± 1.8 oocytes per animal). These findings provide evidence that the administration of progesterone tablets can serve as a viable alternative for inducing. Additionally, our findings suggest that 3T-MRI is a promising alternative to conventional ultrasonography for monitoring ovarian dynamics following superovulation in experimental goats.

Effects of extreme high and low environmental temperature in Bangladesh perspective on clinical parameters in goats

In this study, Black Bengal (BB) goats' physiological characteristics were examined in relation to high and low ambient temperatures. The investigation was carried out throughout the winter months (November- February) and the summer months (April- July). Twelve experimental Black Bengal goats of either sex was used in this experiment and were aged between 2-3 years old with a body weight of 18 to 23 kg. A digital hygrometer and thermometer installed in the animal shed were used to record the daily temperature in the surrounding air and relative humidity to compute the temperature-humidity index (THI). Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature) of the animals were noted daily during the experimental period. According to this study, all of the animals endured extremely high levels of heat and cold stress in the summer and winter, with the temperature humidity index (THI) recorded in the summer was 30.5 ± 0.51 and the winter was 16.37 ± 1.51. Throughout the summer and winter, all BB goats showed significant alterations in their clinical parameters. The results of the study indicated that seasonal and recording-time differences in rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate were statistically (P<0.05) substantial. It has been found that THI in Black Bengal goats is more influenced by ambient temperature than relative humidity and is a sensitive indication of both heat and cold stress. Therefore, heat stress is associated with certain physiological effects in Black Bengal goats.

Comparative assessment of heat and cold stress-induced changes in clinical parameters in Boer goats

This study was carried out on heat- and cold-adapted boar goats kept in their natural habitat to examine the physiological parameters and their seasonal fluctuations in relation to the adaptation to heat stress in boar goats. The study was conducted in two distinct stages that corresponded with the winter and summer seasons. Under the experiment, twelve experimental boar goats of both sexes were chosen at randomly. The goats were 1.5 to 2 years old and weighed between 16 to 22 kg. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated by recording the daily temperature of the surrounding air and relative humidity using a digital hygrometer and thermometer that were placed in the animal shed. In this study, Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and rectal temperature (RT) were combined to determine physiological markers for thermal stress susceptibility. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated by observing the daily ambient temperature and relative humidity. The THI value of summer and winter season were 31.67 and 15.34, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that the levels of physiological responses, such as rectal temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate, were significantly (p 0.05) differed throughout seasons (summer and winter) and recording periods. It has been discovered that THI, a sensitive indicator of both heat and cold stress, is more affected by ambient temperature in boar goats than relative humidity. Therefore, in Boar goats, heat and cold stress is related to certain physiological effects.

Changes in the metabolism of lactating goats of the Saanen breed under the influence of stimulating BAS

Purpose: to study the effect of complex biologically active additives based on a protein hydrolyzate together with an iron-containing preparation on the metabolism of lactating goats of the Saanen breed according to the physiological and biochemical status of blood and the physicochemical properties of milk from animals grown in an industrial complex. Materials and methods. In the experiment, 45 Saanen goats were used, of which 15 goats were combined into the control group, 30 equally divided into two experimental groups. Experimental animals in addition to the standard diet received a biological supplement based on protein hydrolyzate, 40 ml/day. and iron-containing preparation "Bio-iron with trace elements" 10 ml / day. An experimental group of 15 heads received the drug "Abiotonic", another group of 15 heads - "Abiopeptide" (hereinafter, the subgroups "ABT + BfM" and "ABP + BfM"). Animals received dietary supplements in the complex, according to the following scheme: 30 days with a break of 5 days after 10 and 20 days, i.e. In general, the experiment lasted 45 days. To assess the condition of the control and experimental goats, blood and milk were taken (before the start of the experiment and at the end of the experiment). Physiological and biochemical blood parameters of goats were determined, which characterize protein metabolism - the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (OB), albumin (A), globulins and urea (M); lipid metabolism - the level of cholesterol (X) and triglycerides; carbohydrate metabolism - glucose level (G); energy metabolism - creatinine level (K); mineral metabolism - the level of phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl) and iron (Fe). Milk was taken in the morning milking, examined for physical and chemical parameters: fat, protein, dry skimmed milk residue (SOMO), somatic cells and density. Results. It is shown that the use of these dietary supplements in lactating goats affects the physiological and biochemical status of blood and the physicochemical properties of milk. It is noted that the beneficial properties of additives are aimed at enhancing the catabolic processes of the body of goats, they are most effective in combination with vitamins and microelements, contributing to an increase in productivity while maintaining the internal reserves of the body. It should also be noted the effectiveness of the iron-containing preparation "Bio-iron with microelements", used in feeding lactating goats.

Organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of Nubian goats’ milk at mixed infection with gastrointestinal nematodes from the suborder Strongylata

The purpose of the researchis to determine the species composition of nematodes from the suborder Strongylata and to study organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of the Nubian goats’ milk at strongylatoses of the digestive tract.Materials and methods. The study subjects were lactating Nubian goats aged 3 to 5 years from private farms in the Moscow Region. A total of 37 animals were examined. Faeces were studied by flotation methods per Fülleborn and KotelnikovKhrenov. To determine the species composition, partial helminthological dissections per K. I. Skryabin were used. In the infected animals from the experimental and control groups, organoleptic and physical and chemical milk parameters were studied prior to and after therapeutic measures using an anthelmintic with the active ingredient fenbendazole at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The deworming effectiveness was determined by the control test. Physical and chemical milk parameters were determined using an automatic Klever-2 milk analyzer, and organoleptic parameters were determined according to common methods pursuant to the effective GOST.Results and discussion. The lactating Nubian goats infected with gastrointestinal strongylates on the Moscow Region private farms amounted to 100% in the Podolsk Urban Okrug, and 88.2% in the Voskresensk Urban Okrug. The species composition was represented by 8 species, namely,Haemonchusсontortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Nematodirus spathiger, N. filicollis, Cooperiaоvina, andBunostomum trigonocephalum. In the pre- and postdeworming milk studies, the organoleptic parameters corresponded to the effective GOST in appearance, texture, color and smell; the sweetish taste was only absent after deworming in the experimental goats. Gastrointestinal nematodes from the suborder Strongylata did not affect the organoleptic parameters of milk. However, the pre- and posttreatment weight fraction of fat changed from 2.90±0.30 to 5.40±0.22% in the experimental group.

Metabolic peculiarities of pregnant goats of the Saanen breed in the last stage of pregnancy and postpartum period under the influence of stimulated BAS

Purpose : to study the effect of complex additives based on a protein hydrolyzate together with an iron-containing preparation on the metabolism of pregnant goats of the Saanen breed of the first lactation in the most stressful functional states of the body in the life of a female (the last stage of pregnancy and the postpartum period) according to the physiological, biochemical and hormonal status of the blood of animals, grown in an industrial complex. Materials and methods . Experimental studies were carried out on Saanen goats from the moment of 110 days (days) of their pregnancy upon reaching 30 days. offspring obtained from the studied animals, in the conditions of an industrial complex. In the experiment, 24 pregnant Saanen goats (first pregnancy) were used, of which 8 goats were combined into a control group, and 16 into two experimental groups, divided equally. The content and feeding of goats and kids obtained from them was zootechnically determined. In addition to the diet, the experimental animals received a biological supplement based on a protein hydrolyzate, 40 ml/head/day. and an iron-containing preparation, 10 ml/animal/day. One experimental group received the preparation "Abiopeptid" + "Bio-iron with microelements", the other - "Abiotonic" + "Bio-iron with microelements". All dietary supplements were administered to animals orally through individual numbered syringes of 20 and 10 ml. Animals received dietary supplements continuously from 110 days of pregnancy until the resulting offspring reaches 30 days. (i.e. 70 days - 40 during gestation and 30 after delivery). To assess the state of control and experimental goats, blood was taken (at 150 days of gestation and after 30 days from birth), followed by biochemical and hormonal analysis. Results. With regard to the use of bioadditives based on protein hydrolyzate in goats of the last stage of pregnancy and the beginning of the first lactation, in terms of the parameters of the physiological, biochemical and hormonal blood status, it should be noted that the beneficial properties of bioadditives aimed at enhancing the catabolic processes of the body will be effective only if the animals are provided with favorable micro- and macroclimatic parameters, in particular, a sufficient and complete diet. In case of violation of the conditions of detention, the effectiveness of biologically active substances will be provided at the expense of the body's own reserves. It should be noted the effectiveness of the iron-containing preparation "Bio-iron", used in feeding goats that are at the late stage of the pregnancy of the first pregnancy and during the milking period of the first lactation.

191 Effect of Inclusion of Hempseed Meal on Rumen Papillae Morphology And Rumen Fermentation of Boer X Spanish Intact Male Goats

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of increasing levels of hempseed meal (HSM) on the morphology of the rumen papillae and volatile fatty acids production in the rumen of intact male goats. Boer x Spanish intact male goats (n = 36), 0 to1 months of age and bodyweight of 44.1 ± 3.8 kg, were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental diets (n = 9 goats/diet): 0% (control), 0%, 20%, and 30% HSM included on an as-fed basis and fed ad-libitum for 60 days. Experimental diets were formulated as total mixed ration (TMR), and the nutrient content of each diet was formulated to be iso-nitrogenous (18% crude protein) and to meet or exceed the nutrient requirement of breeding male goats. At the end of the trial, experimental goats were humanely processed as per USDA standards. Rumen fluid and necropsy samples of rumen tissue from the ventral sac of the rumen were collected, and rumen tissue was processed for histological examination. Morphometric variables of rumen papillae; height and width of rumen papillae, and density (number of papillae/cm2) were recorded, and total absorptive surface area was calculated. The thickness of the stratum corneum (SC) and the thickness of stratum granulosum (SG) was measured from the histological slides of rumen tissue. The rumen fluid was analyzed for the volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) concentration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and orthogonal contrast test for equally spaced treatments using R version 4.2.1. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in height of papillae, the width of papillae, papillae density, total absorptive surface area, SC thickness, and SG thickness among the goats feeding different experimental diets. The concentration of propionic acid decreased linearly (P > 0.01) with increasing inclusion of HSM (12.90, 9.51, 8.12 and 7.34 mmol/L for 0 %,0 %, 20 % and 30 % HSM, respectively), whereas the concentration of acetic acid and butyric acid were similar among the experimental groups (P > 0.05). These observed results indicate that the inclusion of HSM at least up to 30 % in the diet does not affect the rumen papillae morphology, and acetate and butyrate concentration in the rumen in intact male goats.

Effect of probiotic preparation on goat milk quality

The effect of the experimental probiotic drug "Plantarum" on the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of milk of crossbred dairy goats was studied. This preparation was developed in the laboratory of microbiology of milk and dairy products of the Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making of the Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology. The preparation includes pure cultures of probiotic strains of lacto- and propionic acid bacteria from the "Siberian collection of microorganisms". Scientific and economic experiment was conducted in 2018-2020 on the territory of the Pervomaisky district of the Altai Territory. The objects of the study were crossbred dairy goats. In order to evaluate the effect of the experimental probiotic drug "Plantarum" on the milk quality of the experimental animals, four groups (20 animals in each group) of pregnant goats were formed: one control and three experimental. The goats of the experimental groups were fed the probiotic drug "Plantarum" in addition to the basic diet at the doses of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 ml/kg of body weight/day. The results showed that the content of the mass fraction of fat and protein in the milk samples of all experimental groups were within the norm for this type of animals regulated by GOST 32940-2014. It should be noted that the use of different doses of probiotic increased the fat mass fraction in milk from 0.06 to 0.13% and the protein mass fraction by 0.12% relative to the control. Physicochemical parameters (dry skimmed milk residue, titratable acidity, somatic cells) of milk of the experimental goats were within normal limits; no significant differences between the groups were found. There was a tendency to reduce the bacterial contamination of milk in the experimental groups compared to the control when determining the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms.

Effect of Controlling Light on Cashmere Growth and Harmful Gas Parameters in Shanbei White Cashmere Goats

The quality and yield of cashmere closely affect the economic benefits of cashmere goat farming. Studies have shown that controlling light can have an important impact on cashmere but can also affect the concentration of harmful gases. In order to explore the impact of a short photoperiod on the growth of cashmere and harmful gases in goat houses, 130 female (non-pregnant) Shanbei white cashmere goats, aged 4-5 years with similar body weights, were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group, with 65 goats in each group. The dietary nutrition levels of the experimental goats were the same, and completely natural light was used in the control group; the light control group received light for 7 h every day (9:30-16:30), and the rest of the time (16:30-9:30 the next day) they did not receive light. The light control treatment was carried out in a control house, and the gas content was analyzed. It was found that a shortened period of light exposure could increase the annual average cashmere production by 34.5%. The content of each gas has a certain functional relationship with the measurement time period, but at the same time, we found that the content of NH3 also changes seasonally. In summary, the use of shortened light periods when raising cashmere goats can significantly increase cashmere production and quality, but at the same time, it will increase the concentration of harmful gases in the goat barn, and ventilation should be increased to ensure the health of the goats and the air quality in the barn.

ПРОВЕРКА КОЗЛОВ ПО КАЧЕСТВУ ПОТОМСТВА В РАННЕМ ВОЗРАСТЕ

3 goats aged 7 months were selected. From the bright 18 months. Three groups of 15 heads each were formed. In the case campaign, these bright ones happen to experimental goats. The results of the study showed that the test of breeding qualities of goats with an assessment of their off spring in 4 months. This age makes it possible to identify improvers earlier and thereby reduce the cost of maintaining goats that are neutral or degraders, and most importantly, improve the quality of off spring obtained from goat improvers.

The Nematicidal Activity of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract Against Gastro-Intestinal Strongyles of Small Goats

Introduction: Gastrointestinal nematodes have a deleterious effect on animal health and production. In search of alternative to synthetic anthelminthics in the control of strongylosis among small ruminants, this study was conducted to evaluate the in situ adulticidal properties of Moringa oleifera on gastro-intestinal strongyles of goats. Methods: Twenty (20) goats naturally infested with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes were distributed into 5 groups (n=4): a negative control group receiving Tween 80 at 2.8%, a positive control group treated with Albendazole at 5 mg/kg and tested groups treated with doses of extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). In situ anthelminthic activity was assessed through determination of the faecal eggs count reduction, total worm count reduction, variation of packed cell volume (PCV) and body weight after treatment. Results: Five species of nematodes were identified among experimental animals, with Strongyloides papillorus as the most prevalent (93.8%) followed by Haemonchus contortus (87.5%). At dose of 500 mg/kg, ethanolic extract of M. oleifera registered 76.4 % and 69.8 % eggs density reduction of gastro-intestinal strongyles eggs and parasitic load nineteen days post-treatment respectively while Albendazole induced 100 % reduction of these same parameters at the dose of 5 mg/kg. Moreover, the extract did not significantly affect PCV nor body weight of experimental goats. Conclusion: This study validates scientifically the use of alcoholic leaves extract of M. oleifera in the treatment of gastro-intestinal strongyles. The standardization of this extract is however necessary for his use as a sustainable tool for controlling strongylosis in small ruminants.

Immunoprotection Efficacy of Con A-Purified Proteins against Haemonchus contortus in Goats.

Parasitic nematodes are important pathogens that infect animals, causing significant economic losses globally. Current repeated treatments have led to widespread anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations, so vaccine development offers an alternative control approach. However, only one effective vaccine (named Barbervax) has been developed to protect animals against one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants-Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm). This vaccine contains a dominant component, Concanavalin A (Con A) purified H11 antigen, which has been shown to induce high levels (>85%) of immune protection in sheep breeds, but in goat breeds, the immunoprotection test of this native protein is still lacking. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of low-dose Con A-purified proteins for controlling the H. contortus infection in goats. Four-month-old Boer goats were equally divided into two vaccinated groups of 5 μg and 10 μg native proteins, and one adjuvant control. Each goat was immunized subcutaneously thrice and then challenged with 7000 infective third-stage larvae (L3s). The fecal egg count (FEC), degree of anemia, antibody levels of serum and abomasum mucosa, as well as worm burdens, were detected in experimental goats. Our results showed that both 5 μg and 10 μg vaccinated groups induced the effective protection in goats, reduced mean FEC by 71.8% and 68.6%, and mean worm burdens by 69.8% and 61.6%, respectively, compared to the adjuvant control. In addition, we detected that the serum antibody responses to the Con A-purified proteins were dominated by the IgG subtype, but the mucosal antibody responses were not detected. These data demonstrate Con A-purified proteins induced effective immunoprotection in goats, and underline their significance for controlling this widespread parasite.

Fluctuations in Haemato-Biochemical Parameters in Organized and Farmer Flock of Goat Under Infestation of Lice

Parasites causes the economic wealth loss of any country and also the health of the animals the parasites are of two types viz. ecto and endo parasites. In ectoparasites ticks and lice are major while in endoparasites mites are included. Considering all these facts present investigation has been planned. This study evaluated the haematological and biochemical response of ticks captured in two different environmental reared goats such as organized and farmer flocks. The experimentally infected goats showed lower Hb, PCV, TEC, Neutrophil and MCHC values in the first three weeks of study but naturally infested groups showed higher values than the experimentally infected groups. Biochemical parameters viz. total protein and globulin were found higher a day 21 in experimental lice infected goats but albumin, A/G ratio, glucose, bilirubin and AST were considerably lower during 7 and day 21 in the experimental group when compared to naturally infected goats. There was no alteration in total protein, globulin, bilirubin and ALT between experimental and natural lice- infected goats but the A/G ratio was significantly higher in experimental lice infested goats. Anemia in lice-infested goats and attribute it to prolonged blood looses and loss of essential nutrients and oxidative stress which induce RBC damage and anemia. It is due to oxidative stress and biotransformation.

In vivo analysis of trypanocidal drug resistance in sahelian goats infected by Trypanosoma vivax strains collected in northern Togo

Trypanosoma (T.) vivax is one of the animal trypanosomes species causing calf mortality and economic losses in Togo. Despite its importance as the most widely distributed trypanosome species, T. vivax has received little attention because it is difficult to cultivate most field isolates in rodents. No molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of drug-resistant in T. vivax are currently available. Herein, four field isolates of T. vivax from Togo were cryopreserved and assessed for susceptibility to diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) in goats. For field isolate preparation, 1 ml of blood from an infected goat was diluted in 111 µl of phosphate-buffered-saline and stored in liquid nitrogen. The in vivo experiment drug test was performed using twenty Sahelian goats with six-month of age and weighing 14.5 ± 1.6 kg. These experimental goats were purchased from a tsetse free-area Dori, a Sahelian region of Burkina Faso. The cryopreserved T. vivax isolates with unknowns, DA, and ISM sensitivity was inoculated to five goats and one goat was used as control. Each animal was inoculated by intravenously route 1 × 105 trypanosomes from the donor goat. Relapses were earlier in the first phase of treatment (14.85 ± 1.08 days) compared with the second phase (20 ± 3.39 days). The overall mean PCV of the control group decreased from 32% to 17% at day-60 (P-value < 0.001). Three isolates were phenotypically resistant to 0.5 mg per kg body weight (BW) ISM and one for 3.5 mg per kg BW of DA. There were no relapses with the 7 mg per kg BW dose DA. This study shows the resistance of T. vivax to two main trypanocidal drugs in different villages of Mango. The results suggest the extension of surveillance strategies to remote villages in Togo and will guide the veterinarian or herder in choosing a mass treatment strategy. Further studies will be needed to better understand the molecular basis of the observed resistance.

Evaluation Of Feeding Residual of Sesame Capsule on Growth Rate of Sudanese Desert Kids in North Kordofan State, Sudan

The experiment was conducted in ELobied locality, Northern Kordofan state, to evaluate the effect of supplementation of residual sesame capsule on growth performances of grazing Desert kids. Thirty-seven (37) Sudanese desert kids were used in this experiment. Kids were divided to four groups as (B, C, D) supplemented and group (A) unsupplemented as control depends on natural grazing only. Supplemented kids were allocated to three feeding regimes in a complete random design. The results indicated that the supplementary rations that given to the experimental goats, had highly significant (p&lt;0.01) effect on kid birth weight, heavier at birth than control group (1.99±0.12, 2.42±0.11 and 2.22±0.12kg for B, C and D groups respectively versus 1.85±0.13kg for control). The results reveled that supplementary ration had no significant effect on kid growth from after birth up to 8th weeks pre –kidding, but during 8-12th week did. Also ration that offered to kids significantly (p&lt;0.01) effected body weight at weaning and daily gain. The heavier weaning weight for groups B, C and D were 9.14, 9.55 and 9.47 kg vs 8.46 kg for A group with lightest weaning weight. Results showed that the effect of supplementary feeding was exerted no significant effect on pre weaning mortality rate. Highest rates were scored by group B 22% whereby group A, C and D were scored 12%, 9 % and 11% respectively. It may be concluded that the supplementation of with residues of sesame capsule had showed an impact on birth, growth rate and weaning weight of Desert kids under traditional farming system.