Experiences Of Emotional Labour Research Articles

“Zero to Hero”: Conceptualising Time as a Moderator of Nurses’ Emotional Labour on the Front Line

Aim. We aimed to conceptualise how environmental, institutional, and organisational dynamics of the ED underpin and “moderate” nurses’ emotional labour. Background. Around the globe, EDs are struggling to meet rising patient demand including both UK health systems and public services in the US. In spite of these challenges and the intense and distinctive nature of EDs, an exploration of emotional labour is largely missing from current understanding. This is important, in part because emotional labour is established as an indicator of wellbeing including intention to leave, burnout, and compassion fatigue. We understand little of how the environment moderates emotional labour, and our study addressed this problem in the ED. Understanding the moderators of emotional labour, organisational perspective also offers theoretical development. Methods. Ethnography enabled immersion in the ED setting, gathering the lived experiences and narratives of the ED nursing team. This included 200 hours of observation at one District General Hospital and one Major Trauma Centre in the English NHS with 35 semistructured concurrent formal interviews. Results/Conclusions. The ED calls for an extensive spectrum of emotional labour from staff, influenced and moderated by the restrictions on resources, particularly time. We argue that, despite the often short nature of interactions undertaken in ED, the labour required is effortful and gruelling for staff. Understanding the relevance of environmental elements, namely, time, to the emotional labour offers tangible opportunities for improvement. These new understandings can underpin solutions to negative consequences of this work. Suggested measures and interventions to alleviate the impact of emotional labour should be prioritised by policy makers and those tasked with managing, designing, and leading the delivery of care in ED. Implications for Profession and/or Patient Care. The more “sped up” a service is required to be, the higher the likelihood of emotional labour is. In light of the challenges facing healthcare services around the world and the increased throughput through services, particularly in ED, this is important. This is also critical when considering that there are well-established relationships between emotional labour and wellbeing in nursing. Understanding the relevance of the healthcare environment to staff members’ experiences of emotional labour is critical in designing solutions which counterbalance the potentially negative consequences of this work.

From the ‘shop floor’ to the interview: Using metaphors to uncover invisible emotional labour in emergency department nurses

This paper aims to offer methodological insight into the reflexive use of metaphors that assist in revealing the emotional labour of health care staff to themselves and to the researcher. It focusses on the method utilised for these semi-structured interviews, targeting the engrained and emotive experiences of emotional labour using metaphors. Taking metaphors from the ethnographic observation, ‘to’ the interview setting, proved a stimulating tool for lively discussion and narrative sharing. This approach offered an invaluable and enlightening tool for exploring the nurse’s experiences, it gave them a point of reference to discuss their challenging and personal experiences. It can offer other researchers, and particularly those studying ‘invisible’ labour (by subconscious nature or lack of physicality) a novel approach to data collection. The empirical study underpinning this article set out to explore, in particular, the ‘invisible’ emotional labour undertaken by nurses working within the emergency department (ED) setting. This is a clinical and nursing speciality facing sustained pressure in the English National Health Service (NHS) – a challenging and distinctive environment to nurse. Two EDs were used as the case studies for an in-depth ethnography (one District General Hospital and one University Teaching Hospital and Trauma Centre). As part of this, the 18 semi-structured, formal interviews were completed with ED nursing staff (to explore their experiences of emotional labour) and data was collected over a 6 month period.

Collegiality, emotional labour and compassion in the academy: an autoethnographic study of Covid-19

PurposeThe paper draws upon autoethnographic accounts from two academic staff in a private higher education institution (HEI) in London, UK who try to make sense of their teaching and learning practices during the pandemic. Even though studies have looked into the impact of Covid-19 on teaching and learning and on students, this paper reflects on the experience of lecturers with a focus on their emotional labour and stressors during remote teaching and working.Design/methodology/approachThis is a small case study of two colleagues from a small private institution in London, UK, which is based on autoethnography. The authors draw on personal notes, emails and other written artefacts alongside our memories of our lived experiences of the pandemic.FindingsThe authors’ reflections focus on the need for institutional collegiality as avenues to network and collaborate beyond institutions which have been limited (despite the increased interactions online) and the need to acknowledge emotional labour while providing spaces for staff to discuss their everyday experiences. The authors argue for a renewed importance for creating a sense of community during times of uncertainty and beyond. If these structures are put into place, the conditions to support teaching and learning will also strengthened.Originality/valueThere is a dearth in research which discusses emotional labour and the importance of community and collegiality on campuses and in the new way of working remotely. This paper adds to the empirical basis of such research and hopes to encourage others to share their experiences of emotional labour in the academy.

Exploring the Challenge of Teachers' Emotional Labor in Early Childhood Settings.

One challenging aspect of working in early childhood education settings is engagement in emotional labor. Research suggests that emotional labor is associated with emotional exhaustion and burnout in early childhood teachers, but there is limited research available on this issue. Research focusing on early childhood contexts in the United States is especially limited. This paper explores the concept of emotional labor by early childhood teachers and reviews some of the research on teachers’ experience of emotional labor in the classroom. Implications of the current research are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. Possible solutions to the challenges of emotional labor are presented, focusing on mindfulness strategies.

The Experience of Emotional Labor and Its Related Factors among Nurses in General Hospital Settings in Republic of Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the status of emotional labor and its related factors among nurses in general hospital settings in Korea. A total of seven electronic databases were comprehensively searched to find relevant cross-sectional studies published up to 28 January 2021. The meta-analysis was performed using Stata version 13.1. In total, 131 studies were included. The population showed a standardized mean difference of 3.38 (95% confidence interval, 3.34 to 3.42) in emotional labor assessed by a 1–5 Likert scale. The level of emotional labor had significant negative correlations with job satisfaction, social support, organizational engagement, coworker support, resilience, and nurses’ work environment, while it had significant positive correlations with emotional labor and burnout, turnover intention, and job stress. Although the methodological quality of the included studies was generally good, 24 of the included studies (18.32%) were evaluated as lacking generalization potential or otherwise as unclear. In conclusion, nurses in general hospital settings in Korea experience mild-to-moderate levels of emotional labor. There is some evidence that the emotional labor of nurses and its detrimental effects can be buffered at both the individual and hospital levels, and future research should focus on developing targeted interventions and evaluating their effectiveness.

The Emotional Labor of the Transplant Coordinator: An Inherent Predicament

Although extensive scholarship has been dedicated to the emotional experiences of transplant patients, little is known about the emotional experiences of transplant coordinators. The present article aims to illuminate the phenomenon of emotional labor invested by transplant coordinators. The transplant coordinator is a key person in the process of obtaining consent for organs for transplantation from deceased or living donors. One of the most taxing phenomena among nurses is emotional labor. Emotional labor is a term that denotes the investment of emotional effort to reach a consonance between one's inner authentic feelings and outward expression of one's emotions. Thirteen experienced transplant coordinators were interviewed for the purpose of unveiling their work-related feelings and emotions. Analysis of their narratives revealed 3 types of emotional labor based on the taxonomy proposed by Theodosius: therapeutic, instrumental, and collegial. Findings show that much emotional labor is invested by these nurses. Emotional labor is usually stressful and has an adverse effect on nurses' psychological well-being and health, especially when emotions that are not genuinely felt have to be conveyed. Transplant coordinators must fake their emotional expressions to excel in their job. Their job is psychologically taxing, leading in most cases to regret over choosing this job. Implications for research, policy, and practice include a recommendation that transplant unit managers act to help transplant coordinators avoid the painful emotions that accompany the experience of emotional labor. We provide several useful recommendations about how to alleviate and prevent these negative emotions.

‘Is he going to be sleazy?’ Women’s experiences of emotional labour connected to sexual harassment in the spa tourism industry

Despite the popularity of spa tourism worldwide and the size of the labour force, there is a paucity of research about these employees. The casual, often low paid, workforce is largely comprised of women, and there are challenges associated with body work – touching another person’s naked body in intimate settings – and its association with “dirty work” in a moral sense. The potential for experiencing sexual harassment from clients and the emotional demands this can place on employees has negative implications for the social and economic sustainability of the industry, including employee wellbeing, and may contribute to staff turnover. A qualitative phenomenological study based on interviews with spa therapists in Victoria, Australia explored these women’s experiences of sexual harassment, with emotional labour used as a theoretical lens. Findings suggest that some therapists feel obliged to hide their true feelings when experiencing sexual harassment by their clients, which results in emotional dissonance and exacts an emotional toll. Participants discussed strategies to cope with the emotional dimension of their experiences, and to address the perceived taint arising from occupational stigma. Implications of these findings for gendered practices, decent work and sustainable employment within the spa tourism industry are discussed.

EMOTIONAL WORK OF THE TEACHER IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE ONLINE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Pedagogical and psychological science knows that pedagogical work belongs to the category of stressful, requiring a teacher to have large reserves of self-control and self-regulation. The authors ' interest in this issue arose in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic which is known to have led to the widespread use of online learning. In this article, we tried to study the practice of emotional expression of teachers in their activities, how teachers organize the learning process, manage and regulate their emotions when teaching online. The preliminary analysis was used to study the experience of emotional labor of participants in online training. This exploratory study expands the understanding of how emotionally rich work is done by educators and learners in online learning environments. The expression or suppression of emotions in an online environment, depending on the situation, involves participants in a complex decision-making process and affects the results of education and upbringing of students.

Is emotional labour a positive experience for teachers? A qualitative study

PurposeEmotional labour is an important area of research in organizational psychology especially in the context of service industry. Past research in this area has primarily focused on the negative consequences of emotional labour. The present study is carried out to explore whether professors working in higher educational institutes experience emotional labour and how does it impact them.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted a qualitative approach. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted.FindingsThree broad themes emerged from the study: (1) work environment leading to emotional labour (2) factors facilitating emotional regulation and (3) consequences of emotional labour. The findings revealed that the consequences of emotional labour are context specific and in the context of educational setting, it has interesting positive outcomes.Practical implicationsThe findings of the study provide critical insights regarding how to deal with employees who experience emotional labour at work.Originality/valueThe study adopts an inductive approach to explore the experiences of emotional labour of professors in higher educational institutes.

응급실 간호사의 감정노동 경험

Purpose: This study aimed to further understand the experience related to emotional labor among the emergency room (ER) nurses Methods: Data for the study were collected via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 8 nurses working at ER in tertiary-hospital settings. Conventional content analysis method was adopted. Results: Data analysis revealed 3 categories and 8 major topics on the participants’ experience of emotional labor at ER. The first category ‘the nature of nursing at emergency room’ involves three topics: ‘making quick, smooth interactions with people around ER’, ‘heavy, demanding workloads for ER nurses’, and ‘difficulties embedded in working environment’. The second category ‘rules of emotional expression and management’ includes two topics: ‘norms of emotional expression required for ER nurses’ and ‘work-centered emotional management.’ The last category ‘exhaustion, adaptation, and the sense of reward’ has three topics: ‘burn-out’, ‘recharging and withstanding’, and ‘reeling rewarded’ While experiencing ‘burn-out’ due to the negative effect of emotional labor, participating nurses reported that they also felt the sense of rewarding by restoring positive emotions through proper self-management, positive feedback and social support. Conclusion: The findings show that the nature of ER care required intensive emotional labor from nurses. Thus, it is imperative to provide interventions that assist ER nurses to reduce the negative impact of emotional labor and reinforce its positive influence on their lives, with systemic approaches to reduce the intensity of emotional labor and improve working conditions in ER settings.

Insights into nurses' precarious emotional labour in the emergency department.

Nurses in the emergency department (ED) work in emotionally charged situations and undertake extensive emotional labour. However, that labour is not visible to others, often overlooked and therefore undervalued. Furthermore, there is a lack of literature on the topic. To explore ED nurses' experiences of emotional labour. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with two staff nurses working in the ED of a large UK teaching hospital. Rigorous methods of data collection and analysis, including a strong reflexive stance, were adopted. Among three overarching themes that emerged from the data, two related more specifically to the ED: 'precarious emotional labour' and 'grieving etiquette'. Participants were found to perform sophisticated forms of emotional labour to manage the precariousness of their role, and to conceal or suppress their own feelings in order to maintain the grieving etiquette. The ED is an environment that requires sophisticated but precarious forms of emotional labour. Recognising, valuing and supporting the emotional aspect of an ED nurse's role is essential if emergency services are to remain functional, efficient and humane.

Performing emotional labour while teaching online

ABSTRACT Background The recent growth in online teaching and learning has increased the prevalence of educators using technology as the medium for teaching. Research on physical face-to-face teaching has demonstrated that educators engage in emotional labour as part of their job. However, there is limited understanding of how emotional labour presents when educators interact with students in online learning environments. Purpose This study sought to explore how educators experience, manage and regulate their emotions when teaching online. Method Semi-structured interviews with a sample of 20 educators from a higher education institution in Australia were held. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was applied to explore participants’ experiences of emotional labour. Findings The analysis indicated that educators performed emotional labour by creating socioemotional presence through professionalism – demonstrated through emotions such as empathy, concern and friendliness; suppressing their emotions during text-based interpersonal communication; and expressing their emotions through word tone and vocal cues. Findings also identified that challenges encountered by educators in efforts at managing and regulating emotions may create tensions that have negative impacts on educator wellbeing. Conclusions This exploratory study extends understanding of how emotional labour is performed in an online learning environment. It highlights three important implications: first, emotional labour and its potential impacts should be considered within institutional structures and inform decisions about how to offer targeted support to online educators; second, staff development interventions should acknowledge that online learning environments involve emotional labour that may differ in nuanced ways from physical face-to-face teaching and ensure that appropriate coping strategies are discussed and shared; third, there is a need for emotional labour to be regarded as a purposeful strategy in online learning design.

Perceived Organizational Support Predicts Emotional Labor Among Nurses

Background: Nursing is among the various occupations that require management of emotions according to the job demands. Emotional labor and lack of reward are the main sources of mental health outcomes among the nurses. It is very important that more researches, which contemplate the emotional labor importance and unfavorable mental health effects, be carried out. 
 Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of perceived organizational Support on emotional labor among nurses.
 Method: The present study was a correlational study, consist of 200 nurses both Male nurses (N=100) and Females nurses (N=100), from different hospitals and clinics. Age ranged from 20 to 51 years (M= 30.50; S.D= 4.40). Data of the study was collected through convenient sampling technique. Participants were assessed by Shorten Version of Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (Eisenberger et al, 1986) in order to measure perceived organizational support and Dutch Questionnaire on Emotional Labor (D-QEL) (Näring, Briët, & Brouwers, 2007) in order to assess emotional labor. 
 Results: The results revealed that perceived organizational support significantly predicts emotional labor. By improving the perception of organizational support among nurses, the experience of emotional labor can be reduced. 
 Conclusion: The purpose of the present study was to develop a health-care model of emotional labor which could help the organizations to understand the role of perceived organizational support on the reactions to the strain of the emotional labor. The present study revealed that perceived organizational support is a significant predictor of emotional labor. Informal types of organizational support (e.g., a perception that the organization is concerned with one's personal life) are important for expatriate success, and should be incorporated into expatriate programs.

Emotional Labour among Women Leaders within the South African Consulting Industry: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Inquiry

The opinion that the workplace should be viewed as a rational environment is being swiftly dismantled by acknowledging and harnessing the power of emotions in favour of individual and organisational outcomes. This study explored the lived experiences of emotional labour among women leaders in the consulting industry in South Africa. A qualitative study was conducted and informed by the hermeneutic phenomenological perspective. Data were gathered through in-depth, unstructured interviews with eight women leaders resident in the Gauteng Province, South Africa. The data gathered were analysed by applying a hermeneutic phenomenological analysis, and interpreted from a work- and personally related emotional labour stance. The empirical findings suggest that these women leaders enjoy very little work-life balance, which is accepted as common practice in this industry. Role complexity and personal life obligations result in role conflict. Their emotional wellbeing is adversely affected, which manifests in guilt, loneliness, loss of identity, alienation, shame and the emotional exhaustion they experience. Furthermore, it seems that adequate organisational support is not experienced by women leaders in this volatile, highly pressured emotional context. This study contributes to the field of Industrial and Organisational Psychology, the literature on emotional labour, as well as human resource practices such as talent management, retention strategies and the career management of women leaders in the consulting industry by making suggestions for human resource practices and future research.

Laboring lesbians: Queering emotional labor

Through an ethnographic examination of the everyday lives of lesbians working in gas stations, this article highlights the ways in which sexuality matters within the workplace. One of the unique aspects of the service economy is the position of the body at the center of the market transaction. In other words, it is the body that serves as the point of production between the customer and the company. Within this productive space, the concept of emotional labor highlights how emotions are a critical aspect of labor within a position of service required in order to develop relationships with consumers. The goals of this article are to strengthen the original concept of emotional labor by complicating our understanding of the body with specific reference to sexuality, an intersectional analysis of the assumption of the heteronormative worker, examining the multiple ways in which workers interpret and enact emotional labor and the accompanying rewards and punishments that shape the experience of emotional labor and exploring how gender and sexuality are performed. Ultimately, laboring lesbian bodies are informing, resisting, and playing as well as conforming to this complex production.

Emotional labour in palliative and end-of-life care communication: A qualitative study with generalist palliative care providers

ObjectiveTo explore generalist palliative care providers’ experiences of emotional labour when undertaking conversations around palliative and end-of-life care with patients and families, to inform supportive strategies. MethodsSemi-structured interviews conducted with generalist staff (those providing ‘primary’ or ‘general’ palliative care, not palliative care specialists) who had attended a communication workshop. Sampling was purposive (by gender, profession, experience). Data were analysed using a framework approach; a sample of transcripts were double-coded for rigour. Data collection and analysis were informed by theories of emotional labour, coping, and communication. ResultsFour ambulance staff, three nurses, two speech and language therapists, and one therapy assistant were interviewed. Five themes emerged: emotions experienced; emotion ‘display rules’; emotion management; support needs; and perceived impact of emotional labour. Participants reported balancing ‘human’ and ‘professional’ expressions of emotion. Support needs included time for emotion management, workplace cultures that normalise emotional experiences, formal emotional support, and palliative and end-of-life care skills training. ConclusionDiverse strategies to support the emotional needs of generalist staff are crucial to ensure high-quality end-of-life care and communication, and to support staff well-being. Practice implicationsBoth formal and informal support is required, alongside skills training, to enable a supportive workplace culture and individual development.

The Effects of Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Labor on Service Quality - Focused on Job Stress Mediation Effect -

본 연구는 노인장기요양시설 종사자인 요양보호사들의 서비스 과정에서 오는 감성지능 및 감정노동에 대한 부담과 감정노동의 경험정도를 알아보고, 이런 감정노동의 경험이 직무스트레스와 매개하여 서비스 질에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위한 목적에서 진행되었다. 분석결과 첫째, 감성지능이 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향은 유의하였고, 감정노동이 직무스트레스에 미치는 영향은 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 감정노동이 서비스 질에 미치는 영향은 유의하지 않았고, 직무스트레스가 서비스 질에 미치는 영향은 유의하였다. 셋째, 요양보호사들의 감성지능이 요양서비스 질에 미치는 영향에 있어 직무스트레스의 매개효과는 유의하지 않았고, 감정노동이 요양서비스 질에 미치는 영향에 있어 직무스 트레스의 매개효과는 유의 하였다. 이를 통한 결론을 제시해 보면, 요양보호사의 자기감성수용능력 정도에 따라 느끼는 직무스트레스의 강도는 달라질 수 있으며, 직무스트레스의 강도에 따라 서비스 질의 차이를 가져올 수 있다. 그리고 요양보호사들이 느끼는 감정노동 정도와 서비스 질 관계에서 직무스트레스의 매개효과가 있는 것을 알 수 있다.The purpose of this study is to investigate the burden of emotional intelligence and emotional labor and the experience of emotional labor in the service process of the long - term care facilities for the elderly. The purpose of this study was to find out if there was any difference. To summarize the results of this Analysis are as follows. First, the effect of emotional intelligence on job stress was significant and the effect of emotional labor on job stress was not significant. Second, the effect of emotional labor on service quality was not significant, and the effect of job stress on service quality was significant. Third, the mediating effect of job stress on the quality of care service was not significant and the mediating effect of job stress on the quality of care service was significant. In conclusion, the intensity of the job stress felt by the caregiver s self - emotional acceptance ability can be changed and the quality of service may be different according to the intensity of the job stress. And the mediating effect of job stress on the relationship between the degree of emotional labor and service quality felt by caregivers.

Reframing assessment: Reconceptualising relationships and acknowledging emotional labour

Implementing relationships-based pedagogies in infant and toddler settings might assume that teachers’ experiences of emotional labour will be acknowledged. This assumption may be complicated by assessment practices that both rely on and detract from relationship-building opportunities with infants and toddlers. Assessment also relies on reciprocal relationships between teachers, and between teachers and families. Drawing on sociocultural theoretical perspectives, this article illustrates how one team of infant-toddler teachers in Aotearoa-New Zealand reframed their assessment understandings and practices to acknowledge their experiences of emotional labour with infants and toddlers. Consequently, positive changes in the teachers’ relationships with children, with families and with each other eventuated. The author argues that reconceptualising relationships in infant-toddler settings requires an understanding of assessment as a reflexive, relational process that can occur during everyday interactions, and emotional labour as central to relationship-building. Implications include teachers’ need for time, reflective dialogue and support to address tensions between assessment and relational pedagogy, so that relationships might be reconceptualised and the importance of emotional labour acknowledged.

Effects of Emotional Labor, Compassion Fatigue and Occupational Stress on the Somatization of Nurses in Hemodialysis Units

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of emotional labor, compassion fatigue and occupational stress on the somatization of nurses in hemodialysis units. Methods: The sample consisted of 139 nurses in hemodialysis units from a tertiary hospital, a general hospital, a dialysis clinic, and a care hospital in G province. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan test, Pearson’s correlation and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: There were significant correlations of the experience of emotional labor, compassion fatigue and occupational stress with the somatization of nurses in hemodialysis units. Factors influencing somatization intention were ‘emotional labor’ (β=.37, p<.001), which explained 28% of the variance (F=10.00, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the factor influencing the somatization of nurses in hemodialysis units was emotional labor. Therefore, strategies to decrease emotional labor of nurses in hemodialysis units are required.

Perceived Organizational Support Predicts Emotional Labor among Nurses

Background: Nursing is among the various occupations that require management of emotions according to the job demands. Emotional labor and lack of reward are the main sources of mental health outcomes among the nurses. It is very important that more researches, which contemplate the emotional labor importance and unfavorable mental health effects, be carried out. Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of perceived organizational Support on emotional labor among nurses. Method: The present study was a correlational study, consist of 200 nurses both Male nurses (N=100) and Females nurses (N=100), from different hospitals and clinics. Age ranged from 20 to 51 years (M= 30.50; S.D= 4.40). Data of the study was collected through convenient sampling technique. Participants were assessed by Shorten Version of Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (Eisenberger et al, 1986) in order to measure perceived organizational support and Dutch Questionnaire on Emotional Labor (D-QEL) (Näring, Briët, &amp; Brouwers, 2007) in order to assess emotional labor. Results: The results revealed that perceived organizational support significantly predicts emotional labor. By improving the perception of organizational support among nurses, the experience of emotional labor can be reduced. Conclusion: The purpose of the present study was to develop a health-care model of emotional labor which could help the organizations to understand the role of perceived organizational support on the reactions to the strain of the emotional labor. The present study revealed that perceived organizational support is a significant predictor of emotional labor. Informal types of organizational support (e.g., a perception that the organization is concerned with one’s personal life) are important for expatriate success, and should be incorporated into expatriate programs.