Experience Of Urban Planning Research Articles

Ideals of the nation-state, design of Hermann Jansen: planning the Southern growth pole in Anatolia in the 1930s

ABSTRACT This article discusses the connection between the nation-building process and urban planning practices in the 1930s in Turkey. To this end, it investigates the relationship between urban planning and the creation of growth poles, concentrating on Hermann Jansen's urban planning experience in Southern Anatolia. The findings indicate that Adana was designed as an industrial center; that Gaziantep was fashioned into a trade-industry city; that Mersin was developed as a sea gate; and that Tarsus and Ceyhan were to retain their small city character, with Tarsus designated an agricultural town while Ceyhan was assigned as a modern agricultural town for immigrants.

ХҮН АМЫН ШИЛЖИН СУУРЬШИХ ҮЙЛ ЯВЦ: ХОТЖИЛТ БА ХӨГЖЛИЙН СОРИЛТУУД

The article was written with evidence and fact to identify human settlement some faced problems during urbanization process in Mongolia. Furthemore, author analyzed urban planning experiences of the developed countries and territorialization ofMongolian cities and its perspectives.

ЗАДАЧИ ГРАДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЙ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЗОН

The article touches upon the issues of urban planning transformations, which is due to economic realities and the state of the spaceplanning frame of the city. The territorial growth of cities in the 60s of the last century led to the creation of suburban areas, most of them are monofunctional residential areas with “moderate” urban centers and typical green areas. However, modern society requires the creation of new territories with multilayered public and business zones, residential units, educational institutions, needs to form an understandable and acceptable environment for all social and age groups. Reconstruction of territories is currently carried out mainly according to individual projects developed on the basis of plans for the development of urban areas in general and in strict accordance with zoning plans. How to organize this process for the city painlessly, what functions are needed to be foreseen and how to determine all pros and cons of the planned changes – the issues that city authorities, urban planners and developers face today everywhere, including all over the post-Soviet space and the Republic of Armenia in particular. For reveal the topic of transformation of functional zones, the article gives the examples of the urban planning experience of the USA, Germany and France.

“NEW KHARKIV” AND “GREAT ZAPORIZHZHIA” PROJECTS AS REPRESENTATION OF THE URBAN PLANNING SEARCHES DURING THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

In 1929 there was launched an all-Union public campaign to discuss the prospects for the development of Soviet urban planning, known as the Socialist Settlement Discussion, in the USSR. Its main participants were not only the leading architects and urban planners of the time, but also the highest party and state figures. Under the influence of the urban development ideas arose during the discussion on the problems of socialist displacement, Ukrainian constructive architects have developed master plans for the reconstruction and expansion of residential infrastructure of two industrial centers – Kharkiv and Zaporizhzhia. However, the construction projects of “Great Zaporizhzhia” and “New Kharkiv” by I. Malozemov, P. Khaustov and P. Aloshyn were not fully realised as their planning decisions undercut the basic provisions of the existing urban planning policy of the Stalinist leadership. 
 There appeared the idea that the plans of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” by Ukrainian architects were the implementation of author’s view of the ideal model of a socialist town. Based on the leading ideas of the Soviet avant-garde, the project authors proposed an original architectural and planning concept of development that had nothing to do with the urban planning experience of previous times. However, these architectural proposals were irrelevant in the USSR in the late 1920’s. In the context of Stalin's industrialization, the party apparatus attached secondary importance to housing. As a result, large-scale projects of "New Kharkiv" and "Great Zaporizhzhia" were declared "false". 
 Methodology. In the article we have used the historical and genetic method to determine the genesis of the concept of linear development, to find out the origin of the idea of a housing estate and to reveal the circumstances of the idea of unification of urban infrastructure, embodied by Ukrainian avant-gardists in architectural and planning decisions of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” projects. The comparative method made it possible to determine the inconsistency of the content of the idealistic views of the Soviet constructors with the real essence of Stalin's urban policy. Thanks to the historical and systematic method, we have understood that the objects of urban infrastructure planned in the “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” projects had to enter into functional interaction, forming a single urban mechanism.
 Summary. The beginning of the 20s of the XX century was marked by the emergence of interesting scientific, artistic, architectural projects both in the history of Ukraine and in the history of the whole Soviet Union. The euphoria of belief in creating a “new” world, building a “just” society for the representatives of all social strata characterized the general sentiment and inspired intellectuals and artists to seek creative work. However, the period of “flirting” of Soviet authorities with the elites was short. Its authoritarian nature, with its actualization to the militarization of the country, left no room for creative initiative and development of individuality. At the beginning of the first five-year schedule, the government decided to abandon the massive construction of comfortable housing for workers. All resources were planned to focus on the construction of heavy industry facilities. Therefore, futuristic projects of “New Kharkiv” and “Great Zaporizhzhia” were rejected because of their inconsistency with the true state urbanistic doctrine of the industrialization period.

Development of Agglomerations as a Principle of Territorial Management (On the Example of the Moscow Region)

During the development of humankind, there were settlements based on which states were formed. Some of the settlements were transformed into cities, the pace of development of which led to the creation of territorial associations connected by a single center of development — urban agglomerations. Relying on the world and domestic experience in the development of agglomerations, it follows that they are a new kind of territorial development. They have become a new challenge in the context of the development of the economies of individual cities, where the main jobs were concentrated, and their creation — a valuable resource for improving transport infrastructure and economic stability. In the last ten years, this trend has become widespread in the Russian Federation within Moscow and the Moscow region as regions interconnected in terms of economic, social and labour resources, as well as geographical location, which caused changes in the urban policy of the two regions. To date, the study of urban agglomerations is particularly relevant, as there is a crucial stage in the formation of a new territorial division, in which the realities of life interact with the experience of urban planning and territorial administration. The article considers the concept of “urban agglomerations”, the definition and the order of its formation; analysed the possibilities of implementing “agglomerations” as a new kind of urban planning policy; also analysed the development of Moscow region in the period from 2011 till our days with further planning until 2025.

Use of Underground Space in Large Cities

The article concerns the problem of the use of the underground space in large cities. It provides the international case studies of urban planning of large cities: Helsinki, Oulu (Finland), London (Great Britain), Berlin (Germany), Paris (France), Madrid (Spain), Toronto (Canada), Shanghai (China), Doha (Qatar), and also the domestic experience of urban planning and renewal of Moscow. Investigation and analysis of the use of the underground space in large cities of the world have revealed and defined the ultimate objectives for the further research: the provision of comfortable living and working conditions for people; increasing the useful area of the urbanized territories of the city without the involvement of free plots of land; stabilization of the dimensions of the territory of the large city; improving the ecological environment of the city; landscaping of the undeveloped areas. The current problem of the large modern city (megalopolis) is the lack of free territories. One of the main methods of solution of this challenging task is the integrated use of the underground space. This space can be used for: underground transport facilities, industrial facilities, underground urban networks, consumer services enterprises, special purpose constructions, trade, spectacular and sports complexes, transport tunnels and underpasses, garages and parking areas. In view of the different conditions of building and planning, individual geological conditions, the use of experience of the specific city is not always applicable for another one. The studying of both foreign and domestic experience will allow to reveal the characteristic regularities and approaches for more careful and differentiated approach to the development of recommendations and project solutions on the development of the underground space in each certain large city.

Decolonizing the New Town: Roy Gazzard and the Making of Killingworth Township

AbstractWhat better laboratory for an experiment in racial integration could there be than the nascent community of a new town? The architect Roy Gazzard posed this question in 1969, as he embarked on designing the new town of Killingworth in northern England. A self-proclaimed “social engineer,” Gazzard applied his experience as a town planner in colonial Uganda to shaping a new community in the postimperial metropole. Historians have long recognized the way that built forms were translated from metropole to colony, but the reverberations of colonial planning in the postwar European welfare states have received little attention. In this article I use intellectual biography to chart the trajectory of notions of community, spirituality, space, and place as they migrated from colonial Uganda to postimperial Britain. I focus on the career of Roy Gazzard, an outspoken social engineer and devout Christian, who hoped to use his colonial urban planning experience to counter what he saw as the increasingly secular and centrifugal forces in modern British society. An examination of letters, private paper, lectures, planning documents, and diagrams held in the newly opened archive of Gazzard's work illuminates the course of colonial expertise as it was refracted back into the postcolonial metropole.

Criterios para la conservación y revalorización del urbanismo colonial hispanoamericano. Estudio de caso

Las ilaciones entre España y América en el ámbito urbanístico, en tanto soporte de un diálogo cultural continuo llevado a cabo durante siglos, deja una impronta marcada como patrimonio que aún se sostiene como legado de ultramar. Las experiencias urbanizadoras llevadas a cabo en lo que Hardoy llamaba “modelo clásico de ciudad hispanoamericana”, el continuo intercambio cultural, y el vínculo entre las ordenanzas y los fueros que marcaban sus directrices son claros exponentes de la fuerte influencia americana sobre las urbes peninsulares y viceversa, un diálogo continuo llevado a cabo desde ambos lados del Atlántico. Esta ‘identidad urbana’, que abarca también lo intangible, persiste hasta la actualidad como un elemento común que forma la base sobre la que se van amoldando los fragmentos de un complejo mosaico (sociedades dependientes, yuxtaposiciones culturales, etc.). La conservación de estas estructuras urbanas como señas de identidad cultural, pasando por el reconocimiento de los elementos patrimoniales existentes, es una premisa para establecer criterios para la puesta en valor de los mismos.

Urban Planning and Mobility Critical Issues in Post-Earthquake Configuration: L’Aquila City Case Study

This paper reviews the critical issues of the current urban planning, mobility and accessibility in the post-earthquake (2009) settlement configuration of L’Aquila urban area (Italy), the medieval centre of which has a unique architectural and artistic heritage. The purpose of the study is to analyse the L’Aquila urban planning experiences in order to trace the relationship between the mobility and the spatial structure of the city.The current scenario is considered both as the result of the historical evolution of the settlement and as a dynamic system in which a mix of natural forces, decisional choices and technical expertise have operated. The result of the research is a preliminary proposal for the implementation of the public transportation system that is obtained by integrating a re-designed existing railway line with a sustainable concepts of mobility based on a “dense grid” network.

The Inheritance of the Soviet Period: should It be Evaluated?

Each historical period leaves its marks of evolution – towns, villages, churches, manors, parks and other objects, which reflect social, economical, political, cultural, esthetical, architectural environment of that period. So there appear historically developed types of landscape of different periods – “prior-valak”, “valak”, “individual farm”, “collective farm” and nowadays landscape which is under development. These all landscapes form a part of cultural heritage of the country. “Prior-valak”, “valak”, “individual farm” landscape types are already researched in certain scale, but the “landscape of collective farms”, its character, influence to the identity of the country, to the experience of urban planning of settlements and environmental management are not researched and evaluated sufficiently. It can be said, that during the Soviet period a number of expansion and reconstruction projects of towns and rural settlements were created. In addition, several new towns and smaller settlements were established. Within this period, the urban planning works formed a new country’s accommodation system, as well as changed the landscape. Nowadays, most of the previously realized urban structures in many cases are being transformed, re-planned, their overall image is being changed. Facing such urban restructuring there is a need to evaluate current legacy: to evaluate its advantages, disadvantages, what could be appropriate to be transformed as well as what should be saved as planning heritage of the residential areas. This article aims to draw attention to the towns and rural settlements, which were formed during the Soviet period, as spatial structures of that time, that create an important and distinctive urban part of the country‘s heritage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.4.5.4823

CFD modeling of the built environment in Chinese historic settlements

Historic settlements are a type of architecture adapted to local climate and geographical environment. For hundreds of years, people have been living in them. Rich and precious scientific design concepts of these organic settlements, including the site selection, the layout, and the building materials, should be investigated extensively. To explore these concepts, different historic settlements will be presented and discussed, in terms of different design elements and urban planning forms, and through the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This paper presents the strategic ideas and methodology of the study. As an illustrative case study, the ambient wind environment within the Shang-gan-tang village in China has been investigated quantitatively adopting CFD (computational fluid dynamics) techniques. The interactions between settlement selection, layout, landscape and ambient environment were evaluated. The sustainable urban planning experiences were then summarized for guiding the creation of sustainable modern human settlement suitable for people living for hundreds of years.

ICT-Oriented Urban Planning Strategies: A Case Study of Taipei City, Taiwan

With the development of wireless technology and its infrastructure networks, information and communication technologies have become widely and deeply embedded in our daily lives. Technological and socioeconomic trends are gradually changing the concept of ICT-oriented urban planning strategies from the virtual city to the ubiquitous city. Many studies have tried to map the relationship between urban planning and ICT strategies, but how the means of implementation influence the outcomes of such strategies is lacking discussion. This study aims to establish an analytical framework for exploring the relationship between the means of implementation and the outcomes of such strategies. The ICT-oriented urban planning experience of Taipei City is used to test the limitations and application of the framework. The study finds that technological trends, physical infrastructure, ICT content, interface design, and user characteristics are key factors that subtly interrelate with each other and should be considered integral when initiating such strategies.

Metropolitan Fragmentation and Neo-localism in the Periphery

In this paper, the Curitiba-centred narrative on the success of its urban planning experience will be qualified in light of the complexities of its metropolitan development trajectory. It will be claimed that the institutional vacuum that surrounds Brazilian metropolitan areas in general, and Greater Curitiba in particular, has been intensified by the emergence of a competitive and decentralised state spatial regime, which has consolidated a fragmented and neo-localist system of governance. Preliminary empirical evidence will be provided on the challenges that are being faced within the new regime in articulating socio-spatial, economic and environmental strategies in the direction of a more sustainable metropolitan future.

Echoes of the ‘Berkeley School’: An Italian Experience of Urban Planning

Beyond the specificity of each country it is possible to recognize some common and durable theories, practices and techniques for planning and design in Europe and in the US. It is useful to observe how they are renewing themselves in order to accept the challenge of the deep changes in the patterns and lifestyles of contemporary settlements. According to this point of view a recent Italian experience will be considered, beginning with the three + six modes presented by Kevin Lynch more than 25 years ago when he wrote The Immature Arts of City Design.

Urban Planning Experience of Turkey in the 1930s

Urban planning experience of Turkey in the 1930s constitutes a set of consistent policies and strategies. Establishment of a national economy and arrangement of the space of the nation-state were the main policies determining the major lines of policy-oriented urban planning experience in this period. Under this general political framework, the creation of a new capital and the establishment of industrial cities were the unique cases. These were seen as major means of regional development and interregional integration. Urbanization problem was approached in a comprehensive and holistic manner. In this policy framework, the significance of industrialization in urban-rural integration was emphasized. And the liberation of the rural labor was seen as the basis of social development and urban-rural integration. State factories appeared as the major agents of integration of industry with the city and the redefinition and the provision of public services. Public spaces of the Republic were emphasized and urban development was directed on the lands that were expropriated.