Experiences Of Goal Setting Research Articles

Goal-setting practices in sport psychology: An investigation into practitioner experiences

Investigators undertaking goal-setting research in sport have often focused on the effects of goal content, while those writing professional practice literature have suggested how practitioners could set goals with clients. Few empirical investigations have concentrated on understanding how and why sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) use goal setting or the active ingredients contributing to intervention effectiveness. By adopting a 2-stage, multiple methods approach, we aimed to identify how and why SPPs used goal setting and what contributed to their successful and unsuccessful experiences of setting goals. In Stage 1, 84 accredited/certified SPPs and 16 SPPs in training on an accreditation/certification pathway completed an online survey to identify how and why they set goals. In Stage 2, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 participants that explored their experiences of goal setting and elaborated on findings generated in Stage 1. Our findings illustrate that goal setting is a dynamic process, and we identified several common steps across participants. Goal setting was used to enhance psychological and performance outcomes, but the process was influenced by client, contextual, and practitioner factors. Aspects perceived to influence the effectiveness of goal setting included: the attitude of the client toward goal setting; setting appropriate goals; and reflecting, tracking, and monitoring progress. When implementing goal setting in practice, our findings suggest that SPPs can expect steps of the intervention to differ between clients. Furthermore, practitioners might consider the commitment of the client to the process and following up after the intervention as factors that could contribute to successful outcomes. Lay summary: Sport psychology practitioners (SPPs) reported taking different steps to educate and evaluate their clients before they set goals. After setting goals, SPPs prepared clients to work toward them and followed up on their progress. A client’s attitude toward goal setting, setting appropriate goals, and monitoring progress were reported to contribute to successful goal-setting interventions.

Business Management Goal Setting and Performance Appraisal Strategies of Development

The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of management optimization in construction engineering cost consulting enterprises, and to provide scientific and reasonable management methods and strategies for enterprises to improve their management level and overall competitiveness by studying and analyzing the formulation of goal setting and performance evaluation strategies. This paper adopts the method of combining literature review and case analysis to conduct research. Firstly, through reviewing relevant literature, we understand the relevant theories and practical experience of goal setting and performance evaluation; then, combined with the actual situation of engineering cost consulting enterprises, we conduct an in-depth analysis and research on the goal setting and performance evaluation strategy of enterprises; finally, through the method of case study, we conduct an empirical research on the management optimization of enterprises, and verify the effectiveness and feasibility. The findings of this paper include the following: 1. Key elements of goal-setting and core indicators of performance assessment for engineering cost consulting firms were summarized; 2. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey and the case study, a performance appraisal strategy for different positions and levels is proposed; 3. Based on the results of the empirical study, the effectiveness and feasibility of the goal-setting and performance assessment strategies were verified. Through researching and analyzing the management optimization problems of construction engineering cost consulting enterprises.

Navigating (un)certainty in ‘downhill’ trajectories: An ethnographic study about rehabilitees’ and professionals’ experiences of goal-setting in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation

Objective To explore rehabilitees’ and professionals’ experiences of goal-setting in a context of (un)certainty with a progressive neurodegenerative disease and how they navigate this (un)certainty in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation. Design A long-term multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork (2019−2020) following 20 rehabilitees and their goals over time and settings. Observation at 30 goal-setting meetings. Participants Rehabilitees and professionals in Danish Parkinson's disease rehabilitation. Two randomly chosen groups of rehabilitees attending a Parkinson's disease course at a rehabilitation centre participated. Methods Semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Results Living with Parkinson's disease holds a certainty that the condition will progress yet an uncertainty regarding the pace and severity, as indicated by the notion (un)certainty. The (un)certainty challenges goal-setting. Reflecting on goal-setting, rehabilitees brought forth existential, economical, and societal considerations. Some expressed an ambivalent view, questioning the value of goal-setting with a progressive condition, yet finding own rehabilitation goals relevant. Others expressed a pragmatic view, attuning goals to fit the situation. Professionals found that the visible and invisible symptoms and the uncertain pace of Parkinson's made goal-setting challenging. They had to strike a balance between mentioning symptoms to come, yet not rendering the future too bleak. Conclusions Rehabilitees and professionals found that setting goals in a condition that progresses is no easy task. They made use of strategies such as observation, repetition, future-proofing strategies, and attuning goals to navigate the (un)certainty. In goal-setting, to maintain functioning with progressive Parkinson's disease was a viable goal. Participants found they just do the best they can to navigate (un)certainty.

Goal setting with young people for anxiety and depression: What works for whom in therapeutic relationships? A literature review and insight analysis

BackgroundGoal setting and goal-focused work is widely used in young people’s mental health settings. However, little is known about how, why or for whom this is helpful. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of collaborative goal setting as part of therapeutic relationships: is it helpful for young people experiencing anxiety and/or depression, how and why/not, for whom, and under what circumstances?MethodsOnline database searches generated 10,907 records. Seven unique studies are included, combined with insight analysis from directed discussions with international advisors with lived experience of anxiety and/or depression and therapy (N = 8; mean age = 20.8), and mental health academics/clinicians (N = 6).ResultsFindings are presented as a narrative synthesis and suggest that goal setting is helpful to young people experiencing anxiety and/or depression because it helps build good therapeutic relationships through open communication and building trust. Goal setting helps make things more manageable, enabling young people to feel supported and have ownership of their care. Individual preferences, or high levels of distress, trauma, low confidence, hopelessness, negative past experiences of goal setting, perfectionism, and rumination are considered limiting factors to goal setting. Additionally, contextual factors including country and long-term therapy are explored.ConclusionWhilst the resultant sample is small, emphasis on the voices of young people in the research is both prominent and of paramount importance. Several key literature gaps are identified, including evidenced links to the reduction in symptoms. Priority must be given to researching unhelpful mechanisms of goal setting for young people experiencing anxiety and/or depression, to avoid any potential iatrogenic effects.

Engaging children and adolescents with acquired brain injury and their families in goal setting: The family perspective

ABSTRACT This study explored the experiences of goal setting in paediatric rehabilitation from the perspectives of children and adolescents with acquired brain injury (ABI) and their parents in paediatric rehabilitation. Using a qualitative research design, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 parents and 8 young people with ABI aged between 9 and 18 years who were engaged in outpatient rehabilitation. Interview transcripts were analysed using constructivist grounded theory methods. Two main themes and several sub-themes emerged: Experiences of goal setting: The role of professionals; The role of the young person; and The role of the parents. Working as a team: Understanding each other and building trust; Communicating, sharing knowledge and different perspectives; and Being flexible. These themes reflect parent’s and young people’s experience of goal setting during paediatric rehabilitation for ABI and suggest clinicians play an important role in educating young people and their families about goal setting in the outpatient rehabilitation context. Young people and their parents also perceive the focus of outpatient rehabilitation as working collaboratively with clinicians to gain knowledge to manage the consequences of ABI. Our findings emphasize the importance of the therapeutic consumer–clinician relationship and the need to actively engage young people in goal setting.

The Dementia Early Stage Cognitive Aids New Trial (DESCANT) intervention: A goal attainment scaling approach to promote self-management.

This study investigated goals identified by people with dementia and their carers to promote the self-management of symptoms and abilities; measured achievement using goal attainment scaling (GAS); and explored the reflections of Dementia Support Practitioners (DSPs) facilitating it. Within this pragmatic randomised trial, DSPs gave memory aids, training and support to people with mild to moderate dementia and their carers at home. Data were collected across seven NHS Trusts in England and Wales (2016-2018) and abstracted from intervention records and semi-structured interviews with DSPs delivering the intervention, supplemented by a subset of the trial dataset. Measures were created to permit quantification and descriptive analysis and interview data thematically analysed. A GAS measure for this intervention in this client group was derived. Engagement was high across the 117 participants and 293 goals were identified. These reflected individual circumstances and needs and enabled classification and assessment of their attainment. Seventeen goal types were identified across six domains: self-care, household tasks, daily occupation, orientation, communication, and well-being and safety. On average participants achieved nominally significant improvement regarding the specified goals of 1.4 with standard deviation of 0.6. Five interviews suggested that DSPs' experiences of goal setting were also positive. GAS is useful for assessing psychosocial interventions for people with early-stage dementia. It has a utility in identifying goals, promoting self-management and providing a personalised outcome measure. There is a strong case for exploring whether these clear benefits translate to other interventions in other populations in other places.

342 - The Dementia Early Stage Cognitive Aids New Trial (DESCANT) intervention: Goal Attainment Scaling

The DESCANT (Dementia Early Stage Cognitive Aids New Trial) intervention provided a personalised care package to improve the cognitive abilities, function and well -being of people with early-stage dementia and their carers by providing a range of memory aids, with training and support for use. This presentation will explore findings from a goal attainment scaling exercise undertaken within a multi-site pragmatic randomised trial, part of a NIHR-funded research programme ‘Effective Home Support in Dementia Care: Components, Impacts and Costs of Tertiary Prevention.’The aim was to describe the Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) approach developed; investigate the types of goals identified by people with dementia and their carers and subsequent attainment; and explore the role of Dementia Support Practitioners (DSPs) in the process. This GAS exercise was designed by researchers, a clinical psychologist, a clinician and a DSP. Goal setting and attainment were conducted with the person with dementia and their carer and recorded by DSPs. Data were obtained from 117 intervention records and semi-structured interviews with five DSPs delivering the intervention across seven NHS Trusts in England and Wales. The GAS exercise was conducted as planned with goals and extent of involvement in the exercise tailored to individual participants and engagement was high. Demographic characteristics from the trial baseline dataset were analysed. Measures were created from intervention records to permit quantification and descriptive analysis. Interviews were professionally transcribed and subject to thematic analysis to identify salient themes.A total of 293 goals were identified across the 117 participants. From these 17 goal types were distinguished across six domains: self -care; household tasks; daily occupation; orientation; communication; and well-being and safety. A measure of goal attainment appropriate to both the client group and a modest intervention was obtained. On average participants had evidenced some improvement regarding goals set. Qualitative findings suggested overall DSPs were positive about their experience of goal setting. Although several challenges were identified, if these were overcome, measuring goal attainment was generally viewed as straightforward. GAS can be used in the context of a psychosocial intervention for people with early-stage dementia to identify and measure attainment of personalised care goals.

Participants' lived experience of pursuing personal goals in the Illness Management and Recovery program.

The Illness Management and Recovery (IMR) program is designed to support people diagnosed with severe mental illness in developing tailored illness-management skills and to pursue personal goals. Although IMR is a goal-oriented program, little is know about the participants' experience of goal-setting as part of IMR. To describe participants' lived experience of personal goal-setting as part of the Illness Management and Recovery program (IMR). A descriptive, phenomenological research design was employed with individual interviews. IMR helped the participants break down their personal goals into manageable short-term goals. The main themes were as follows: 'We were guided to set clearer and specific goals in IMR', 'We were encouraged to pursue our personal goals in IMR' and 'We were encouraged and supported to resume work on our goals when we stopped making progress'. The findings emphasise goal-setting in IMR as a means to instilling hope for the future and work on goals. The participants learned to identify, articulate and initiate work towards short- and long-term goals when guided by the instructor and supported by peers in the IMR group. Goal-setting is a useful method for breaking down personal recovery goals into a practical short-term goals and motivating participants to pursue them. The findings indicate goal-setting is an important part of the IMR-program, but suggest that flexibility in goal-setting is needed, especially in the time required to achieve personal goals.

근거기반 지역사회 심뇌혈관질환 예방관리 목표설정과 모니터링 경험

Objectives: This study aimed to share experience of goal setting and monitoring in local government based on Health Plan 2020. Methods: We calculated 16 indices among 27 of Health Plan 2020. We applied ‘Better to the Mean’ of peer community for indices were under mean of similar four provinces. We applied ‘Better to the Mean’ of national mean for indices were beyond the mean of peer communities. We applied the ‘Better to the Best’ for indices were above the national mean. Results: We applied ‘Better to the Mean’ of peer communities for intake of sodium, awareness of own blood pressure, rate of treated hypertension, awareness of own blood glucose, rate of treated diabetes, awareness of hypercholesterolemia, rate of treated hypercholesterolemia, rate of controlled hypercholesterolemia, prevalence of stroke, awareness of symptoms of stroke. We applied ‘Better to the Mean’ of nation to rate of sufficient walking, annual screening rate of fundus, and rate of controlled diabetes. We applied ‘Better to the Best’ for prevalence of hypertension, rate of controlled hypertension, and annual screening rate of microalbuminuria. Conclusions: G province set the goal based on evidence and conducted monitoring. We expected this study to be useful reference.

Setting goals with patients living with multimorbidity: qualitative analysis of general practice consultations

BackgroundEstablishing patient goals is widely recommended as a way to deliver care that matters to the individual patient with multimorbidity, who may not be well served by single-disease guidelines. Though multimorbidity is now normal in general practice, little is known about how doctors and patients should set goals together.AimTo determine the key components of the goal-setting process in general practice.Design and settingIn-depth qualitative analysis of goal-setting consultations in three UK general practices, as part of a larger feasibility trial. Focus groups with participating GPs and patients. The study took place between November 2016 and July 2018.MethodActivity analysis was applied to 10 hours of video-recorded doctor–patient interactions to explore key themes relating to how goal setting was attempted and achieved. Core challenges were identified and focus groups were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 22 patients and five GPs participated. Four main themes emerged around the goal-setting process: patient preparedness and engagement; eliciting and legitimising goals; collaborative action planning; and GP engagement. GPs were unanimously positive about their experience of goal setting and viewed it as a collaborative process. Patients liked having time to talk about what was most important to them. Challenges included eliciting goals from unprepared patients, and GPs taking control of the goal rather than working through it with the patient.ConclusionGoal setting required time and energy from both parties. GPs had an important role in listening and bearing witness to their patients’ goals. Goal setting worked best when both GP and patient were prepared in advance.

Experiences of stroke survivors, their families and unpaid carers in goal setting within stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review of qualitative evidence.

The objective of the review was to synthesize the best available qualitative evidence regarding the experiences of stroke survivors, their families and unpaid carers, about goal setting within stroke rehabilitation. Clinical guidelines recommend person-centered goal setting in stroke rehabilitation but many barriers exist to its implementation. Individual differences and preferences, of both the stroke survivor and practitioner, may influence involvement in goal setting. A stroke survivor's relationship with close family members and unpaid carers can be powerful and could influence rehabilitation, recovery and goal setting. The participants of interest were adults (over 18 years) who had experienced a stroke and undergone rehabilitation, and their families and unpaid carers. The phenomena of interest were the experiences of goal setting within stroke rehabilitation for stroke survivors, their families and unpaid carers. The context was stroke rehabilitation in acute and community hospitals, inpatient rehabilitation units and the community. Studies considered for this review were qualitative primary research studies and the qualitative portion of mixed methods research. A three-step search strategy was used to identify English language qualitative primary research studies (both published and unpublished) through November 2017. Two reviewers independently appraised the included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Studies were included if they achieved 50% "yes" results for the methodological assessment. Data were extracted from the included papers using the standardized JBI qualitative data extraction tool. Data were synthesized using meta-aggregation. Four studies were included in this review, from which 44 findings were extracted. These were aggregated into 12 categories and four synthesized findings: (1) Person-centered goal setting is possible but often does not occur; (2) Practitioners shape the context of goal setting; (3) Practitioners need to listen to the person and know "who they are" - there is a need for an individualized approach to goal setting; (4) Recovery is ongoing and unpredictable. No findings reporting the experiences of goal setting from the perspective of family or unpaid carers were found, therefore all findings represent stroke survivor experiences. The role of goal setting in self-management could not be extracted from the data. Person-centered goal setting within stroke rehabilitation is both possible and rewarding but often does not occur. Goal setting contributes to the post-stroke rehabilitation experience and can be positively or negatively influenced by practitioners. Maintaining hope and a sense of forward momentum in recovery after stroke is perceived by stroke survivors as important and could be supported using goal setting that is tailored to the individual's needs and preferences. Future research should focus on refining individualized methods of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation and the role of the practitioner in this, including what skills are needed and how they can be acquired. The identified gaps in the literature about family members' and unpaid carers' experiences, and the role of goal setting in self-management, warrant further research.

Survival, momentum, and things that make me “me”: patients’ perceptions of goal setting after stroke

Purpose: Goal setting and patient-centredness are considered fundamental concepts in rehabilitation. However, the best way to involve patients in setting goals remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore patient experiences of goal setting in post-acute stroke rehabilitation to further understanding of its application to practice. Method: Thematic analysis was used to analyse interview transcripts from 10 stroke survivors, recruited from 4 rehabilitation units as part of a pilot study investigating the effects of a structured means of eliciting patient-centred goals in post-acute stroke rehabilitation. Results: Three key themes emerged: (1) “A Day by Day Momentum”, comprising subordinate themes of “Unpredictability” and “Natural Progression” in which daily progress forwards was seen as an integral part of rehabilitation; (2) “Battle versus Alliance” in which issues of struggle versus support influenced participants’ advancement; and (3) “The Special Things”, consisting of subordinate themes of “What Makes Me ‘Me’” and “Symbolic Achievements” concerning issues defining individuals and their rehabilitation experiences. Conclusions: Patients’ discourse around goal setting can differ from the discourse conventionally used by clinicians when describing “best practice” in rehabilitation goal setting. Understanding patients’ non-conventional views of goals may assist in supporting and motivating them, thus providing drive for their rehabilitation.Implications for RehabilitationStroke patients think about goals very differently from health professionals.Individual patients have diverse ideas about goals within the context of the uncertainty of stroke, their life as a whole and recovery after formal rehabilitation is completed.To meet these diverse needs, health professionals need to communicate fully with patients to gain an understanding of their experiences of stroke and wider views on goals.

A randomised control trial of experiential learning to promote physical activity

The paucity of training in physical activity (PA) promotion in UK medical schools is a barrier to health professionals' promotion of PA to their patients. Doctors who are more physically active are more likely to counsel patients in this regard. We used a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to examine the effect of an intervention which engaged students in goal-setting, using pedometer step counts, on their PA behaviour and intentions to promote PA in future practice. We invited fourth-year medical students to participate in the study during their four-week placement in primary care. Following baseline pedometer measurement of daily step counts for one week, students were randomly allocated to intervention (individual step count goal-setting) or control groups. Using pedometers, both groups monitored their PA during the following week. Intentions to promote PA were assessed using a questionnaire based on the theory of planned behaviour at baseline, four weeks and nine weeks. Focus groups explored the students' experiences of PA measurement, goalsetting for behaviour change and health promotion teaching. One-hundred and thirty-six students participated (70 intervention; 66 control). The mean change in daily step count was greater ( P =0.001) in the intervention group (1245, 95% CI 762 to 1727) than in the control group (-65, 95% CI -644 to 573). Scores for perceived behavioural control over PA counselling increased in both groups, with a trend for higher scores in the intervention group. Intervention group students described how experience of personal PA behaviour change gave insights into barriers patients may face and improved their confidence in PA counselling. Medical students' personal experience of goal setting in increasing PA appears to lead to a more positive perception of their ability to deliver effective PA promotion in future practice. Inclusion of this learning experience within the undergraduate curriculum may improve doctors' skills in health promotion.

Relationship Between Experiences with Goal Setting and Time Attitude of High School Students who Participate in Athletic Clubs

The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between the experiences with the goal setting and time attitude of the high school students who participate in athletic clubs. The investigation consisting of 5 surveys was introduced to 398 high school students (210 athletic clubs' students, 77 non-athletic clubs' students, and 111 students who not participate in any kind of club). From the results of this study, it was clarified that (1) the goal-setting skill was related to goal-directedness in athletic clubs' students and non-athletic clubs' students. On the other hand, there is little relationship between the goal-setting skill and goal-directedness in students who not participate in any kind of club. (2) In athletic clubs' students, the interpretation of experiences at clubs was related to hopefulness and self-fullness. Consequently, it is considered that the experiences of goal setting in clubs and the interpretation of the experiences at clubs were related to the time attitude of athletic clubs' students, while the interpretation of the experiences at clubs had little relationship to the time attitude of non-athletic clubs' students.