Expenditure Survey Research Articles

Social transfers and poverty alleviation in Taiwan from 2000 to 2020

AbstractThis study explored the effectiveness of government social transfers in alleviating poverty and investigated the profile and reduction of income poverty in Taiwan before and after these transfers by using the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) class of poverty measures. Data were obtained from the 2000–2020 Survey of Family Income and Expenditure. Significant progress was made in reducing poverty over the study period. The three FGT poverty measures before and after transfers peaked in 2009 and 2010, respectively, during the global financial crisis. The findings also suggested that poverty varied considerably across the subgroups. Poverty was more prevalent in female‐headed and older adult‐headed households than in male‐headed and younger adult‐headed households before and after transfers. However, the degree of poverty reduction was greater in female‐headed and older adult–headed households, and these households made greater contributions to overall poverty over time. In addition, heterogeneity was identified among the household types, and grandparent, couple, and single‐person households were identified as the most disadvantaged groups. The high number of means‐tested programs suggests piecemeal welfare benefits in Taiwan. The people living in poverty in our study relied considerably on various social transfers. Accordingly, integrated and universal welfare programs should become a key focus of policy.

Decoding diets: insights on ultra-processed food consumption among Lebanese adults from the updated LEBANese natiONal food consumption survey (LEBANON-FCS)

Decoding diets: insights on ultra-processed food consumption among Lebanese adults from the updated LEBANese natiONal food consumption survey (LEBANON-FCS)

Assessing food consumed away from home in low-and middle-income countries by developing specific modules for household surveys: Experimental evidence from Vietnam and Burkina Faso.

In a world rapidly transitioning, food consumption away from home is rising, therefore representing an increasing share of individual's diet. Food consumed away from home negatively impacts diet, nutritional status and consequently has detrimental effects on health. In some contexts, where individual level dietary intake surveys are not regularly conducted, this behavior is not well documented leading to a gap of knowledge. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate in Burkina Faso and Vietnam specific modules that could be added to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys that are usually regularly conducted worldwide, in order to document the economic and nutritional importance of food consumption away from home. In each country, two survey modules, one long (100 food items) and one short (30 food items) were developed, to measure individual-level food consumption away from home over the last 7 days. The modules were relatively validated in comparison with data from three non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls conducted over the same 7-days period. The validation was conducted in different settings (urban, peri-urban and rural) in Burkina Faso (n = 924) and Vietnam (n = 918). In both countries, a good concordance between the 24-hour dietary recalls and the modules in their ability to identify a person as having consumed food away from home (>77%) was found. However, in both countries, both modules underestimate the mean energy intake coming from foods consumed away from home (from 122 to 408 kcal) while they overestimate the budget allocated to it (from -0.07 to -0.29 USD/day). None of developed food away from home modules were considered as valid. There is a need for the international community to continue to work on developing and validating tools capable to estimate nutritional intakes related to food consumption away from home and that could be added to regular national household-level surveys.

POINT PREVALENCE SURVEY OF ANTIMICROBIAL CONSUMPTION IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF NORTH EAST INDIA

Objective: The study was conducted to quantify antimicrobial utilization and determine the patterns of antibiotic use in Indoor patients and ICUs of the hospital. Methods: The Point Prevalent Survey (PPS) was conducted in a core “National Antimicrobial Consumption Network site” as a part of the National Centre for Disease Control-WHO project “Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption at healthcare facilities.” The study was conducted as per the “WHO Methodology for PPS on Antibiotic use in hospitals” in March, 2022. Altogether, 1396 eligible patients were admitted during the survey period, and 1109 patients were included in the survey. Data were collected using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire in separate hospital, ward and patient forms. Results: The prevalence of antibiotic use during the study was 79.44%. On an average, 1.39 antibiotics were in use per patient and only a minor fraction of (1.5%) patients received definitive therapy. Parenteral route of administration (92.72%) was mostly used for administration of antibiotics. The most common indication for antibiotic use was found to be surgical prophylaxis (30.66%). There were 154 antibiotic prescriptions in the 'Not Recommended' category. Double gram negative and double anaerobic cover accounted for 25% and 8.3% respectively of the total prescriptions. Conclusion: Empirical use of antibiotics is common and lack of utilisation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing services requires urgent interventions. Routine monitoring of antibiotic use is recommended to improve the current scenario of antimicrobial consumption.

Review of sociological databases on consumption

The article suggests a typology of sociological sample surveys on consumption. A detailed classification of 106 databases is given according to their geography, time frame, institutional affiliation, access to data, sampling and data collection methodology, and thematic content. Among databases reviewed, six main types of surveys were distinguished: 1) Household Economic Survey; 2) Marketing consumer surveys; 3) Consumer sentiment indices; 4) Surveys of household time budgets; 5) Single studies in the field of consumption; 6) Repositories of quantitative and qualitative data in the field of consumption. The identified types are described by the following characteristics: topics covered by the surveys, institutional affiliation, type of sampling and data collection, mode of access, possibilities for enrichment with other types of data, advantages and disadvantages when used by academic researchers. The online appendix offers a complete navigator table for the surveys included in the review.

Assessment of the risk of Staphylococcus aureus infection associated with the consumption of braised beef meat sold on the streets in Côte d'Ivoire

Braised beef meat sold on the streets, a meat product that poses a potential risk of food poisoning to humans. This study was to assess the risk of foodborne infection by S. aureus associated with the consumption of braised beef in Côte d’Ivoire, to improve food safety in this country. A preliminary survey was first carried out in six (06) separate towns in Cȏte d'Ivoire, among consumers (n = 900) and sellers (n = 300) of braised beef meat with a view to characterizing the behavior of these actors. A microbiological analysis was then carried out in accordance with the ISO 6888-1/-3 standard (1999) on 189 samples of this braised beef meat taken from various sales outlets in these towns. A risk model was developed. The risk of infection linked to the consumption of this braised beef was estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation procedure. The results of the consumer survey showed that the percentage of the population consuming braised beef meat (BBM) was 74.4%, with an average consumption of 114.3 ± 0.5 g/person/day. Microbiological analysis revealed the isolation of 92% S. aureus with a mean load of 6.0 ± 0.19 log10∙cfu/g greater than 105 CFU/g. The probability of ingesting a dose greater than 108 S. aureus bacteria ranged from 4.2% to 4.3%. Braised beef meat sold in the streets of Côte d'Ivoire's towns and cities poses a real risk of infection. S. aureus is one of the causes. S. aureus-associated gastroenteritis is caused by failure to observe simple hygiene rules. The risk of infection should be mitigated by cleaning up the places where this product is sold and promoting good hygiene practices in the informal sector.

Factors Affecting Consumption Patterns of Neglected and Underutilized Species in Atacora, Northern Benin.

Many recent efforts focus on promoting neglected and underutilized species (NUS) for improved nutrition, but consumption depends on various factors. With this in mind, this study aims to understand the factors associated with the consumption patterns of Adansonia digitata, Ocimum gratissimum, Vigna radiata, and Moringa oleifera by households in Atacora, northern Benin. To achieve this, a food consumption survey was carried out in three (03) communes. Two villages per commune were randomly selected to carry out the food consumption frequencies of households through a 7-day recall for periods of abundance and scarcity. A multinomial regression model was used to explain the consumption frequency of species depending on socio-demographic factors and seasonality. Different parts of these different species targeted were used in various forms to prepare sauces, porridges, juices, etc. Baobab- and moringa-based foods appeared to be the most widely consumed foods, regardless of the season. Even though fresh moringa leaves sauce and baobab seeds sauce were consumed mostly in periods of scarcity. The probability of rarely consuming foods made from these species was lower for households living in Toucoutouna and Tanguiéta compared to Natitingou. Furthermore, the consumption of these foods was usually higher for mothers who were students, hairdressers or seamstresses compared to housewives (P < 0.05). The consumption patterns then vary from species to species and are influenced by demographic factors such as household location and mother's occupation. Promoting NUS among the population is essential to increase awareness of their nutritional importance and improve their consumption.

Modeling the determinants of smoking behavior among young adults in Khuzestan province: a two-level count regression approach

PurposeThis study investigates the determinants of smoking behavior among young adults in Khuzestan province, southwest Iran, using two-level count regression models. Given the high prevalence of smoking-related diseases and the social impact of smoking, understanding the factors influencing smoking habits is crucial for effective public health interventions.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1,973 individuals aged 18–35 years, using data from the Daily Smoking Consumption Survey (DSCS) in Khuzestan province collected in 2023. A variety of count regression models, including Poisson, Negative Binomial, Conway–Maxwell Poisson, and their zero-inflated counterparts, were evaluated. The best-fitting model was selected based on goodness-of-fit indices.ResultsApproximately 90% of participants were non-smokers. Among smokers, the prevalence of light, moderate, and heavy smoking was 47.7, 19.0, and 33.3%, respectively. The two-level Zero-Inflated Conway–Maxwell Poisson (ZICMP) model provided the appropriate fit for the data. Key determinants of daily cigarette consumption included gender, age, education, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Men consumed 3.24 times more cigarettes per day than women. Higher education levels were inversely related to smoking intensity, with MSc/PhD holders having significantly lower smoking rates. Age and BMI also significantly influenced smoking behavior, with younger and obese individuals showing lower smoking rates.ConclusionThe use of advanced count models capable of handling numerous zeros and overdispersion is crucial for accurately analyzing trends in cigarette consumption across different population groups. The results indicate that factors such as older age, lower education levels, and gender differences influence smoking behavior. Therefore, prevention strategies aimed at delaying the onset of smoking, particularly among men, and promoting education among adolescents can effectively reduce smoking rates. However, further research should consider additional socioeconomic variables and encompass a broader age range to enhance the understanding of smoking behavior.

Were COVID and the Great Recession well-being reducing?

Using micro-data on six surveys-the Gallup World Poll 2005-2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993-2022, Eurobarometer 1991-2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020-2022, the European Social Survey 2002-2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018-2023 -we show individuals' reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020-2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission's Business and Consumer Surveys on people's expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms' expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation's Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.

The Impact of Social Media on the Perception and Purchase of Luxury Brands

The rise of social media has significantly transformed the luxury marketing landscape, presenting opportunities and challenges for luxury brands striving to balance accessibility and exclusivity. This study examines the impact of social media on consumer perception and purchasing behavior in the luxury segment. It explores how platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest have redefined brand visibility, consumer engagement, and aspirational value. Through a mixed-methods approach involving surveys of luxury consumers and interviews with industry professionals, this research identifies key factors influencing perception, such as visual storytelling, influencer collaborations, and user-generated content (UGC). The findings reveal that while social media enhances brand awareness and purchase intent, it also poses risks of diluting exclusivity if not managed carefully. This study underscores the need for luxury brands to adopt platform-specific strategies, focusing on high-quality content and authentic partnerships. It highlights the importance of preserving the aspirational appeal central to luxury branding while leveraging digital channels to connect with modern consumers. These insights offer actionable recommendations for luxury brands to optimize their social media presence without compromising their premium identity.

Portfolio flows and household portfolios

In this paper, we show that cross-border portfolio flows around the peak of the European Crisis induced households to rebalance their portfolios towards housing. Estimating difference-in-differences regressions around Draghi’s “Whatever It Takes” speech in July 2012 with household data from the ECB’s Household Finance and Consumption Survey, we find that portfolio inflows induce households with larger ex-ante bond and equity shares to rebalance more strongly towards housing. The effect is not driven by higher pre-treatment access to credit or higher credit growth during the treatment period and is stronger for wealthier and less risk-averse households.

Analisis Potensi Pengembangan Produk Makanan Fungsional Berbahan Dasar Ikan Depik (Rasbora Tawarensis) untuk Meningkatkan Kesehatan dan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat

This study aims to identify the potential for developing functional food products based on Depik fish (Rasbora awareness), an endemic fish species in Lake Laut Tawar, Central Aceh, Aceh Province. The urgency of this study is based on the utilization of Depik fish nutrition and the need to manage local food ingredients that have not been optimally utilized. The research method uses a qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach with an online survey of potential consumers. The results of literature studies and interviews conducted with health practitioners show that Depik fish has a protein content of 15-20% and significant omega-3 fatty acids. The survey revealed that consumer knowledge of the nutritional content of Depik fish reached 50-75%. The survey results were based on consumer interest and interest in trying Depik fish products, which reached 60-65%. The resulting time series analysis shows that Depik fish product sales data experienced stable growth of 15% per year from 2018-2022. The development of Depik fish products with various flavors has the potential to reach the consumer market aged 25-45 years who care about health. This product's development offers health benefits and supports utilizing local resources and improving community welfare. The results are used as a baseline for research sustainability, providing a basis for developing compelling products and marketing strategies.

Nonparametric model-assisted estimation from randomized response survey data

The randomized response technique offers an effective way for reducing potential bias resulting from nonresponse and untruthful responses when asking questions about sensitive behaviors or beliefs. The technique is also used for conducting statistical disclosure control of public use data files released by statistical agencies such as the U.S. Census Bureau. In both cases, the technique works by randomizing the actual survey responses using some known randomization model. In the case of asking sensitive survey questions, the randomization of responses is done by the survey respondents and only the randomized responses are collected, whereas in the case of disclosure control, the survey agency implements the randomization of responses after collecting the survey data and prior to releasing it for public use. This paper considers estimating the finite population mean from a survey where randomized responses are available for the study variable along with complete non-randomized auxiliary information. We define and study a class of nonparametric model-assisted estimators that make efficient use of the available auxiliary information and account for the complex survey design. The asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are derived and a bootstrap variance estimator is presented. The finite sample performance of the proposed estimators is studied via extensive simulations accounting for a wide range of forms for the relationship between the study variable and auxiliary variable. The empirical results support the theoretical analyses and suggest that our proposed estimators are superior to existing estimators in most cases. Furthermore, the proposed methods are illustrated using real data from the 2015 U.S. consumer expenditure survey.

Preferential segmentation in F&B service innovation

ABSTRACT Innovative services in the food and beverage (F&B) industry are key to meeting consumers’ preferences. Several current service innovations require consumer involvement. Service-dominant (S-D) logic theory emphasizes the co-creation of services by service providers and consumers. Accordingly, this study explores consumer preferences for F&B service innovations by categorizing preferred service innovations and performing a cluster analysis to compare demographic and restaurant consumption patterns among clusters. We conducted an online consumer survey using convenience sampling (518 valid responses). Consumer preference was highest for “customized services,” followed by “epidemic prevention and hygiene measures,” and “dining reservation system” at restaurants. The factor analysis of service innovation included six factors: innovative dining, technology-assisted ordering, intelligent cuisine, green dining, home cooking, and smart robots. The three clusters included innovation neutrals, innovation enthusiasts, and traditional consumers.

The relationship between dietary greenhouse gas emissions and demographic characteristics in high-income countries.

The food we eat has a critical impact on human and planetary health. Food systems are responsible for approximately a third of total global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs). This review summarises studies that have measured dietary GHGEs and assessed their associations with various demographic variables. Most studies report dietary emissions at the individual level, but some studies use households as the unit of analysis. Studies investigating individuals estimate dietary intakes using 24-hour dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, diet history interviews, food diaries or other dietary records. Studies investigating households rely on food purchasing data and expenditure surveys. The majority of studies estimate dietary GHGEs using process-based life cycle assessments. It is difficult to directly compare emissions estimates between studies at either the individual or household-level due to methodological differences. In general, there are mixed findings with regards to the relationships between various demographic variables and dietary emissions, although older adults generally had higher dietary GHGEs than younger adults, and men typically had higher dietary GHGEs than women, even when standardizing for total energy intake. This review may be useful in informing and targeting policies and interventions to reduce GHGEs of dietary intake.

Tapping the Brakes: An Exploratory Survey of Consumers’ Perceptions of Autonomous Vehicles

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the difficulty in measuring consumer acceptance of emergent technologies where artificial intelligence is present in autonomous vehicles (AVs). Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as our theoretical lens, survey data of US adult consumers are used to better understand consumer acceptance of AVs. Results from Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) show that the certainty of product performance and interest are positively related to usage. Surprisingly, the relationship between two variables, internal locus of control and ease of use and usage, was not significant, which could be explained by AVs being self-driving and the ease of use therefore not being important in this context. Internal locus of control was negatively related to willingness to buy, and interest and usage were positively related to willingness to buy. Mediation analysis further explains these relationships. This research calls into question the TAM, long used as a measurement for the acceptance of information systems, as an acceptable model for measuring consumer acceptance where the intent is to purchase technology that contains artificial intelligence.

Effects of Income on Family Care Organization in Mexico: An Analysis Based on Data from the Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (ENIGH) from 2010 to 2020

This article examines the impact of income level on family care organizations in Mexico to elucidate how families apportion care responsibilities according to their economic standing. The study design employed a quantitative approach, utilizing two distinct methodologies to construct two indices: one representing the time devoted to care and the other representing care transferred to the market. Factor analysis converts minutes and hours into a time index and transforms the number of domestic workers and health and hospital expenses into a market index. A regression model estimates the effect of income on these indices, aiming to analyze the relationship between income and spending on health and services and between income and time spent on home care. The results are based on data from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH) 2010–2020, using a nationally representative sample of 81 thousand dwellings. The data analysis concluded that households with higher incomes spend a more significant proportion of their expenditure on domestic care-paid services and have greater access to professional care. In contrast, lower-income households face significant challenges due to their limited financial resources and the higher demands for unpaid care.

Impact of rural transformation on rural income and poverty for sustainable development inBangladesh: A moments‐quantile regression with fixed‐effects models Approach

AbstractThis study examines the impact of rural transformation on income and poverty in Bangladesh using district‐level panel data from five rounds of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2016. Two key indicators are assessed: the share of high‐value agriculture and non‐farm employment. Fixed effects and moments‐quantile regression models are employed to analyze the relationships between rural transformation, income, and poverty, accounting for education, healthcare, electricity access, and land ownership. The results show that both high‐value agriculture and non‐farm employment significantly boost rural income and reduce poverty. Geographic disparities are evident, with high‐value agriculture being most effective in agriculturally favorable regions, while non‐farm employment has a stronger impact in areas with fewer agricultural opportunities. These findings are critical in shaping policies aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 1, which seeks to eradicate poverty. The findings indicate the need for policies to prioritize high‐value agriculture and non‐farm employment to promote income growth and reduce poverty. Expanding agricultural extension services and vocational training is vital for this transformation, alongside targeted investments in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and energy access to enhance rural development and poverty alleviation across Bangladesh.

A longitudinal point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use and resistance in tertiary care hospitals in Kerman: results from the national Iranian multicenter point prevalence survey of antimicrobials in 2021

BackgroundThe Global Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) of antimicrobial consumption and resistance has been widely undertaken to combat the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study was conducted in alignment with the Global-PPS in three tertiary care hospitals in Kerman, Iran, to evaluate antimicrobial consumption patterns.MethodsThe study was conducted from January 2020 to January 2021 in Afzalipour, Shafa, and Shahid Bahonar Hospitals. Data were collected using the standardized Global-PPS method at three different points throughout the year to minimize bias. Information on antimicrobial prescriptions, primary diagnosis, prophylaxis, therapy indications, and treatment type were documented. Antimicrobial prevalence was calculated using the total number of admitted patients as the denominator and those on antimicrobial regimens as the numerator.ResultsThe point prevalence of antimicrobial consumption in adult wards was 65.6% in Afzalipour Hospital, 42.3% in Shafa Hospital, and 78.7% in Bahonar Hospital. Non-penicillin beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins were the most frequently prescribed antibiotic classes. Approximately 80% of prescriptions had explicit reasons documented, and targeted antibiotic therapy rates varied between 7.7% and 44.8% across hospitals.ConclusionsAntimicrobial consumption in Kerman’s tertiary care hospitals exceeded national and global levels, indicating an urgent need for interventions to promote rational antibiotic use. Infection control committees must implement rigorous monitoring measures to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Ongoing surveillance and targeted interventions are essential to curb the rising rates of antimicrobial resistance in the region.

Strategi Komunikasi Periklanan Produk Yamaha NMAX Turbo 2024

This study aims to analyze the advertising communication strategy for the Yamaha NMAX Turbo 2024, Yamaha's latest product positioned as a premium scooter with turbocharged technology. Amid the fierce competition in the automotive industry, Yamaha needs to design an innovative and effective advertising campaign to increase brand awareness and consumer purchase intention. The objective of this research is to identify key elements in Yamaha’s advertising communication strategy, evaluate its effectiveness, and understand its impact on consumer perceptions and marketing goals. This research employs a descriptive approach with qualitative and quantitative analysis, combining consumer surveys, in-depth interviews, and ad content analysis. The findings show that the effectiveness of the ads, social media engagement, and brand awareness have significant effects on consumer purchase intention, especially among Gen Z. The effectiveness of the ads proved to be the most influential factor, followed by brand awareness and social media engagement. Consumers who responded to Yamaha NMAX Turbo ads through social media tended to have a positive perception of the product's innovations and advanced features. Additionally, the survey indicated that consumers actively engaged with social media campaigns were more motivated to make a purchase. The integrated communication strategy, utilizing various digital platforms such as social media, websites, and television ads, has been proven to increase purchase intention and strengthen positive perceptions of the Yamaha NMAX Turbo. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Yamaha continue to develop creative ad content, enhance social media engagement, and expand brand awareness campaigns through collaborations with automotive influencers. This strategy is expected to solidify Yamaha NMAX Turbo's position in the Indonesian automotive market.