Experiences Of People Research Articles

"It definitely changed me": Exploring sexual and gender diverse people's experiences with intimate partner violence in Ontario, Canada.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) involves an individual committing acts intended to harm or intimidate a current or former romantic partner. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent stay-at-home orders often trapped victims with perpetrators and intensified IPV. Although sexual and gender diverse people disproportionately experience IPV compared to cisgender, heterosexual people, their experiences are not well documented in the Canadian context. This study aimed to explore the experiences of Two-Spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and other sexual and gender diverse (2S/LGBTQIA+) people with IPV in Ontario and how the COVID-19 pandemic affected their IPV experiences. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with self-identified 2S/LGBTQIA+ people who experienced IPV on/after March 15, 2020. We audio-recorded and transcribed all interviews and coded the transcripts for content and themes using inductive and deductive techniques. Our 20 participants experienced physical, psychological, sexual, and financial abuse. Technology-facilitated violence extended abuse geographically and temporally. IPV experiences were associated with negative mental health outcomes that were intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants struggled to see themselves as legitimate victims of IPV. Although participants regretted being victims of violence, many saw their abusive relationship(s) as a learning experience to inform future relationships. Our findings suggest that 2S/LGBTQIA+ people may experience unique forms of identity abuse and may have difficulty recognizing their IPV experiences as abuse. Ensuring that comprehensive sexual health education is trauma-informed, anti-oppressive, and includes information about healthy relationship dynamics, 2S/LGBTQIA+ relationships, and IPV is critical.

Factors that support children and young people to express their views and to have them heard in healthcare: An inductive qualitative content analysis.

Despite development of healthcare charters supporting Article 12 of The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, children and young people remain largely silenced in discussions about their healthcare. This article is based on the premise that children and young people should be able to exercise their right to express their views and be heard in all matters that affect their lives. This study examined children's and young people's experiences of expressing their views and having them heard in an Australian healthcare context. Using child-centred inquiry and 'draw, write, and tell' methods, data were collected from 20 children and young people. Five factors that supported children and young people to express their views and have their views heard were identified: time, relationships with health professionals, communication, teamwork, and family support. By paying attention to these factors, clinicians and others in health settings can better facilitate child-centred practices and support children and young people to express their views and have those views heard.

Talking about Homelessness and School: Recommendations from Canadian Young People Who Have Experienced Homelessness

The primary research question driving this paper is the following: “What are the schooling experiences of young people who are at risk of or experiencing homelessness?” Through interviews with 28 young people in two cities in Ontario, Canada, the authors identified several common experiences, including the following: lack of available information that could help them cope with their housing difficulties; prejudice and bullying from other students, sometimes stemming from their housing problems but also due to factors such as racialization, gender identity, poverty, and substance use; and individual support from some teachers and support staff, although this was dependent on being in school. They proposed changes to help young people still in school, including the inclusion of non-judgmental information and guidance on dealing with poverty and homelessness in school curricula, educating school staff about the ‘symptoms’ of homelessness to help them identify students at risk, and creating more safe and supportive school environments overall.

Belonging beyond the binary: the positive experiences of visible non-binary and genderqueer individuals in the workplace

PurposeThe number of people being identified as non-binary and genderqueer (NBGQ) is rapidly increasing, but the literature offers scant guidance for organisations aiming to offer these workers an inclusive environment in which they feel that they belong. This study explores how the positive experiences of NBGQ individuals contribute to their sense of belonging in the workplace.Design/methodology/approachIn-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five participants, exploring their positive experiences of belonging at work and the data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA).FindingsThree higher-order themes were created: allowing authenticity; social support and creating inclusive culture. Findings from this study suggest that NBGQ authenticity, perceived colleague social support and the proactive creation of inclusive organisational cultures interact to develop a sense of belonging for NBGQ individuals in the workplace.Originality/valueEmpirical studies on the experiences of non-binary people at work are almost non-existent. Existing research predominantly explores the negative experiences of NBGQ individuals as a subset of a transgender demographic. This article focuses specifically on the experiences of NBGQ workers and thus contributes to filling this gap in the literature.

Early experiences of peer support workers starting employment in a mental health charity: a case study

In recent years a plethora of job roles has emerged across the voluntary and community sector (VCS) and public sector that explicitly request lived experience (LE) of mental health challenges. These roles are often situated in the ‘frontline’ workforce providing direct support to people accessing services. This article shares early learning about the experiences of people who have lived experience of mental health challenges employed as paid peer support workers (PSWs) within a mental health charity. The findings are drawn from fieldwork conducted over a three-month period with five recently employed PSWs, conducted as a component of the author’s doctoral study. The data corpus included interviews, fieldwork observation notes from ‘walk the frontline’ (WTF) activities, and the collation of WhatsApp voice notes sent by the PSWs to the researcher. The article presents nine key themes that emerged from the data and categorises these into three areas: Firm up – those that were broadly positive denoting good practice; Fine tune – those that require further refinement; and Focus – those which signal a need for concentrated attention and further exploration. Taking these findings into account, a tentative schematic model is offered which suggests sequential ‘conditions’ to be considered when developing PSW programmes. This has relevance to voluntary sector organisations (VSOs) who are considering recruiting and deploying PSWs to support frontline service delivery.

Designing for Autonomy: A Process-Oriented Approach Based on Organismic Integration Theory

Abstract In human–computer interaction, self-determination theory (SDT) is best known for its concepts of intrinsic motivation and need fulfillment. In the field of behavior change technologies (BCTs), the need for autonomy, i.e. to act according to one’s own goals and values, has become increasingly important due to its strong positive impact on maintaining behavior change. Still, designers struggle with taking autonomy into account. We believe that organismic integration theory (OIT), an underutilized sub-theory of SDT, is a valuable addition as it allows for a process-oriented view on autonomy. OIT introduces different types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, identified and integrated) along a continuum of autonomy. It offers new ways to talk about people's experiences of using BCTs and calls for individualized design strategies. We propose a design approach based on OIT, which understands BCTs as active facilitators to progressively move people along the continuum from external to integrated motivation.

"It's like having a superpower": Reclaiming creativity and the intersectional experiences of trans young adults of color.

Trans young adults of color experience systemic harm that contributes to negative health outcomes and hinders their ability to live freely. The present study used a grounded theory qualitative methodology rooted in a critical-ideological paradigm to understand the intersections of racial and gender oppression. Trans young adults of color from across the United States (N = 15; ages 20-29; majority racial identities: Asian, Black, and multiracial; majority gender identities: nonbinary and transmasculine) participated in a semistructured interview. Analyses identified a six-category empirical framework explaining major dimensions and processes of intersectional experiences of trans people of color. The core category, Reclaiming Creativity, reflected how trans communities of color use creativity to build their identities and communities beyond intersectional oppressive societal norms and imagine a better, more liberated world. The remaining five categories were Creating and Recreating Identity, Experiencing Discrimination and Its Impacts on Wellness, Surviving Oppression and Compromising Authentic Self, Embracing Identity Strengths, and Finding Liberation. They provided insights into the role of creativity within the intersectional experiences of trans young adults of color. In doing so, they provided directions to address structural injustice, pursue liberation, and allow creativity to flourish. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A qualitative study examining the experiences of people who use drugs in supportive housing in London, Ontario

Background Since 2016, London, Ontario has experienced increasing numbers of opioid overdoses and overdose related deaths. Supportive housing agencies have been especially impacted, experiencing an 890% increase in opioid overdose from 2018-2021. A coalition was formed between London housing agencies and our research team to better understand the perspective of precariously housed participants who use drugs on existing substance use and overdose related policies within housing agencies. We aimed to center participant voices in policy development efforts. Methods Using a community-based participatory research framework, 17 participants were interviewed at three housing agencies. Drawing on qualitative descriptive methods, transcripts were subject to content analysis and three themes were identified. Results Themes included (1) conflicts between agency rules and resident realities, (2) safe use accessibility, (3) trust and understanding key to facilitating harm reduction. Conclusion Trust and understanding were weaved across all themes and mediated participants’ opioid overdose experience and risk of overdose related deaths. We recommend interventions to rebuild trust and foster understanding alongside harm reduction-based policies to reduce overdose related deaths.

Planning for the forgotten fourth trimester of pregnancy: A parallel group randomized control trial to test a postpartum planning intervention vs. standard prenatal care

BackgroundBlack and brown birthing people experience persistent disparities in adverse maternal health outcomes, partially due to inadequate perinatal care. The goal of this study is to design and evaluate a patient-centered intervention for obstetric patients with one or more cardiometabolic risk factors for severe maternal morbidity [gestational diabetes, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, or gestational hypertension), or preconception obesity (BMI > 30)] to promote postpartum visit attendance. MethodsTo address identified unmet needs for postpartum support and barriers to postpartum care, we developed 20 thematic postpartum planning modules, each with corresponding patient educational materials, community resources, care coordination protocols, and clinician support tools (decision aids, electronic medical record prompts and fields). During prenatal care encounters, a research coordinator delivers the educational content (in English or Spanish), facilitates the participant's planning and shared decision-making, provides the participant with resources, and documents decisions in the electronic medical record. We will randomize 320 eligible patients with a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or standard prenatal care and evaluate the impact on postpartum visit attendance at 4–12 weeks and secondary outcomes (postpartum mental health, perceived future maternal and cardiometabolic risk, contraceptive use, primary care use, readmission, and patient satisfaction with care). DiscussionThrough engagement with patients and community stakeholders, we developed a guideline-based, locally tailored intervention to address drivers of engagement with postpartum care for high-risk obstetric patients. If demonstrated to be effective, the educational materials and electronic medical record based-tool can be adapted to other settings. Trial registrationThis trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05430815) on June 23, 2022.

Associations between violence, distress, and cancer in transgender and non-transgender people.

10566 Background: Due to transphobia, transgender people experience extreme rates of violence and distress. In other populations, violence and distress have been linked to increased cancer morbidity and mortality likely due to increased inflammation and higher rates of cancer risk factors. Methods: To evaluate associations between gender identity, violence, distress, cancer risk factors, and cancer, we developed an a priori structural equations model (SEM) and conducted a cross-sectional cohort study using electronic medical record data entered between 2006-2021 at a New York academic hospital. Participants were adults identified as transgender (N=894) by diagnosis codes, keyword searches, and structured gender identity information. We used age and follow-up time to match this cohort with participants not identified as transgender (N=1788) (2:1). We noted experiences of violence using keyword searches, diagnosis codes, and a screening question, “Are you safe at home?” We assessed distress as a latent factor based on mental illness diagnosis codes and keyword searches and diagnosis codes related to childhood violence. Cancer risk factors included ever smoking, body mass index ≥ 30, and history of HIV, HPV, or hepatitis B or C. We made unadjusted comparisons of violence, distress, cancer risk factors, and cancer in transgender and non-transgender people using two-sample chi-square tests. Our SEM included a direct path from gender identity to cancer or precancerous lesions as well as indirect paths through intermediaries of adult violence, distress, and cancer risk factors. We assessed direct paths for statistical significance using z-tests and indirect paths using bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. Results: The association between gender identity and probability of cancer transmitted through the intermediate variables of violence, distress, and having multiple cancer risk factors was significant (p=0.05). Conclusions: In our model, transgender people experienced high rates of violence and distress, both of which were associated with cancer risk factors and cancer. Transphobia and violence experienced by transgender people must be addressed and mitigated. More work is needed to better understand associations between violence, distress, and cancer risk. [Table: see text]

Examining situational differences in momentary emotion differentiation and emotional clarity in everyday life.

People experience momentary fluctuations in how much they differentiate between emotions and how clear they are about what they are feeling. To better understand situational predictors of shifts in emotion differentiation and emotional clarity, we investigated whether individuals are more differentiated and clearer about their emotions in social situations (vs. alone) given that emotions fulfill important social functions. We tested if these within-person associations varied depending on socially relevant individual differences, including age, extraversion, and social connectedness. We also examined whether people are more differentiated and clearer in situations that have previously been processed (i.e., familiar situations) and if this effect was stronger for older (vs. younger) adults. Community adults (N = 290, aged 25-85 years) completed measures of extraversion and social connectedness and then were randomly prompted 6 times a day for 10 days to report on their current emotional experience and situation. Using multilevel structural equation modeling, social context was associated with less positive emotion differentiation and not associated with emotional clarity; these within-person associations did not differ by age, extraversion, or social connectedness. Individuals experienced more differentiated positive emotions and higher emotional clarity than usual when they were in more (vs. less) familiar situations. Familiarity was especially predictive of higher positive emotion differentiation among relatively older (vs. younger) adults. These findings suggest positive emotion differentiation, particularly in familiar situations could be a way in which the quality of one's emotional experience changes with age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Die Bevölkerungsperspektive in der Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit des deutschen Gesundheitssystems: Ergebnisse einer Querschnittsbefragung GKV-Versicherter

IntroductionSince the World Health Report in 2000, Health System Performance Assessment (HSPA) has been established as a tool for the evaluation and evidence-informed governance of health systems. So far, the population perspective has not been integrated into HSPA in a systematic manner, although people's experiences and expectations are of great importance to improve health systems and especially to strengthen patient-centered care. Therefore, this study aims to conduct an HSPA of Germany's health system from the population's perspective covering all eight goals of WHO’s Health Systems Framework, and to identify strengths and needs for improvement. MethodsIn 2018, 32,000 people insured with the German sickness fund ‘AOK Nordost’ were invited by mail to participate in the survey. The questionnaire contained a total of 43 items covering the eight goals of WHO's Health Systems Framework (e.g., access, quality, safety) plus socioeconomics and other characteristics of the insured persons. The data on the health system goals were analyzed descriptively and by subgroups (age, sex, income, chronic conditions, health literacy). ResultsThe sample (n=1,481; response rate 4.6%) was 54.8% female and had a mean age of 59.1 years (±18.5). Altogether, the participants saw several needs for improvement within the German health system. For instance, 60.0% found quality differences between hospitals to be big, and between 3.9% and 8.5% reported mistakes related to their treatment or prescription medication in the previous two years. A big need for reform was especially seen regarding out-of-pocket payments (51.5%) and the coordination of ambulatory care physicians among each other (44.2%) and with hospitals (41.9%). In addition, big subgroup differences were seen, especially for income and health literacy. Of the participants in the lower income group, 37.2% reported a (very) strong financial burden due to out-of-pocket payments (vs. 20.7%). People with limited health literacy (52.1%) assessed the access to care generally as not being good, and they perceived greater quality differences and needs for reform, compared to their counterparts. For instance, 36.6% had experienced discrimination in the previous year (vs. 19.9%). DiscussionThe survey results provide a comprehensive picture of Germany's health system from the population perspective. In some areas, previous findings were confirmed (e.g., a lack of coordination between providers). Other results expand existing knowledge (e.g., the role of health literacy in health care provision) or raise new questions (e.g., the difference between the subjectively assessed burden from out-of-pocket payments and the objective measures currently used). The great differences between subgroups are a call to action on the level of both politics and practice to better consider the individual's needs in order to make health better for everyone. Further research could provide deeper insights in this regard. ConclusionStrengthening the population perspective in HSPA allows for a better understanding and evaluation of health systems and, in particular, helps to identify areas for improvement in patient-centered care.

Examining the impact of daily urban activity on spatial segregation: disparities in the proportion of foreign-born residents across residential areas and visited locations

ABSTRACT Urban segregation poses significant implications, one of which may be limited exposure between population groups, potentially amplifying disparities among urban populations. Traditionally, segregation has been studied mainly through a residential lens or in places like work or education. Including all environments where individuals spend their time during daily activities helps to paint a more realistic picture of the urban experience. This study analyzes disparities between the proportion of foreign-born residents that people experience in their residential areas versus the locations they visit in New Zealand. It uses a large mobile app dataset to operationalize activity spaces for approximately 620,000 people. The findings reveal that during daily mobility, intergroup exposure increases, which may play a mitigating role in potential segregation. We also find that residents in areas with many foreign-born residents tend to visit areas with fewer foreign-born residents, while the opposite holds for those in areas with few foreign-born residents. This study delves into the nuances of this correlation, demonstrating, for example, that the relationship between the ratio of foreign-born residents and the contrast experienced between residential and activity spaces is stronger in larger cities, suggesting that mobility may exert the most significant impact on mitigating segregation in such settings.

Perceptions and experience of rural older people in oral health management in China: a qualitative study

BackgroundTo explore the perceptions and experience of oral health management among rural older people in China.MethodsQualitative methodologies were used in this study. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thirteen older adults in rural areas were purposively sampled at two metropolitan hospitals in Hunan, China. The data were transcribed and thematically analyzed, and MAXQDA software was used to assist with coding.ResultsThree overarching major themes and ten sub‑themes capturing the perceptions and experience of oral health management among rural older people were identified. Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis: oral health cognitive bias, poor management behaviors, and limited oral health services. Oral health management as a whole is negative, oral health behaviors are poor, oral health service utilization is limited.ConclusionsBased on these findings, there is great scope here for improving the current status of oral health for rural older people around awareness, behavior, and access. Oral health education, improved oral health services and primary oral health promotion are warranted.

#Headlesspreggos: challenging visual imaginaries of pregnancy and reproduction

Amid new abortion restrictions in the USA, scientific advances in genetic technologies and investigations of COVID-19 vaccinations in pregnancy, news stories about reproduction abound, often accompanied by images of what...

Impact of Smoking Cessation Motivations and Barriers on Quit Intentions Following a Hypothetical Flavor Ban Among African American/Black Individuals Who Use Menthol Cigarettes: A Mixed-Methods Study.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed banning cigarettes and cigars with characterizing flavors-products used disproportionately by African American/black (AA/B) individuals. Little is known about how AA/B individuals who smoke menthol cigarettes will respond to flavor bans or how to amplify the intended benefits. This study explored predictors of quit intentions following a hypothetical flavor ban and further probed anticipated ban-related responses. We recruited 213 AA/B individuals who use menthol cigarettes from Richmond, VA (September 2021-August 2022) for a mixed-methods study. Participants rated seven motivations for quitting and six barriers to quitting (Not a motivation or challenge[1]-Major motivation or challenge[4]), then reported how likely they were to quit smoking if characterizing flavors were banned in cigarettes and cigars. A subsample of 31 participants completed semi-structured interviews to further explore reactions to flavor restriction policies. Multivariable linear regressions suggested that participants who were more motivated to quit smoking because of "information about health hazards" and the "cost of cigarettes" reported higher quit intentions following a hypothetical menthol ban (p < .05). Additionally, those with cessation-related weight concerns reported lower post-ban quit intentions (p < .05). Interview themes highlighted smoking for stress reduction, harm/addiction perceptions of flavored tobacco products, trusted sources of tobacco-related information (including testimonials from people who formerly smoked), potential ban responses, and varying experiences with cessation strategies. Culturally specific cessation strategies that emphasize the health-related benefits of quitting, particularly those featuring the experiences of people who formerly smoked, may help AA/B individuals who smoke menthol cigarettes quit following a menthol ban. For the FDA's proposed bans on characterizing flavors in cigarettes and cigars to advance racial health equity, they must maximize cessation among African American/black (AA/B) individuals who use menthol cigarettes. This work suggests information on the health hazards and costs of smoking, as well as concerns over gaining weight, were predictors of quit intentions in a hypothetical flavor ban. Qualitative data suggest messaging highlighting the experiences of individuals who successfully quit may constitute an effective communication strategy. These insights can be used in the development of culturally specific cessation strategies for AA/B individuals who smoke menthol cigarettes.

Inpatients' experiences of falls: A qualitative meta-synthesis.

Identify and synthesize published qualitative research reporting inpatient experiences of a fall to determine novel insights and understandings of this longstanding complex problem. Qualitative meta-synthesis. Online databases were searched to systematically identify published research reporting inpatient experiences of a fall. The included studies were inductively analysed and interpreted then reported as a meta-synthesis. Databases Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Ovid Emcare, CINAHL Complete, Scopus and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global were searched on 3rd August, 2023. From 10 included publications, four new themes of inpatients' experiences of a fall were constructed. Themes one, two and three related to antecedents of patient falls, and theme four related to consequences. Theme one, 'My foot didn't come with me: Physiological and anatomical changes', encompassed patients' experiences of medical conditions, medication, and anatomical changes. These aspects contributed to alterations in balance and strength, and misconceptions of capability in activities of daily (inpatient) living. Theme two, 'I was in a hurry: Help-seeking', encompassed patients' experiences striving for independence while balancing power and control, minimizing their own needs over care of others', and unavailability of support. Theme three, 'I couldn't find the call light: Environment and equipment', encompassed patients' experiences of not being able to reach or use equipment, and environment changes. Theme four, 'It was my fault too: Blame and confidence', encompassed patients' expressions of blame after their fall, blame directed at both themselves and/or others, and impacts on confidence and fear in mobilizing. Inpatient falls are embedded in a complexity of individual, relational, and environmental factors, yet there are potential ways forward both informed and led by the patient's voice. Strength-based approaches to address the tenuous balance between independence and support may be one opportunity to explore as a next step in complementing the existing multifaceted interventions. Inpatient falls are a complex and costly health safety and quality problem. Despite global initiatives in the prevention of inpatient falls, they remain intractable. This meta-synthesis provides an in-depth exploration of extant qualitative data on patients' experiences of falls in hospitals. Four themes were constructed expressing the inpatients' experiences: physiological and anatomical changes, help-seeking, environment and equipment, and blame and confidence. Novel considerations for future investigation are offered, drawing from self-determination theory and positive psychological interventions. This meta-synthesis elicits new considerations for future interventions based on people's experiences of their fall in hospital, offering healthcare professionals novel directions in fall prevention. The review was reported according to the Enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research statement (ENTREQ; Tong etal., 2012). No Patient or Public Contribution. PROSPERO CRD42023445279.

Primary health care challenges: insights from older people with multimorbidity in Malawi – a qualitative study

BackgroundThe global population is undergoing a significant surge in aging leading to increased susceptibility to various forms of progressive illnesses. This phenomenon significantly impacts both individual health and healthcare systems. Low and Middle Income Countries face particular challenges, as their Primary Health Care (PHC) settings often lack the necessary human and material resources to effectively address the escalating healthcare demands of the older people. This study set out to explore the experiences of older people living with progressive multimorbidity in accessing PHC services in Malawi.MethodsBetween July 2022 and January 2023, a total of sixty in-depth interviews were conducted with dyads of individuals aged ≥ 50 years and their caregivers, and twelve healthcare workers in three public hospitals across Malawi’s three administrative regions. The study employed a stratified selection of sites, ensuring representation from rural, peri-urban, and urban settings, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of diverse perspectives. Guided by the Andersen-Newman theoretical framework, the study assessed the barriers, facilitators, and need factors influencing PHC service access and utilization by the older people.ResultsThree themes, consistent across all sites emerged, encompassing barriers, facilitators, and need factors respectively. The themes include: (1) clinic environment: inconvenient clinic setup, reliable PHC services and research on diabetic foods; (2) geographical factors: available means of transportation, bad road conditions, lack of comprehensive PHC services at local health facility and need for community approaches; and (3) social and personal factors: encompassing use of alternative medicine, perceived health care benefit and support with startup capital for small-scale businesses.ConclusionThis research highlights the impact of various factors on older people’s access to and use of PHC services. A comprehensive understanding of the barriers, facilitators, and specific needs of older people is essential for developing tailored services that effectively address their unique challenges and preferences. The study underscores the necessity of community-based approaches to improve PHC access for this demographic. Engaging multiple stakeholders is important to tackle the diverse challenges, enhance PHC services at all levels, and facilitate access for older people living with progressive multimorbidity.

‘Normal news is boring’: How young adults encounter and experience news on Instagram and TikTok

Instagram and TikTok constitute the fastest rising social media apps for news consumption. However, very little remains known on how young people encounter and experience news content on these platforms. Drawing on 25 in-depth interviews with young adult Belgians, including operationalising the walkthrough method, this qualitative research article fills this existing gap in scholarship. I contextualise but also nuance how younger users are accustomed to relying on third-party social media apps as the primary location to encounter news rather than news outlets’ own offline and online platforms. The study results also shine light on intriguing perception differences in young adults’ varying news expectations of Instagram and TikTok, based on which ramifications and recommendations are discussed. Conceptually, I propose adopting the terms encountering and experiencing news rather than being exposed to or trusting it, in order to highlight the acknowledged (radical) audience turn in journalism studies and practice.

Quantitative Analysis Method of the Organizational Characteristics and Typical Types of Landscape Spatial Sequences Applied with a 3D Point Cloud Model

(1) Background: Sequential landscape changes give people experiences of dynamic beauty, and the key to creating spatial sequences lies in the organization of spatial changes. The purpose of this study is to use a 3D point cloud model to achieve a refined description of spatial sequences’ organizational characteristics from information acquisition to description and explore the quantitative interpretation methods of typical sequence organizational characteristics. (2) Methods: The proposed model contains three main steps: data acquisition and extraction, characteristic index system construction and data processing, and quantitative characterization analysis. A typology research method that combines quantitative induction with qualitative statistical verification is proposed. (3) Results: Seventy-two spatial sequence point cloud models of study cases are obtained; 4 indicators are established; 3 typical organization types are summarized, namely fluctuating, reversal and moderate type; and the characterization factors and threshold intervals for each sequence organization type are analyzed to validate the type classification result. (4) Conclusions: This research improves the accuracy of spatial data, the comprehensiveness of sequence organization characterization factors, and the reliability of classification results. It supplements the existing spatial sequence theoretical knowledge system and provides parameters that can be referred to in practical design.