Experiential Thinking Research Articles

The Serbian validation of the Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 and the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory.

The widely used Rational-Experiential Inventory-40 (REI-40) assesses Rational and Experiential thinking styles. Recently, the authors have distinguished three aspects of the Experiential style: Intuition, Emotionality and Imagination and developed the Rational-Experiential Multimodal Inventory (REIm). In this study, we examined the internal consistency, structural/factorial, discriminant and known-groups validity of both REI-40 and REIm, in two samples of Serbian students. Participants in Study 1 (N = 819, mean age M = 19.81, 31% males) completed REI-40 and HEXACO Personality Inventory (HEXACO-PI-R), while participants in Study 2 (N = 304, mean age M = 19.47, 29% males) completed REIm, HEXACO-PI-R and Disintegration inventory DELTA. The internal consistency of both REI version subscales was acceptable to good. The results of CFA analyses indicated an acceptable fit for REI-40, while the structural validity of REIm was poor. Both REI-40 subscales (Rationality and Experientiality), as well as REIm Intuition demonstrated only a small content overlap with basic personality traits, while REIm Experientiality, Emotionality and Imagination correlated highly with Openness and Emotionality. We also observed some gender differences in the expected direction.

Education for Sustainability—Some Bibliometric Insights

The opportunities and challenges related to sustainability impose not only a societal transformation but also a personal one. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have great potential to promote sustainability and shape future generations’ skills, knowledge, thinking, and actions. Addressing environmental, social, and economic pillars, education for sustainable development (ESD), or education for sustainability (EfS), is a catalyst for quality education towards a sustainable future. This paper aims to analyze the state of the art and prevailing trends in the scientific literature pertaining to ESD/EfS. In this regard, specific objectives were established to identify the following: (1) authors’ productivity over time; (2) countries’ contribution and collaboration; (3) the most relevant keywords; and (4) the most prominent themes—in terms of relevance and degree of development. To fulfill the research objectives, quantitative research employing bibliometric analysis was carried out in April 2023. The research data sample was collected from the Web of Science (WoS) database. By conducting the search using a combined topic (“education for sustainable development” OR “education for sustainability”), a total of 2827 documents in English were identified within a timeframe of 33 years (1989–2023). These documents served as the foundation for subsequent data processing, visualization, and analysis using Biblioshiny/Bibliometrix (version R-4.2.0), as well as Excel (version 2309) software. The visualization and analysis focused on examining the most prolific authors and countries, in addition to generating word clouds based on keywords. Moreover, the thematic map that was delineated into four quadrants—Basic, Motor, Niche, and Emerging or Declining themes—provides an overview of the researched subject. ESD—embracing environmental, social, and economic pillars—implies transformative learning, action-oriented pedagogies, and professional development. As a holistic framework, it requires interdisciplinarity, system thinking, critical and experiential thinking, problem-based learning, and the use of 4IR technologies to enhance the teaching-learning process.

Utilizing Fuzzy Algorithm for Understanding Emotional Intelligence on Individual Feedback

algorithms for FCMs are commonly utilized for assessing correlated systems that are complicated, that were created by fusing logic that is fuzzy and deep neural networks, in addition to attracted a lot of academic attention during the last ten years of study. FCMs are currently used in many different segments of application, including technology, These An essential component of informal communication, body language propose insight into a person's purposes & feelings of affection. Whereas previous studies have examined the manner in which individuals should express regret or ask for assistance, there hasn't been a thorough examination of the methods used to create an emotionally intelligent (EI) artificial a representative. This study examines a number of significant usages and developments of fuzzy mental modeling. The primary objective of the current section is to provide an innovative technique for modeling an emotion-based acceleration the compressor for individuals. Methodologies of experiential thinking postulate which our comprehension of face emotional reactions depends significantly on facial behavior imitation and the reactions as opportunities. Considering the theoretical foundations of combined logical reasoning. In addition, the hypothesis of probability, it additionally is not effective to build a comprehensive hypothesis concerning impressions. Combining EI with fuzzy logic as a combination, we were able to tackle issues with current techniques that neither artificial intelligence nor fuzzy mathematics alone could.

Exposure to continuous political violence: rational and experiential thinking styles, coping styles and post traumatic stress symptoms.

Cognitive style is considered an important determinant of individual behavior. The aim of the present study was to examine the relations between rational and experiential thinking styles, coping styles and Post Traumatic Stress (PTS) symptoms among civilians exposed to continuous and ongoing exposure to political violence. Three-hundred and thirty-two Israeli adult citizens living in the south region of Israel reported on their experiences of exposure to political violence as well as level of PTS, coping styles, and preference toward rational and experiential processing style. Results showed that low rational thinking was related with elevated PTS, both directly and indirectly through the mediation of high emotion-focused coping. The findings suggest that rational thinking may serve as a protective factor against stress related to chronic exposure to political violence; conversely, a preference for low rationality may be a risk factor.

Consumer responses to time-based sales messages

Although time-based sales messages (e.g., booked X times in the last Y hours) are frequently employed in the travel industry, their effectiveness has not been systematically examined in previous research. To fill this gap, we compare two types of sales messages: large total sales in a long term vs. large hourly sales in a short term (e.g., 72 times/24 h vs. 48 times/6 h). Our results indicate that most people tend to be more persuaded by hourly sales and that such a tendency is negatively related to individuals' experiential thinking style. We also find that displaying temporal information before sales volume increases the power of hourly sales among people low in experiential thinking style.

Mediating Role of Empathy in the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Thinking Styles

The aim of the study is to examine the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between rational and experiential thinking styles and was designed in a correlational design. The sample of the study consists of 593 university students who were determined by simple random sampling method. Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form, Empathy Quotient Scale, and Rational-Experiential Thinking Styles Scale were used for data collection. Bootstrapping method and Pearson product moments analysis were used to analyze the mediating role of empathy. Results indicated that there are significant relationships between the variables. In addition, empathy is a full mediation in the relationship between emotional intelligence and experiential thinking style and empathy is a partial mediation in the relationship between emotional intelligence and rational thinking style.

Modeling and analysis of psychological mechanism for preventive behaviors against the COVID-19

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed human life style. People all over the world are still on the way to establish “New Normal”. The purpose of this study was to construct a cognitive model that predicts preventive behaviors against the infectious disease. Methods A total of 3,000 Japanese respondents aged from 18 to 86 years participated in a web survey in January 2021. The data of 2,913 respondents (1,633 males and 1,280 females) were eligible for analysis. The following information regarding cognitive characteristics was assessed: 1) Cognitive reflection ability (Frederick, 2005), 2) Experiential thinking style (Pacini & Epstein, 1999), 3) Germ aversion (Duncan et al., 2009). In addition to those characteristics, the participants were asked to answer 6 items to rate their preventive behaviors against the COVID-19, such as keeping social distance and wearing a mask. A structural equation modeling technique was used to test the causal relationships among the measures. We hypothesized that experiential thinking style and germ aversion would mediate the causal link between cognitive reflection ability and preventive behaviors. Results Correlation analyses indicated that cognitive reflection ability was negatively associated with experiential thinking style, whereas experiential thinking style was negatively associated with germ aversion. Furthermore, the higher germ aversion was, the more the participants enforced the covid-19 preventive behaviors. Parameter estimation of the causal model using the measures by the bootstrap method indicated that the model acceptably fit the data with CFI of 0.997, TLI of 0.996, and RMSEA of 0.008 (95% CI = 0.004:0.011). Conclusions The findings of the study suggest that there is a cognitive psychological process that induces preventive behaviors against the COVID-19. The results should be useful to improve public health interventions for future pandemics. Key messages • A web survey was conducted for 3,000 Japanese adults to construct a cognitive model that predicts preventive behaviors against the COVID-19. • The structural equation modeling indicated that the participants’ experiential thinking style and germ aversion mediated the causal link between cognitive reflection ability and preventive behaviors.

I Think I Should Get Vaccinated, I Feel I Should Not. Individual Differences in Information Processing and Vaccination Behavior (COVID-19).

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the scientific community responded promptly by developing effective vaccines. Still, even though effective vaccines against COVID-19 became available, many people did not seem to be in a rush to become immunized. Community protection can be enhanced if more people decide to vaccinate, and thus it is necessary to identify relevant factors involved in vaccination behavior to find better ways of encouraging it. Vaccination behavior is the result of a decision process that might vary according to individual differences in information processing. We investigated the role of cognitive reflection ability and thinking styles in predicting self-reported vaccination behavior against COVID-19. A sample of 274 Romanian participants was surveyed for the present study, out of which 217 (Mage = 24.58, SD = 8.31; 53% female) declared they had the possibility to become vaccinated. Results showed that a higher level of cognitive reflection ability significantly increased the odds of becoming vaccinated. A rational thinking style was not linked to vaccination behavior. However, an experiential thinking style indirectly predicted vaccination behavior by means of attitudes towards vaccination. Since individual differences in information processing are, to a certain extent, linked to vaccination behavior, the design of vaccination campaigns could consider that people have specific information needs and address them as such.

Examining various variables related to authentic learning self-efficacy of university students in educational online social networks: Creative self-efficacy, rational experiential thinking, and cognitive flexibility.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between creative self-efficacy (CSE), rational experiential thinking, and cognitive flexibility thinking skills, and authentic learning self-efficacy (ALSE) as a result of authentic learning (AL) activities in educational online social networks. The participants of the research are 102 university students. The study group was determined by a convenient sampling method. Variance-based PLS-SEM using partial least square was used to examine the relationships between research variables. According to the research findings, it is seen that cognitive flexibility in online social networks has a significant effect on experiential ability and rational favorability. Findings show that rational favorability has a positive and significant effect on CSE. Research findings indicate that personal variables such as gender, age, and academic success perception do not have a significant effect on CSE in learning that takes place in online social networks. It was evaluated whether CSE has an effect on online ALSE, and it was found that other sub-dimensions other than “keeping up with technological advancements” are significant.

Examining the relationship between the thinking styles and the motivation aspects of the individuals working in the health sector in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of hospital staff

AimThe aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the thinking styles of hospital staff and their motivation tools during the pandemic in Turkey. Materials and methodsTop 100 hospitals in Turkey that have the highest number of examinations on the list, constitute the population and 1220 participants from all over Turkey took part in the study. The data set was analyzed with descriptive statistics, independent groups t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis. ResultsMost of the sample were women (66.4%), undergraduate (49%), working in a medical position (72%) and nurses (50.6%). T-test conclusion was showed that intrinsic motivation values are higher than extrinsic motivation values. There was no significant difference between administrative/medical position status and the mean score of any of the scales. As the results of regression analysis, it was determined that thinking style significantly predicted motivation. ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that hospital staff used the experiential thinking style more than rational thinking and behaved with intrinsic motivation more than extrinsic motivation during COVID-19 pandemic.

Face-to-Face Lying: Gender and Motivation to Deceive.

Two studies examined gender differences in lying when the truth-telling bias prevailed (study 1) and when inspiring lying and disbelief (study 2). The first study used 156 community participants (91 women) in pairs. First, participants completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Lie- and Truth Ability Assessment Scale (LTAAS), and the Rational-Experiential Inventory. Then, they participated in a deception game where they performed as senders and receivers of true and false communications. Their goal was to retain as many points as possible according to a payoff matrix that specified the reward they would gain for any possible outcome. Results indicated that men lied more and were more successful lie-tellers than women. In addition, men believed the sender less than women but were not more successful detectors of lies and truths. Higher perceived lie-telling ability, narcissistic features, and experiential thinking style explained men’s performance. The second study used 100 volunteers (40 women) who underwent the same procedure. However, the payoff matrix encouraged lying and disbelieving. Results showed again that men lied more than women. As to performance, men were more successful lie detectors than women, but there was no truth detection difference. Women did not differ in their success in telling and detecting lies and truths. The inconsistent gender differences in production and detection lies and truths dictate caution in interpreting them.

Experiencing Live Action of Business: Reflections on an Immersive Course in Entrepreneurship

This article describes an experiential, immersive course in teaching for entrepreneurship in a business school. The course requires the students to set up and operate a business, build on their experiences, reflect upon it regularly and relate it to concepts in business and entrepreneurship. The design of the course, allowing for an immersive experience and reflection, is guided by Kolb’s experiential learning method, process philosophy and effectual thinking. Five themes of students’ learning, as generated from the weekly reflections submitted in the course, are presented. The themes primarily dwell upon attitudes, failures and experience of effectuation in operating an early-stage business. Insights on teaching for entrepreneurship, generated from the course and reflection of the instructors’ experience, are presented. Questions relevant for theory and practice on/of teaching for entrepreneurship are raised.

A Dual-Process Approach to Moral Panic and Public Support for Sex Offender Management Policies.

The current study explores if and how dual-process thinking styles (System I/experiential and System II/rational processing) predict and explain the degree to which members of the public express moral panic toward and support for existing sex offender management policies (registration, notification, residence restrictions), regardless of their efficacy or effects on recidivism rates, for different types of individuals who commit sex offenses (sex offender, juvenile sex offender, cybersex offender, female sex offender, rapist, child molester). Online experimental methods were used with a lay sample (N = 324). Results show that the extent to which participants exhibited a reliance on System I processing significantly predicted their feelings of moral panic (concern, hostility, and volatility) toward individuals classified as child molesters. Further, feelings of concern, hostility, and volatility, as significant predictors of support for existing sex offender management policies for individuals classified as child molesters, were found to increase as a function of participants' reliance on the System I, experiential thinking style. Implications of this work, specifically related to addressing public support for existing sex offender management policies for individuals classified as child molesters, are discussed.

Fast thoughts and metacognitive feelings: The role of cognitive styles

AbstractThis study explores the features that characterize the rational or experiential thinking styles. Specifically, we examined whether these styles are linked to different response times, degrees of accuracy, and confidence in the solution of Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) problems, controlling for gender differences. Participants (N = 120) performed the Rational‐Experiential Multimodal Inventory, which measures the prevalent thinking style, and a modified version of the CRT designed to measure a person's tendency to override an incorrect intuitive response and engage in further reflection to find a correct answer. The results showed that higher preference for rationality was predictive of higher confidence as well as greater accuracy in solving CRT problems and shorter response times for incorrect answers. On the other hand, higher preference for experientiality was predictive of shorter response times and confidence for giving correct answers as well as lower accuracy in solving CRT problems. Moreover, confidence (higher in males than in females) fully mediated the relationship between thinking styles and performance in CRT problems. Collectively, these findings reveal pervasive differences between the two thinking styles at various levels of cognitive and metacognitive functioning and they were discussed considering the literature on dual‐process theories.

Metacognitive feelings as a source of information in the evaluation and selection of creative ideas

In two studies, we examined the interaction between different cognitive and metacognitive indicators coming from the acts of generating, evaluating and selecting ideas, putting special emphasis on metacognitive feelings. In addition, we examined experiential thinking style and creative potential as antecedents of metacognitive feelings. Participants in study 1 completed a battery of questionnaires including an ill-defined marketing problem. Results showed a positive relationship between experiential thinking style and metacognitive feelings. Metacognitive feelings had a positive relationship with an indicator of overestimation of the creativity of ideas, which then a negative relationship with accurate idea selection. Creative potential had a negative relationship with an indicator of overestimation of the creativity of ideas. We conducted a conceptual replication in study 2. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires including an ill-defined social problem. Results showed positive relationships between metacognitive feelings and originality scores and relevance of strengths and weaknesses identified in the ideas generated. Relevance of strengths and weakness had then a positive relationship with accurate idea selection. Our findings showed that metacognitive feelings informed two forms of idea evaluation. The implications of our results were discussed.

Online luxury goods with price discount or onsite luxury goods with luxury services: Role of situation-specific thinking styles and socio-demographics

Today, the luxury goods and service market is growing faster than ever. However, despite its growth, we do not know much about the ways in which consumers choose to shop online or in store when buying luxury goods. We also lack insight into the factors that can affect such luxury consumption decisions. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether consumers prefer to buy luxury goods online at a discounted price or would rather buy luxury goods in store with additional luxury services at a cover price. This study also examines the extent to which such decisions can be driven by their situation-specific thinking styles as well as other socio-demographic variables. The results show that participants adopted a rational thinking style when deciding to buy luxury goods online with price discounts. On the other hand, an experiential thinking style was evoked when participants chose to visit a store offering luxury brands and luxury services. In addition to momentary thinking orientations, gender as well as income were found to be relevant to a consumer's choice in a shopping platform when seeking luxury brands. More details about the study's findings and their implications are discussed below.

Enhancing consumer value of the co-design experience in mass customization

This research examines the extent to which the consumer’s perceived value of the co-design experience influences satisfaction with that experience and loyalty intentions toward the online mass customization (MC) program, and whether the consumer’s thinking style during the co-design experience affects the perception of value. A total of 178 millennial consumers used Converse’s “Design Your Own” MC program, completing a survey regarding their co-design experience. Results validate the positive (negative) influence of control and enjoyment (complexity) on satisfaction with the co-design experience and the positive impact of satisfaction on loyalty intentions toward the MC program. Additionally, individual thinking style influences perceived value. Experiential thinking during the co-design experience positively (negatively) influences control (complexity) and has no significant effect on enjoyment, whereas rational processing increases complexity and enjoyment, exerting no significant effect on control. Managerial implications of these results can help providers build value-laden, MC co-design experiences.

Impact of rational and experiential thinking styles on interpersonal conflict resolution among young adults

Impact of rational and experiential thinking styles on interpersonal conflict resolution among young adults

Even when it feels difficult to think why I like you, I still do: The role of content, cognitive feelings and thinking systems on the evaluation of close and prominent brands

Purpose: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the influence of recalling many versus few brand attributes on brand evaluations, the mediating role of ease of recall and whether this mediated effect was moderated by thinking styles across two brands of cellphones: iPhone and Galaxy. Design/methodology/approach: We used a between subjects experimental design to manipulate the amount of information brought to mind of the cellphone brands participants currently own. Findings/results: Results for iPhone™ showed a positive influence of bringing to mind many brand qualities on brand evaluations. This effect was partially mediated by ease of recall. Results for Galaxy™ not only showed a non-significant direct effect but also a significant indirect effect mediated by ease of recall. Lastly, the mediated effect of bringing to mind more information on brand evaluations of iPhone™ was moderated by experiential and rational thinking. Practical implications: Results showed the importance of metacognitive experiences for understanding the evaluation of brands. Originality/value: Our findings have important implications for understanding how consumers evaluate close and prominent brands.

New normal of happiness – Reflection, capacity re-building with technology and home-based skills

The purpose of this paper is to explore the key elements of the new normal of happiness from the perspective of new job creation for the community, including women and youth community via implementing UNPRME principles and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). A two-fold research approach has been deployed via 1) experiential learning and design thinking in events on UNSDGs followed by 2) qualitative analysis – interview and NVivo analysis on newspaper search from WiseNews on articles published internationally between 01/02/2020 and 20/06/2020 on the keywords used including a new job, solidarity, resilience, COVID-19, pandemic, retail, new guidelines, tourism, and management. As a socially responsible corporation, with corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance, it is suggested to explore the ways of implementing the six principles of UNRPME under post-COVID-19 for rebuilding capacity and for generating a new kind of workforce in caring related services.