Federal Experience Research Articles

Migration Amnesty as a Tool for Legalization of Unauthorized Immigrants: A Study of Russian Federation Experience

Migration Amnesty as a Tool for Legalization of Unauthorized Immigrants: A Study of Russian Federation Experience

The good intentions of federalism

The article is devoted to substantiating the controversial thesis that federalism is not an autonomous type of political structure. Federations are interpreted as a set of specific failures of different origins in the course of following the basic modern scenario of the formation of a unitary nation-state with a consolidated (civil) political identity. The article has for theoretical basis the actor approach, which interprets the political form of the federation as a derivative result of a conflict pact between the central and peripheral elites. In this methodological perspective, the history of the concept of federalism is examined and a comparative historical analysis of the world federal experience is carried out. As a result, a number of interrelated author's conclusions were formulated. First, it is shown that the original Kantian project of a world federation of states has little in common with federalism, which refers to the description of the internal structure of individual societies. Secondly, the conclusion is substantiated by the fact that in the modern theory of federalism a harmful mainstream tradition has developed, which scales as a normative successful experience the centralizing federalism in the United States. Thirdly, the cultural and historical features of the formation of two families of federations are highlighted and analyzed, one of which is associated with the acquisition of independence by offshoots of the West, and the other was formed by the later processes of the collapse of the colonial empires of the West and the liberation of colonies in Africa and Eurasia. Fourthly, it is argued that the federal political structure at the theoretical level was intended to reconcile, at the basis of the political project of Modernity, the liberal utopia of a universal and culturally homogeneous civil nation and the actual cultural diversity of any modern states, which is a permanent source of erosion of its political sovereignty and differentiation of collective identities. Fifthly, it is proved that all derived political, legal, economic and other signs of federalism are due to one initial problem - the legitimation and subsequent institutionalization of the conflict between the central elite and regional elites, challenging the indivisibility of political sovereignty and demanding political autonomy. Sixth, federalism as a changeable pact of elites in specific historical societies does not provide convincing grounds for its qualification as an autonomous political form compared to a unitary nation-state. The final conclusion is that the political format of federalism in most states is a long-term way of formalizing the political divorce of cultural communities that could not create a common political nation.

Features of the federal experience of the Akarnanian League (V–II centuries BC)

Features of the federal experience of the Akarnanian League (V–II centuries BC)

Local Government and Its Relationship with The Central Government In Light of Iraqi Legislations

Objective: The study deals with the situation in Iraq after 2003, which is a new stage in the political and administrative history of Iraq after the adoption of the federal system and the transition from the centralization system to the administrative decentralization system, which was explicitly stated in the Iraqi constitution of 2005, and the law of irregular governorates in Region No. 22 for the year 2008. Method: the descriptive approach was used in explaining the concept of local governance and local administration and the differences between the two concepts, using the comparative method in defining the competencies of each of the central government and its local units in accordance with the Iraqi constitution of 2005 and comparing that with the law of irregular governorates in the region No. 22 of the year 2008 and its amendments. Results: Because the federal experience in Iraq came as a result of the occupation and its repercussions and not as a result of the maturation of social and political awareness, its legislation was characterized by weakness with regard to the distribution of competencies for both the local administration and the central administration. Also, the Governorates Law No. 22 of 2008 failed to set a general policy for local governments for their establishment, organization, management and the way of distributing their competencies, which led to a conflict between the competencies of each of the local governments and the central government.

Synthesis of approaches aimed at extension of the electric vehicle cruising range on a single charge. Russian Federation experience

Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption related thereto (energy efficiency) for vehicles is a part of the global problem of reduction of human impact on climate change and saving natural resources. As a member of the global community, the Russian Federation takes part in relevant international agreements and treaties. This scientific paper offers a detailed analysis and expert opinion regarding the main existing approaches aimed at electric vehicle (EV) cruising range extension, also taking into account the experience accumulated in the Russian Federation.The purpose of the study is to analyze international and domestic experience in design and development of EVs having an extended range per charge.Methodology and research methods. The methods used are based on the fundamental principles of the theory of vehicles, vehicle automated systems, as well as fundamental principles of electronics and electrical engineering, research test methods.Scientific novelty and results. The analysis of electric vehicles (EVs) development through synthesis of approaches to extend the cruising range on a single charge was carried out. The analytical and expert assessment of the approaches to extend the EV cruising range on a single charge is proposed.The practical significance consists in the results of scientifically based synthesis of approaches to extend the EV cruising range on a single charge. The obtained results and recommendations are aimed at improving energy efficiency of vehicles as well as promoting EVs in the Russian Federation.

Standards of Specialized Diabetes Care / Edited by Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Yu. 11th Edition

Dear Colleagues!We are glad to present the 11th Edition of the Standards of Specialized Diabetes Care. These evidence-based guidelines were designed to standardize and facilitate diabetes care in all regions of the Russian Federation.The Standards are updated on the regular basis to incorporate new data and relevant recommendations from national and international clinical societies, including World Health Organization Guidelines (WHO), International Diabetes Federation (IDF), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), American Diabetes Association (ADA), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE), International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and Russian Association of Endocrinologists (RAE). Current edition of the “Standards” also integrates results of completed randomized clinical trials, as well as findings from the national studies of diabetes mellitus (DM), conducted in close partnership with a number of Russian hospitals.Latest data indicates that prevalence of DM in the world increased during the last decade more than two-fold, reaching some 537 million patients by the end of 2021. According to the current estimation by the International Diabetes Federation, 643 million patients will be suffering from DM by 2030 and 783 million by 2045.Like many other countries, Russian Federation experiences a sharp rise in the prevalence of DM. According to Russian Federal Diabetes Register, there are at least 4 962 762 patients with DM in this country on 01.01.2023 (3,42% of population) with 92,3% (4 581 990) – Type 2 DM, 5,6% (277 092) – Type 1 DM and 2,1% (103 680) – other types of DM, including 8 758 women with gestational DM. However, these results underestimate real quantity of patients, because they consider only registered cases. Results of Russian epidemiological study (NATION) confirmed that 54% of patients with Type 2 DM are undiagnosed. So real number of patients with DM in Russia is 11-12 million patients (about 7% of population). This is a great long-term problem, because a lot of patients are not diagnosed, so they don’t receive any treatment and have high risk of vascular complications.Severe consequences of the global pandemic of DM include its vascular complications: nephropathy, retinopathy, coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease. These conditions are responsible for the majority of cases of diabetes-related disability and death.In accordance with the Federal Law № 489-FZ of 25.12.2018 medical care should be provided on the basis of the clinical recommendations. Therefore, clinical recommendations posted in the rubricator of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru) being the priority.This edition of the Algorithms for Specialized Care for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus contains the main information from the clinical guidelines for the management of diabetes mellitus in adults and children (“Type 1 Diabetes in Children (2022)”, “Type 1 Diabetes in Adults (2022)”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children (2021)”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults (2022)”), as well as the updated data.New information has been added about indications for using of antihyperglycemic drugs and their instructional restrictions; algorithm of treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been updated; clarifications have been made on the range of glycemic control in pregnant women; information on the treatment of diabetic complications and the management of pediatric patients has been added. In 2023, Russian diabetology suffered an unbearable loss - Alexander Yuryevich Mayorov, who was the executive editor of the previous issues and an active participant of the work on all the previous editions of “Algorithms” from the moment they were founded, passed away. This publication is dedicated to the memory of Alexander Yuryevich, who was an example of the service to patients and medicine, a friend, teacher, mentor, generously sharing his knowledge and the sample of the execution of the medical duty to all of us. On behalf of the Working Group

The Financial Literacy of the Population as a Factor of Social Development

The proposed work examines financial literacy from the point of view of social awareness of the younger generation, reveals the essence of financial literacy as a system of knowledge, skills, skills and attitudes in the financial field, and defines the current tasks aimed at increasing financial literacy in Russia. The development of market relations, the trend of global globalization, the availability on the market of a wide range of previously unknown financial goods and services often lead Russians into confusion, posing problems for them, to which they are not properly prepared. All categories of citizens need financial education. A decent level of financial education allows adults to organize effective management of personal finances, optimize the ratio of savings to consumption, plan future pension provision, objectively assess possible risks and make reasonable decisions when investing own capital. The growing generation of financial education allows you to understand the value of money, serves as a basis for acquiring the basics of budget planning and savings, in general terms allows you to understand the essence of the financial market and products offered on it. Financial literacy is a complex of knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors in the financial field and personal socio-psychological characteristics, the formation of which determines the possibility and degree of a person's readiness to successfully perform a variety of socioeconomic roles, such as a householder, investor, borrower, taxpayer, e. Financial literacy makes it possible to determine at what level the student's financial relationships are with the society, in addition, it is an integral part of the student's social competence. Knowledge, skills, attitudes and attitudes in the financial sphere are cognitive, active and motivational-value elements of financial literacy. As a result of the given research we exmind summarized Russian Federation experience in propaganda of economic literacy.

Standards of specialized diabetes care. Edited by Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Yu. 10th edition

Dear Colleagues!We are glad to present the 10th Edition (revised) of the Standards of Specialized Diabetes Care. These evidence-based guidelines were designed to standardize and facilitate diabetes care in all regions of the Russian Federation.The Standards are updated on the regular basis to incorporate new data and relevant recommendations from national and international clinical societies, including World Health Organization Guidelines (WHO, 2011, 2013), International Diabetes Federation (IDF, 2011, 2012, 2013), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD 2018, 2019), American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2018, 2019, 2021), American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE, 2020, 2021), International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD, 2018) and Russian Association of Endocrinologists (RAE, 2019). Current edition of the “Standards” also integrates results of completed randomized clinical trials (ADVANCE, ACCORD, VADT, UKPDS, SAVOR, TECOS, LEADER, EXAMINE, ELIXA, SUSTAIN, DEVOTE, EMPA-REG OUTCOME, CANVAS, DECLARE, CARMELINA, REWIND, CREDENCE, CAROLINA, DAPA-CKD, DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced trial, VERIFY, VERTIS CV, PIONEER, etc.), as well as findings from the national studies of diabetes mellitus (DM), conducted in close partnership with a number of Russian hospitals.Latest data indicates that prevalence of DM in the world increased during the last decade more than two-fold, reaching some 537 million patients by the end of 2021. According to the current estimation by the International Diabetes Federation, 643 million patients will be suffering from DM by 2030 and 784 million by 2045.Like many other countries, Russian Federation experiences a sharp rise in the prevalence of DM. According to Russian Federal Diabetes Register, there are at least 4 871 863 patients with DM in this country on 01.01.2021 (3,34% of population) with 92,3% (4 498 826)–Type 2 DM, 5,6% (271 468)–Type 1 DM and 2,1% (101 569)–other types of DM, including 9 729 women with gestational DM. However, these results underestimates real quantity of patients, because they consider only registered cases. Results of Russian epidemiological study (NATION) confirmed that only 54% of Type 2 DM are diagnosed. So real number of patients with DM in Russia is 10 million patients (about 7% of population). This is a great long-term problem, because a lot of patients are not diagnosed, so they don’t receive any treatment and have high risk of vascular complications.Severe consequences of the global pandemic of DM include its vascular complications: nephropathy, retinopathy, coronary, cerebral and peripheral vascular disease. These conditions are responsible for the majority of cases of diabetes-related disability and death.In сurrent edition of the “Standards”:New goals of glycemic control for continuous glucose monitoring (time in range, below range and above range, glucose variability) are given.It also features updated guidelines on stratification of treatment in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.In the recommendations for the personalization of the choice of antidiabetic agents, it is taken into account that in certain clinical situations (the presence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors, chronic heart failure, chronic kidney disease, obesity, the risk of hypoglycemia) certain classes of hypoglycemic agents (or individual drugs) have proven advantages.Indications for the use of antidiabetic agents in chronic kidney disease are expanded.Information about insulin pump therapy is added.Recommendations on vaccination are added.An algorithm for replacing some insulin preparations with others is given.This text represents a consensus by the absolute majority of national experts, achieved through a number of fruitful discussions held at national meetings and forums. These guidelines are intended for endocrinologists, primary care physicians, pediatricians and other medical professionals involved in the treatment of DM.Compared with previous edition of the Standards of Specialized Diabetes Care edited by Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., ­Mayorov A.Yu., 10th edition, Moscow, 2021 (signed for printing on 10.09.2021) a number of changes have been made.On behalf of the Working Group

Building the EU Tax Sovereignty: Lessons from Federalism

The role of taxation within the European Union has risen (and is rising) over the years due to the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union and the economic/financial and COVID crises. It is well established that taxation is characterized as an obstacle for the functioning of the internal market and the interpretation of the fundamental freedoms has a direct impact on the design of the domestic tax systems. The first part of this article addresses the clash between the supranational economic freedoms and the domestic tax systems in the light of the federal experience of “two levels of government”. The second part, differently, sheds light on the role of taxation within the Economic and Monetary Union. After having enucleated a principle of solidarity according to article 122(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the article inquires the foundations and the limits of the European Union’s authority to tax. In particular, it aims at demonstrating that the financial assistance to the Member States in exceptional circumstances should be funded through the EU budget and EU taxes.

Central Banks policy under sanctions: critical assessment of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation experience

The article provides a critical assessment of The Central Bank of the Russian Federation policy in response to the sanctions of the US, the EU, the UK, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea and a number of other countries. The effect of sanctions on the Russian economy and its financial market is viewed through the prism of credit, interest rate, and currency risk, and the risk of a decline in business activity. Special attention is paid to the inflationary component and inflationary expectations of the Russian Federation, as well as to the forecasts for a decline in business activity in Russia. A critical assessment is given to the actions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the economic bloc of the government of the Russian Federation as a whole in response to the sanctions of the civilized world, which disable the normal existence of the economy and the main purpose of which is not to destroy the economy of the Russian Federation but to ensure the end of hostilities on the European continent. The results of our study will be useful to everyone who studies the problems of the effect of economic sanctions on the resource-based economy and the processes of stimulating political decisions by economic methods.

Эволюция системы бизнес-акселерации предпринимательских структур в России

In conditions of economic instability, the importance of supporting entrepreneurs is increasing. The growth in the number of accelerators arouses interest in their effectiveness. Is the acceleration system capable of adapting to changing conditions? The aim is to generalize approaches to assessing changes in the acceleration system and to develop stages of its evolution in Russia. The author’s analysis of foreign and Russian publications, regulatory documents and accelerator practices was carried out using the methods of content analysis and generalization. A reasonable scientific approach is to consider accelerators as an adaptable kind of incubators. The author’s typology of the stages of acceleration evolution in Russia has been developed: 1) “Preaccelerator period” (1990s - mid-2000s); 2) “The period of primary institutionalization of accelerators” (mid-2000s - 2018); 3) “The period of building the acceleration system” (2018 to the present). It allows you to trace the process of the origin of ideas, the formation and development of the institute of accelerators. Changes in approaches to acceleration and its elements are revealed. The development strategy of the Corporation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises indicates the emergence of a more comprehensive understanding of the acceleration system in the administrative approach. Accelerators widely represented throughout the country are able to make the greatest contribution to economic development. The transformation of the acceleration system at the municipal level carries the greatest risks of lagging behind the best federal experience. Next, empirical assessments of the contribution of accelerators to the development of the country and municipalities are required.

The Federal Experience in Iraq and its Obstacles

أ.م. د. نادية فاضل عباس فضليمركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية والدولية / جامعة بغدادdrnadia1927@gmail.comhttps://www.doi.org/10.51424/Ishq.30.14الملخصالفيدرالية هي نظام سياسي يفترض واقع تنازل عدد من الدول او القوميات الصغيرة في غالب الاحيان عن صلاحياتها وام

THE CONCEPT OF E-JUSTICE DEVELOPMENT IN EXTREME CONDITIONS: THE EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND ABROAD

The purpose of the study. The article examines the problems of including electronic justice in the judicial activity in extreme conditions and the possibility of its implementation in the practice of protecting the constitutional rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities in Russia and abroad. It is determined that, in accordance with UN General Assembly Resolution No. 74/306, adopted on September 11, 2020 at the 64th plenary meeting of the 74th session, “Comprehensive and coordinated responses to the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19)”, States must ensure that all human rights are respected, protected and respected in the fight against the pandemic in full compliance with their obligations and obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, which follows from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (article 4). It is established that the legal mechanism of restrictions, including in the. Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, it is determined that the main problem associated with the development of electronic justice is that at the state level it is necessary to improve the mechanism for the administration of justice in extreme conditions. The solution of this problem requires the creation of a scientifically based and confirmed by world practice algorithm for correcting the legal norms of the current federal legislation, which forms the organizational and legal mechanism of justice, ensuring its functioning in extreme conditions. The use of this approach makes it possible to summarize the accumulated world experience of “electronic justice” in extreme situations, as well as domestic federal and regional experience, and to incorporate legal norms into the current legislation in the digital reality with respect for the constitutional rights and legitimate interests of citizens to implement fair justice.

Uniformity and Discretion: Lessons on Reform from a Failed Sentencing Guidelines Effort

ABSTRACT This study employed qualitative interviews with judges from a failed sentencing guidelines state to investigate the dynamics of the structured sentencing effort and leading causes of its failure. The findings point to concerns over losing judicial discretion and skepticism over efforts to replace a system of substantive justice with one of formal rationality. In addition, the lack of success of the federal guidelines cast a shadow over the state efforts. The results also suggest that stakeholders may not have appreciated key features of sentencing guidelines, including the binding degree of guidelines along the advisory-presumptive continuum, and the key mechanism of departures. Drawing on the study’s findings and the recent work of the American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code: Sentencing, the paper proposes that renewed guideline efforts should make the retention of departure discretion a central narrative of the reform discussion. New efforts could allay some of the historical concerns over guidelines by carefully contrasting the federal experience from successful state systems, and by stressing the balance between imparting uniformity and retaining judicial discretion.

Culture of prevention and early disease detection of cancer in Russia

This study analyzed the early cancer detection in Russia. Using data from the Russian Ministry of Health from 2005 to 2016, this study aims to evaluate relationships between the number of patients diagnosed with I-II stage of cancer with the number of preventive visits, screening tests, and expedited access to specialists. The results of de-trending time-series model indicate that the number of specialists in outpatient facilities and the number of patients' preventive visits positively affect the number of patients diagnosed with cancer for the first time and the number of patients diagnosed with I-II degree cancer. The Russian Federation's experience suggests that early detection of cancer can be achieved by increasing the number of early cancer screening facilities, providing free screening, and moderating geographical and time constraints that prevent people of different geographic and socio-economic backgrounds from being screened. Another strategy includes dispelling myths associated with cancer screening, fostering outreach and patient education, and assuring availability and timely referrals to specialists and laboratory work.

Value-based Healthcare: The Politics of Value-based Care and its Impact on Orthopaedic Surgery.

Value-based Healthcare: The Politics of Value-based Care and its Impact on Orthopaedic Surgery.

The experience of the Russian Federation in the field of normative legal regulation and practical control of social rehabilitation and resocialization of convicts suffering from drug addiction serving sentences alternative to imprisonment

The experience of the Russian Federation in the field of normative legal regulation and practical control of social rehabilitation and resocialization of convicts suffering from drug addiction serving sentences alternative to imprisonment

Governance of Health Care Services: A Critical Understanding of Federal Experiences from Central Nepal

People in different locality interact, perceive, and experience the government and governance through the government’s various service delivery mechanisms mainly, which affect them in their locale. Governance in the health sector can serve as an essential and critical window through which we can glance at the situation of governance in a given society. Multiple voices from the actors involved in delivering health care services and health service users portray the current emerging situation of health governance, especially, during the initial years of implementation of federal system in Nepal. In portraying the current health governance scenario in the study areas, this article shows how people’s experience of forms of governance affects their uptake of health care services. It uses micro-level ethnographic information to look at the broader issue of health governance.

Developing co-funded multi-sectoral partnerships for chronic disease prevention: a qualitative inquiry into federal governmental public health staff experience

BackgroundMulti-sectoral partnerships (MSPs) are frequently cited as a means by which governments can improve population health while leveraging the resources and expertise of the private and non-profit sectors. As part of their efforts in this area, the Public Health Agency of Canada (the Agency) introduced a novel funding programme requiring applicants to procure matched resources from private sources to support large-scale interventions for chronic disease prevention. The current literature on MSPs is limited in its applicability to this model of multi-sectoral engagement. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Agency staff working with potential partners to develop programme applications, such that we might identify lessons from adopting this type of partnership approach.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with the 12 staff working in the MSP programme. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Preliminary themes were used to inform follow up focus-groups sessions. A second round of analysis was conducted guided by a coding paradigm focused on understanding process.ResultsWe identified “experiencing uncertainty” to be a central concept in participants’ accounts of the MSP process, related specifically to the MSP programme’s novel conditions, shifts that occurred in sectoral roles and demands for new capacities. In response, Agency staff employed strategies to clarify partner interests, build trust in inter-sectoral relationships, and support internal and partner capacity. Outcomes associated with this process include impacts on trust between the Agency and potential partners, a deeper understanding of other sectors, and programme adaptations and refinements to address challenges related to the programme model.ConclusionsThe co-funding model employed by the Agency is a potentially popular one for government bodies wanting to leverage funding from private sector sources. Our study identifies the potential challenges that can occur under this model. Some challenges are related to addressing material conditions related to partner capacity, whereas other challenges speak to deeper and more difficult to address concerns regarding trust and alignment of motivations and interests between partners. Future research exploring the challenges associated with specific models of MSP engagement is necessary to inform approaches to addressing complex problems through collaborative efforts.

From the general to the specific: the influence of confidence and trust on flood risk perception

This study advances scholarly debate on the impact of confidence and trust on flood risk perceptions using data from a random sample of 403 residents in New Orleans, a U.S. coastal city with hundreds of miles of levees to protect the city from flooding. The research focuses on several predictors including specific trust measures of local, state, and federal authorities, sociodemographic characteristics, and experience with flood damage. Using ordinal logistic regression, we find that residents who perceive the levee system as unlikely to protect their homes and the city are significantly more likely to perceive an increased risk of flooding. Previous flood experience, age, female gender, and race were also significant predictors of flood risk perception. In contrast to prevailing risk research that has found that general trust and general confidence negatively affect risk perception, our findings show mixed support for the hypothesis that higher levels of confidence and trust result in lower perceptions of risk. Our findings reveal the nuances of risk perception and suggest that specific notions of trust and confidence can have positive and negative influences on flood risk perception depending on respondent views toward flood protection systems and specific institutions and government agencies.