Experience Water Shortages Research Articles

TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max) GENES RELATED TO WATER DEFICIT

ABSTRACT The soybean crop has been gaining worldwide prominence, being widely disseminated due to its various forms of use in different segments. Genetic and environmental factors are decisive in the quality of this culture. A feature related to the environmental factor that has gained prominence is the water deficit. Molecular events are initiated by the perception of water stress, involving a complex genetic network. Studies in recent decades have already identified some genes related to water stress in plants, it is known that the dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB) plays an important role in the response to water deficit. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the expression of genes related to water deficit in soybean. For the analysis of gene expression, leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), cultivar M9144 RR, submitted to the following treatments were used: 25V25R – plants subjected to water deficit throughout the cycle, being irrigated with 25% of ETpc and 100V100R – plants that did not experience water deficit, being irrigated with 100% of ETpc throughout the cycle. The quantification of the relative expression of the genes GmDREB1 and GmDREB5 showed that the water stress suffered by the cultivar was greater in the reproductive stage. Keywords: Transcription factors, development stages, gene expression.

Community-led Initiatives for Water Resource Management in Sumenep Regency, Indonesia

Water scarcity is a global issue affecting human health, well-being, and the environment. Community participation is vital to managing water resources, particularly in addressing water scarcity. In Indonesia, East Java is one of the provinces that frequently experiences water shortages. This research explores how local communities manage water resources and utilize local knowledge to address the vulnerability to clean water crises in Desa Parsanga, Sumenep, and East Java. This study employed a qualitative approach using interviews, observations, and document analysis as data collection methods. The research findings revealed that the local community's initiative is demonstrated through their participation in the construction of drilled wells. This participation is facilitated through an organization formed by the local community in Desa Parsanga called the Association of Drinking Water Users (HIPPAM). HIPPAM constructed five drilled wells that supply clean water to approximately 500 households. This initiative demonstrates that the local communityplays a strategic role in water resource management and can promote sustainable practices. This research provides insights into the potential of communities and local knowledge in addressing global water issues.

Analysis of Water Balance in Nyaen Irrigation Area Sukoharjo Regency

Nyaen Weir is one of the weirs in Sukoharjo Regency. This weir has an irrigation area called the Nyaen irrigation area. The Nyaen irrigation area experiences water shortages in the third planting period. Therefore, further analysis is needed to overcome the water shortage appropriately. This study aims to determine the water balance in the Nyaen Irrigation Area. The method used is direct observation along with a quantitative descriptive method. The analysis stage begins with a site survey to discover the problems in the irrigation network and then collect secondary data at the research location. The water balance analysis step is to compare the availability of water with irrigation water needs. According to the water balance analysis in the Nyaen Irrigation Area, it is not balanced because the right intake is 25% sufficient, and the left intake is 75% acceptable.

Anatomical and physiological responses of roots and rhizomes in Oryza longistaminata to soil water gradients.

Roots and rhizomes are critical for the adaptation of clonal plants to soil water gradients. Oryza longistaminata, a rhizomatous wild rice, is of particular interest for perennial rice breeding due to its resilience under abiotic stress conditions. While root responses to soil flooding are well-studied, rhizome responses to water gradients remain underexplored. We hypothesize that physiological integration of Oryza longistaminata mitigates heterogeneous water deficit stress through interconnected rhizomes, and both roots and rhizomes respond to contrasting water conditions. We investigated the physiological integration between mother plants and ramets, measuring key photosynthetic parameters (photosynthetic and transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance) using an Infrared Gas Analyzer. Moreover, root and rhizome responses to three water regimes (flooding, well-watered, and water deficit) were examined by measuring radial water loss and apparent permeance to O2, along with histochemical and anatomical characterization. Our experiment highlights the role of physiological integration via interconnected rhizomes in mitigating water deficit stress. Severing rhizome connections from mother plants or ramets exposed to water deficit conditions led to significant decreases in key photosynthetic parameters, underscoring the importance of rhizome connections in bidirectional stress mitigation. Additionally, O. longistaminata rhizomes exhibited constitutive suberized and lignified apoplastic barriers, while such barriers were induced in roots under water stress. Anatomically, both rhizomes and roots respond similarly to water gradients, showing thinner diameters under water deficit conditions and larger diameters under flooding conditions. Our findings indicate that physiological integration through interconnected rhizomes helps alleviate water deficit stress when either the mother plant or the ramet is experiencing water deficit, while the counterpart is in control conditions. Moreover, O. longistaminata can adapt to various soil water regimes by regulating anatomical and physiological traits of roots and rhizomes.

Research of ultrasonic sensors for measuring water flow in hydromelioration objects

Abstract Currently, many countries are experiencing water shortages, which requires efficient use of available water resources. Therefore, there is an increasing need for simple, reliable and inexpensive water flow measurement devices with high measurement accuracy. This article researched an ultrasonic device for measuring water flow, operating on the basis of the time-pulse method. The device was based on an STM32 microcontroller, and a high-precision TDC-GP22 converter was used to generate ultrasonic signals and subsequently collect the difference in their propagation time. The main advantages of the proposed device are ease of use and low power consumption. The experiment’s findings indicate that the water flow meter being examined can be effectively utilized at hydromelioration sites.

Exploring the Underlying Message of Kalbe Farma’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategy: Video Water Supply for Watuagung

Watuagung is an area in Indonesia that is experiencing water shortage. The lack of water caused some conflicts in the village. People fought to get clean water. In 2013, a local hero strived for water supply for the village. Moreover, now, water is easy to find in Watuagung village. Therefore, the quality of life of the people is getting better. Because of the water supply, people can harvest plants and earn money. This village achievement occurred with the involvement of Kalbe Farma, Indonesia’s pharmaceutical company, in its CSR program. Furthermore, this CSR journey is described in the short video "Akses Air untuk Watuagung." The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying message of Kalbe Farma’s CSR strategy: A case study of the video "Akses Air untuk Watuagung" from college students’ perceptions. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) conducted to explore the audience’s perceptions of the video. Five students will watch the movie at one time, and questions will be delivered among the participants of the FGD to dig into the audience’s perception. The results revealed five dominant factors in communication CSR: CSR informativeness, personal relevance, self-efficacy, self-promotional message tone, and consistency. Moreover, two factors need to be improved: third-party endorsement and transparency. This research also highlights new factors, such as CSR authenticity, stakeholder involvement, and culture.

Regional irrigation expansion can support climate-resilient crop production in post-invasion Ukraine.

Ukraine supplies a large proportion of grain and oilseeds to the world market and faces disruptions from the Russian invasion in 2022. Here we explore the combined effects of the invasion and climate change on Ukraine's irrigation. In 2021, only 1.6% of Ukraine's cropland was irrigated. Of this portion, 73% experienced substantial declines in irrigated crop production following the invasion. We estimate that by the mid-twenty-first century, three-quarters of croplands will experience water shortages, making business-as-usual rain-fed agricultural practices inadequate in addressing the challenges posed by climate change. We explore how leveraging local surface and groundwater resources could enable sustainable irrigation expansion over 18 million hectares of croplands and form a viable climate adaptation strategy. Finally, we identify regions for implementing enhancements or expansions of irrigation systems that can foster a more resilient agricultural sector-underscoring the growing importance of irrigation in sustaining crop production in Ukraine.

Climate change, seasonality and household water security in rural Gambia: A qualitative exploration of the complex relationship between weather and water

Climate change could pose a threat to water security for many communities, particularly in settings where rainfall patterns are becoming more varied and there is higher frequency of extreme events, such as heavy rainfall and droughts. Understanding how rainfall affects water security—including water access, water quality and water use behaviours—can inform investment in more climate-resilient infrastructure and safeguard against future health risks. This study aims to explore how households in rural Gambia experienced water security in relation to seasonal rainfall patterns and extreme weather events. Data collection focused on two communities (Kiang West and Basse) with differing access to water infrastructure, within which some villages had greater access to groundwater sources, such as solar-powered boreholes, and others primarily used uncovered wells. 46 participants were interviewed in Spring 2022 using multiple qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and transect walks. We found that people’s experience of water security and rainfall (including seasonal rainfall, drought and heavy rainfall) was complex and varied according to the primary household water source. Both dry and rainy season posed challenges to household water security in terms of quality and quantity. Households with access to more resilient infrastructure, such as solar-powered boreholes, discussed a shift in the relationship between weather and water security, where they were less vulnerable to water shortages during dry conditions compared to those using wells. However, these sources did not fully resolve water security issues, as they experienced water shortages during cloudy conditions. Extreme weather events, such as heavy rainfall, heightened perceived water issues, as these events sometimes damaged water infrastructure and contaminated water sources. Seasonal workloads, that were higher in the rainy season, also jeopardised water security, as this limited time for water collection. Increased investment in infrastructure, maintenance, water-treatment and behavioural change is required to mitigate the risks.

Analisis Ketersediaan dan Kebutuhan Air Sub DAS Rupit Menggunakan Remote Sensing dan GIS

The water balance of a river basin is crucial for estimating water availability to meet current and future domestic and economic water demand and supply. Parameters such as rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration, deficit, and surplus soil water content determine the water availability of a river basin (DAS), influenced by factors like land use, soil type, seasonal variations, and other environmental factors. This research aims to estimate the water balance of the Rupit sub-watershed using the FJ Mock model. The Sentinel 1 image of the area was processed to produce a land use map. GIS modeling generated maps of rainfall, land use, soil, slope, morphometry catchment, excess moisture, evapotranspiration, and surface run-off. The analysis reveals that the highest rainfall and evapotranspiration occur in January, while other months average around 56 - 66 mm per month. Excess water during the wet months (November-March) leads to flooding, damaging infrastructure such as residential buildings, roads, and bridges. Conversely, April-October experiences water shortages. The annual weighted watershed deficit is 46.6 mm, with almost no surplus detected. Rainfall run-off simulations demonstrate significant and coherent watershed responses to rainfall patterns. Due to low rainfall and soil moisture levels from preceding months, March exhibits the highest discharge at 15.35 m3/s, with a run-off coefficient of 0.863.

Mathematical Modeling of Drinking Water Losses Management Case Study – Cairo - Egypt

Water, As A Precious natural resource, necessitates sustainable management to minimize wastage. Excessive leakage, particularly in regions confronting water scarcity such as Egypt, directly undermines environmental objectives and principles of cost recovery. Effective water management is pivotal for reducing losses and optimizing efficiency. Accurate measurement of water production and distribution is essential to identify losses and assess water utilities' performance. This data aids in pinpointing the root causes of losses, whether physical or commercial, facilitating targeted reduction strategies. Forecasting supply-demand balance is critical for planning water networks and treatment facilities. Detailed infrastructure information enables decision-makers to discern areas experiencing water shortages and those with surplus resources. Our aim is to probe the causes of water losses in Cairo's drinking water network, the capital of Egypt, and propose managerial solutions. Operational efficiency relies on minimizing labor, material, and energy costs. Water loss poses a significant operational challenge, as components of non-revenue water can significantly impact utilities' financial stability. The IWA Water Balance offers a standardized approach to water audits, facilitating a comprehensive analysis of water production, storage, and distribution. This analysis aids in quantifying the magnitude of the water loss problem and prioritizing corrective actions based on revenue and non-revenue water components. The Cairo Water Company is entrusted with producing 5.5 million cubic meters of purified drinking water per day from 11 treatment plants, serving a network spanning 13,307 kilometers and supported by 20 maintenance centers. With a focus on serving 1.1 million citizens in compliance with Egyptian regulations, our study encompasses various metrics, including billed and unbilled consumption, unauthorized usage, and metering inaccuracies, to calculate commercial losses. Additionally, we evaluate main and storage leakages, as well as service connection leakages up to the customer meter, to determine technical losses. Through a mathematical module, we compute non-revenue water (NRW) and infrastructure leakage index (ILI) metrics. Performance indicators are utilized to assess the effectiveness of water utilities in managing losses and asset maintenance. Our designed module empowers decision-makers to evaluate and enhance asset methodologies for water loss management.

Groundwater Potential Assessment in the Rural Loulouni Municipality (Southern Mali): Decision Tree Approach

Groundwater Potential Assessment in the Rural Loulouni Municipality (Southern Mali): Decision Tree Approach

Pre-silking water deficit in maize induced kernel loss through impaired silk growth and ovary carbohydrate dynamics.

Both carbon limitation and developmentally driven kernel failure occur in the apical region of maize (Zea mays L.) ears. Failed kernel development in the basal and middle regions of the ear often is neglected because their spaces usually are occupied by adjacent ovaries at harvest. We tested the spatial distribution of kernel losses and potential underlying reasons, from perspectives of silk elongation and carbohydrate dynamics, when maize experienced water deficit during silk elongation. Kernel loss was distributed along the length of the ear regardless of water availability, with the highest kernel set in the middle region and a gradual reduction toward the apical and basal ends. Water deficit limited silk elongation in a manner inverse to the temporal pattern of silk initiation, more strongly in the apical and basal regions of the ear than in the middle region. The limited recovery of silk elongation, especially at the apical and basal regions following rescue irrigation was probably due to water potentials below the threshold for elongation and lower growth rates of the associated ovaries. While sugar concentrations increased or did not respond to water deficit in ovaries and silks, the calculated sugar flux into the developing ovaries was impaired and diverged among ovaries at different positions under water deficit. Water deficit resulted in 58% kernel loss, 68% of which was attributable to arrested silks within husks caused by lower water potentials and 32% to ovaries with emerged silks possibly due to impaired carbohydrate metabolism.

Study of irrigation aspect in the interconnection system of Telaga Tanjung and Singin Ponds in Tabanan Regency

Interconnection is a channel that links multiple water channel systems with those downstream of a river area. The proposed system will utilize existing canals in Gadungan, Matan, and Unun Irrigation Areas, extending to the Lambuk Reservoir dam system. The problem is that irrigation areas downstream of the Lambuk Reservoir are Lambuk (726 ha), Babakan Anyar (42 ha), and Lanyah (281 ha) experience water shortages (planting intensity of 170% to 200%) during the dry season. The study utilized water balance methods in rice fields, the basic year method for main discharge at weirs, and interconnection channel analysis for water needs calculation. From the water balance analysis, the Singin System cannot make a new interconnection channel to the Lambuk Reservoir because the available water in each reservoir can only irrigate the Matan and Unun Irrigation Areas. From the Telaga Tunjung System, there is still a lot of water available, especially during the rainy season, so that it can supply the reservoir for the Lambuk Reservoir. This means that the interconnection system from this reservoir still needs to be created from the primary channel of the Gadungan Irrigation Area.

Model of Surface Water Management Based on the Potency of Water Balance

Purpose: This research intends to build the simulation model of surface water management in the Kali Lamong watershed based on each water district for maintaining in order to be able to fulfill the sustainable water demand Theoretical reference: Management of surface water is one of the very important issues nowadays. By the climate and land use change, it is adding the water resources problem in the future. Kali Lamong watershed is one of water sources for Surabaya city and the other cities. Water availability in Lamong watershed becomes very important to be known, and how is the condition in the future on short term (2050), medium term (2075), and long term (2100) by using the three scenarios for facing the uncertainty. Method: The methodology consists of developing the model of water management based on the water district by integrating the simulation result into the solutions for developing water management for reaching the water safety in the Kali Lamong watershed. Result and Conclusion: The simulation result shows that on the condition of scenario A, there is needed the reservoir capacity in short term (2050) in Lamong Hulu and Kalitemu that is 18 and 8 million m3; for medium term (2075) is 35 and 19 million m3; and for long term (2100) is 62 and 34 million m3. For scenario B, there is needed the reservoir capacity for short term (2050) in Lamong Hulu and Kalitemu is 23 and 10 million m3, for medium term (2075) is 35 and 15 million m3, and for long term (2100) is 50 and 26 million m3. However, for scenario C is needed the reservoir capacity for short term (2050) in Lamong hulu and Kalitemu is 26 and 11 miliion m3, for medium term (2075) is 45 and 21 million m3, and for long term (2100) is 80 and 38 million m3. Implication of research: Based on the prediction result of rainfall and land cover change, there is obtained the dependable discharge (Q-80%) in each water district with 3 scenarios including the projection of water demand. The potency of water balance in each water district produces 3 water districts which experience water deficit in Lamong Hulu, Sabeng, and Kalitemu Water District. To fulfill the water deficit in water district, there is carried out by building reservoir in the watershed downstream in two locations that are Lamong Hulu and Kalitemu water districts and it is integrated in the water management model. Originality/ value: To build a simulation model of surface water management.

Analisis Surplus-Defisit Air Daerah Irigasi Gondang Kabupaten Lamongan

Population growth in Indonesia has increased by an average of 1.25% from the previous population every year from 2020 to July 2022 (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2022). Population growth is in line with increasing food needs, where development in agriculture is one of the priorities in building food security in the future. Lamongan Regency contributed 564,139 tons of rice in 2020 and was nominated for 5 (five) largest major contributors at the national level (Redaktur Jatim, 2021). High population growth and increasing food demand require adequate infrastructure, including efficient irrigation systems. The balance of available irrigation water and required water determines success in irrigation water management. This study aims to analyze reliable water discharge using the F.J. Mock method, calculating plant needs to determine water surpluses. This research was conducted in the Gondang Irrigation Area located in Sugio District, Lamongan Regency. The area of gondang irrigation area is 10588 ha. From the results of the study, the highest discharge occurred in 2013, in April period II amounting to 77.71 m3 / s. The water needs of plants experience water shortages for 3 months (July-September).

Tata kelola sumber daya air berkelanjutan-berkeadilan : Bagaimana Indonesia memperkuat poros maritim?

Water resources are an important aspect of human survival. However, population growth, urbanization, climate change, agricultural expansion, and industrialization have led to a rapid decline in the quality and availability of water resources. It is estimated that by 2050, the global population will reach 9.7 billion, which will increase the need for water resources. Currently, approximately 2.3 billion people live in water-critical areas, and two-thirds of the global population experiences critical water shortages for at least one month of the year. The United Nations has established Sustainable Development Goals, with a focus on clean water and sanitation. Indonesia, with more than 17,000 islands, has rich water resources but is vulnerable due to urbanization, pollution, and climate change. To overcome these challenges, sustainable water governance is necessary. Indonesia is already experiencing water shortages, and it is estimated that 67% of economic activity will be in areas experiencing water scarcity by 2045. In addition, Indonesia is among the ten largest groundwater-consuming countries, drawing groundwater mainly for domestic use. To overcome this challenge, the government has implemented water governance reforms through regulatory policies and infrastructure improvements. In this context, this research aims to provide an overview of the progress of sustainable water governance in Indonesia and strategies for facing challenges as a maritime axis in sustainable water governance. This study uses a systematic literature review methodology to analyze 69 articles on current water governance practices, sustainable water governance challenges, and strategies for overcoming these challenges. By adopting sustainable water governance, Indonesia can ensure fair and equitable access to water, reduce water-related conflicts, increase access to clean water and sanitation, and strengthen the country's overall environmental and economic resilience.

A review on techniques for the cleaning of wastewater

The review thoroughly examines current approaches to wastewater treatment, addressing the urgent worldwide issues of water contamination and shortage. Given that the majority of Earth's surface is covered by water, only a small portion of it is really appropriate for consumption. As a result, billions of people are at risk of experiencing water shortages on a yearly basis. The research examines several therapeutic strategies, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, with a specific emphasis on their effectiveness, constraints, and current advancements. Adsorption and membrane technology are physical technologies that use developments in nano-sized materials to improve the removal of contaminants. Coagulation/flocculation procedures encounter difficulties in de-colorization and sludge generation, notwithstanding their effectiveness. Chemical techniques such as electrochemical and photo-electrochemical oxidation, Fenton's oxidation, and ozonation demonstrate sophisticated oxidation mechanisms that have the ability to break down pollutants. Nevertheless, the need for continuous improvement arises due to problems such as energy expenses and the generation of by-products. The use of microorganisms for the breakdown of organic colorants is a promising ecologically acceptable solution in the field of biology. Biofilm applications show potential in the treatment of sewage water, highlighting the capacity of microorganisms to adapt and their enzymatic activity. This review highlights the urgent need for ongoing research and technological advancements in order to address the global issue of water scarcity. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment solutions into worldwide water management strategies, in order to ensure a resilient future.

Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Methods for Optimizing Small Island Areas: A Case Study in Selaru Island, Indonesia

Water management on islands has an important role because of their limited features. Although each island has different features (size, isolation, geology and topography, climate and hydrology, economic development, etc.) – all affecting water resources and management, all islands face many of the same water-related issues and challenges. This condition is influenced by population growth triggered by the development of natural resources. This research aims to ensure that the rainwater harvesting method as an alternative water source can fulfill distribution deficiencies while maintaining the ecological conditions of small island areas. Water availability is analyzed using the F.J. Mock method, and the existing sources are analyzed using the RWH method. Based on guidelines, the analysis of domestic water needs is 65 L/person/day. The analysis continues with the existing distribution scenario. The results show that the Adaut sub-watershed and the Namtabung sub-watershed are predicted to experience water shortages, and the combined distribution scenario of existing sources and the RWH method can be a solution to overcome water shortages. The RWH method can achieve optimal water distribution in Selaru Island until 2040.

Viabilidade econômica do café irrigado com diferentes regimes hídricos no Cerrado

Abstract Climate change significantly impacts farmers' decision-making regarding the supplementary irrigation of coffee cultivated in areas experiencing water deficits. The aim of this study was to analyze the production cost and profitability of Arabica coffee under different irrigation and rainfed regimes in the Brazilian Cerrado. Four scenarios were evaluated: I. scenario before significant climate events and the pandemic, II. scenario with the effects of pandemic and climate events, III. scenario with average national productivity and average productivity in irrigated areas, and IV. scenario of specialty coffees. In Scenario I, only the rainfed treatment did not demonstrate economic viability because it did not yield a positive net present value (NPV). Scenario II showed higher internal rate of return (IRR) than Scenario I. The national production and Cerrado scenarios proved viable under the evaluated price conditions and interest rates. The rainfed sector was highly attractive for the specialty grain scenario (IV) than for other scenarios. Productivity and the amount paid per bag of coffee were identified as the variables that had the most significant impact on the IRR of the coffee crop. Therefore, economic and technical analyses should be conducted before investing in coffee farming to ensure the success of each production system.

An assessment tool to improve rural groundwater access: Integrating hydrogeological modelling with socio-technical factors

Sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources for drinking water provision in rural communities in sub-Sahara Africa remains elusive due to the limited knowledge of these hydrogeological systems. This is exacerbated by poor maintenance of existing infrastructure, limited technical capacity, the socio-economic characteristics of the area and poor governance. Assessing the likelihood of a given individual user experiencing water shortage calls for an interdisciplinary approach. After a preliminary multifactorial analysis incorporating a range of variables from technical to societal, it was found that most of the overall risk of water shortage for an individual household could be attributed to three factors; (1) Proximity, specified as the distance to the closest supply well (determined by geographical parameters), (2) Availability of good quality water in the wells (determined by hydrogeological understanding and modelling), and (3) Sustainability (determined by socio-technical and socio-economic parameters). In the latter case, a distinction was made between hardware functionality- the water point's performance considering a sufficient yield and reliability through time- and software functionality, based on a combination of socioeconomic data from surveys and analysed using Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA). All three factors are eventually mapped onto indicators in the range of [0–1] and then represented in a Geographical Information System based on the partition of the entire spatial domain (e.g., counties, villages, and neighbourhoods). The three indicators are then combined in a final index based on the product of the three factors, thus mapping time-dependent overall risk and allowing the assessment of temporal risk-evolution scenarios. The methodology is applied to Kwale County, Kenya, where community handpumps and groundwater points comprise the main water supply system. Apart from mapping the present situation, the methodology is finally used to assess the impact of future climate scenarios.