Production Expenditure Research Articles

Analysis of cigar marketing expenditures by product category, placement strategy and geolocation in the USA, from 2017 to 2022

SignificanceThe marketing of cigars, little cigars and cigarillos (CLCCs) and cigar wraps is under-regulated and understudied in the USA. To describe strategies CLCC manufacturers and vendors used to advertise their...

Tracking Blood Product Wastage over a 6-year Period in Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center

Abstract Introduction/Objective Blood transfusions are a necessary practice for hospital emergency and surgical department. In emergent situations, blood components are in unmonitored settings during transit of critically ill patients. Any unused blood products are returned to the blood banks outside of a controlled temperature environment and are no longer viable to use. This study seeks to collect the average amount of blood products wasted in the Emergency and Surgery Department at Virginia Commonwealth University’s (VCU) Main Hospital. In addition, the study intends to highlight the budget that is impacted by these wasted blood units. Methods/Case Report Emergency Stock Records of VCU’s Hospital Emergency Department, Operating Room, Children’s Hospital of Richmond’s (CHoR) Emergency Department, and the CHoR’s Operating Room were collected and accumulated by the Transfusion Service’s Quality Assurance Coordinator. VCU’s Main Hospital Emergency Department monitors blood unit viability with a sensitive temperature indicator on each unit of blood stored in unmonitored refrigerators. Blood units above 10 degrees Celsius trigger the indicator and are required to be discarded. Our study collected a tally of these discarded units due to a triggered temperature indicator from 2018 to 2023. Acquisition cost per blood unit was estimated to be approximately $250 and overhead cost per unit was estimated to be $760. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) From 2018 to 2023, VCU’s health system wasted an average of 89.16 blood units per year due to the triggered temperature indicators, with a total of 535 units wasted over six years. The average annual cost of the wasted units totaled $90,058.33 per year ($22,291.67 and $67,766.67 in acquisition and overhead costs, respectively); cumulative cost over the 6 years amounted to $540,350 ($133,750 and $406,600 in acquisition and overhead costs, respectively). Conclusion With a notable number of resources and funding lost in the process due to blood unit wastage, an administrative discussion should focus on the use of high-level remote- controlled automated refrigerators in lieu of manual temperature indicator to reduce the expenditure and wastage of blood products.

A simulation model of thermal uniformity ratio applied in conductive thermal woven fabrics

Wearable technology based on conductive textiles generally focuses on the development of textile sensors and electric thermal textiles. The primary preparation methods currently used are coating and interweaving. Compared with the coating method, interweaving provides better deformability, durability, and a larger target functional range. Among them, woven conductive fabrics offer good stability, and by designing various jacquard patterns, multi-layer material structures can also be formed. Using woven conductive thermal textiles as a base, this paper established a thermal uniformity ratio simulation model through the design of fabric structure parameters and the analysis of thermal performance. This methodology provides possible design direction for such textiles, thereby enabling a reduction in production expenditure. Furthermore, it offers avenues for the realization of personalized adaptation and the transition towards the industrial-scale manufacturing of woven thermal textiles.

Բյուջետային ծախսերի կառուցվածքի ազդեցությունը տնտեսական աճի վրա (ՀՀ օրինակով) / The impact of the public expenditures structure on economic growth: Case of Armenia

The public budget is an important lever for the state regulation of the economy: it reflects the main directions and priorities of the state economic policy. In this context, there is a lot of discussion about the dynamics of the public expenditure multiplier, as well as the interaction between the structure of these expenditures and economic growth. The study of the dynamics of the multiplier of budgetary expenditures of Armenia over the last 15 years shows that it was higher than 1, making an average of 4.5 points. As a result of the research, we evaluated the impact of Armenia's budgetary expenditures on economic growth using an econometric model, based on quarterly data from 2008-2023. The results of the research show that the increase in the productive expenditures of the state budget in Armenia, such as those spent on education, healthcare and the national economy, contribute to the GDP growth rate, while the allocation of public funds to non-productive expenditures, such as defense and social sector expenditures, has a negative impact on the GDP growth rate.

Facile Immersing Synthesis of Pt Single Atoms Supported on Sulfide for Bifunctional toward Seawater Electrolysis

Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production represents a substantial opportunity to curtail production expenditures and exhibits considerable potential for various industrial applications. Platinum-based precious metals exhibit excellent activity for water electrolysis. However, their limited reserves and high costs impede their widespread use on a large scale. Single-atom catalysts, characterized by low loading and high utilization efficiency, represent a viable alternative, and the development of simple synthesis methods can facilitate their practical application. In this work, we report the facile synthesis of a single-atom Pt-loaded NiCoFeSx (Pt@NiCoFeSx) bifunctional catalytic electrode using a simple impregnation method on a nickel foam substrate. The resulting electrode exhibits low overpotentials for both HER (60 mV@10 mA cm−2) and OER (201 mV@10 mA cm−2) in alkaline seawater electrolytes. When incorporated into a seawater electrolyzer, this electrode achieves a direct current energy consumption of only 4.18 kWh/Nm3H2 over a 100 h test period with negligible decay. These findings demonstrate the potential of our approach for industrial-scale seawater electrolysis.

Pyrolysis pretreatment and low-temperature liquefaction: Developing rice straw biochar-based clean liquid biofuel

To overcome the challenges of high oxygen content and low energy density in converting biomass into liquid biofuels, this study proposes an efficient and eco-friendly method: first pyrolyzing rice straw biomass, then converting it into liquid biofuel. It was found that: (1) Characterizing the elemental composition, higher heating value (HHV), thermogravimetric properties, and functional groups of rice straw-biochar-liquid fuel (RS-C-LF), along with analyzing the mass and energy balance of the liquefaction process, revealed that 150 °C was the optimal low liquefaction temperature. (2) The HHV, O and S content, mass and energy yield of RS-C-LF150 were significantly enhanced compared to direct biomass-to-liquids and met the biodiesel standard, with values of 42.16 MJ/kg, 0.82 %, 0 %, 67.49 %, and 69.42 %, respectively. (3) The feasibility and commercial potential of this research was further demonstrated through economic and SWOT analysis of this study liquid biofuel (the total production expenditure is only $171.29/bbl), and the design of the zero-waste and self-circulating preparation system.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN INDIGOFERA SP TERHADAP KUALITAS KIMIA FERMENTASI BATANG PISANG SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK

A livestock business's ability to succeed is influenced by a number of variables, one of them being feed, which accounts for over 50% of production expenditures. Feeding is necessary for animals to achieve their fundamental requirements for survival, development, reproduction, and output. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of indigofera sp addition on the chemical quality of fermentation of banana stems. This study is an experiment with four repeats and five treatment levels. banana stem + 0% indigofera sp in treatment P0 control; banana stem + 10% indigofera sp in treatment P1; banana stem + 20% indigofera sp in treatment P2; banana stem + 30% indigofera sp in treatment P3; and banana stem + 40% indigofera sp in treatment P4. Dry matter (BK), organic matter (BO), crude protein (PK), and crude fiber (SK) are the characteristics that are measured. The findings indicated that there was no significant change (p>0.05) in the DM and BO concentrations caused by the addition of indigofera sp. Additionally, the addition markedly (p<0.01) reduced the crude fiber concentration and increased the crude protein level. This investigation discovered that the highest-quality banana stem fermentation was achieved when 40% indigofera sp was added.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SPORTS NUTRITION AND CORRECTION OF WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE IN FOOTBALL

The article describes recommendations for correcting water-electrolyte balance during physical training of football players, as well as daily energy expenditure and caloric content of daily menu products.

ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC DEBT SUSTAINABILITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE STRUCTURE OF PUBLIC SPENDING AND INTERTEMPORAL CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

The paper estimates the sustainability of public debt in developing countries from 1990 to 2021 drawing on fiscal response function. The author proposes the modification of the Ramsey model that considers both saving behavior of the population and the structure of government spending in terms of their influence on fiscal policy effects. The findings are tested on the example of developing countries including the Russian Federation. We verify the model's conclusions in two stages. At the first stage, based on indicators of government expenditures’ structure and savings rate, we identify country clusters using the k-means method. At the second stage, for a certain groups of countries, we econometrically estimate the so-called fiscal response function, that is, the reaction of primary budget balance to debt accumulation in the previous period. We make estimates for panel data using a fixed effects model, as well as the generalized method of moments for a dynamic panel. Based on the estimates obtained, for a group of countries similar to Russia in terms of savings rates and the share of productive expenditures in the total share of government expenditures, there is a significant positive coefficient of the reaction of the primary budget balance to changes in public debt in the previous period. Thus, fiscal sustainability is achieved for the selected group of countries at the federal level during the period under review. However, risks at a regional level may, if events develop unfavorably, have a shock effect on the federal budget that requires an additional analysis of regional debt sustainability.

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

Due to the strong processes of globalization and the dynamics of market changes in the conditions of fierce competition, today's leading companies are forced to constantly develop in order to ensure their efficient operation. It is modern information systems that are responsible for efficient planning and management of company resources and allow companies to expand their business. Information system implementation is a real challenge for managers, operations staff, customers and subcontractors, especially in manufacturing enterprises, so it must be carefully planned and carefully executed. In case of absence of any fixed IT solution, the company can make a decision about the creation of new and individual IT system which meets all its demands. However, such a decision can be made by large companies or groups of companies with the same or similar profile from the point of view of high costs, extended implementation time, as well as high complexity and significant risk. At the present time, there is no economic reasoning for small and medium-sized companies to create a complex IT system from zero. Only one solution is to integrate the current production system (which has been developed throughout years in another company) or system, obtained from the external supplier specialized in the separate field with ERP system that is in charge of managing the other company activities. In addition, comprehensive and actual calculation of production expenditure requires the integration of process management systems, financial systems and payroll systems. Data provided by these systems, including the cost of raw materials consumed, cost of labor force, mass media and equipment, distribution switching mechanisms, cost distribution lists and automatic accounting procedures benefit system users to precisely calculate production costs. Detailed and up-to-date information about the production process and product costs, together with complex logistics information allows us to make reasonable and rational decisions about the future activity of the company, to increase the scale of production of the most profitable products or re-organize some business processes which may lead to a deceleration in the production of low-margin products. Empirical proof shows that there are not any complicated IT solutions that enable production companies to satisfy their needs in terms of logistics, finance, accounting and production process management. Certainly this is related to the fact that even though some procedures like finance, accounting, logistics, reclamation are very alike in different companies at the cost of legal requirements, production processes are individual and peculiar for each one. Thus, it is usually difficult, possibly, to apply certain production process procedures on the available wide-spread IT software. Keywords: Information technologies, company, production process, business activity

Availability and Access to Orphan Drugs for Rare Cancers in Bulgaria: Analysis of Delays and Public Expenditures.

Rare cancers are defined by an annual incidence of fewer than 6 per 100,000. Bearing similarities to rare diseases, they are associated with substantial health inequalities due to diagnostic complexity and delayed access to innovative therapies. This situation is further aggravated in Southeastern European countries like Bulgaria, where limited public resources and expertise underscore the need for additional policy and translational research on rare cancers. This study aimed to explore the availability and access to orphan drugs for rare cancers in Bulgaria for the period of 2020-2023. We cross-compared data from both the European Union and national public sources to evaluate the number of available and accessible orphan drugs for rare cancers, the delay from market authorization to reimbursement, the dynamics of public expenditures, and regional disparities in access across the country. We juxtaposed the main characteristics of oncological and non-oncological orphan drugs as well. Only 15 out of 50 oncological orphan drugs that were authorized by the European Medicine Agency were accessible for rare cancer patients in Bulgaria. The median delay between market authorization and inclusion in the Bulgarian Positive Drug List was 760 days. The total expenditures for all orphan drugs for rare cancers amounted to EUR 74,353,493 from 2020 to 2023. The budgetary impact of this group rose from 0.24% to 3.77% of total public medicinal product expenditures for the study period. Rare cancer patients represent a vulnerable population that often faces limited to no access to treatment. We call for targeted European and national policies to address this major inequality.

Production Performance and Profitability of Small-scale Commercial Poultry Farms in Arsi and East-Showa Zones, Central Ethiopia

Poultry farming and the demand for chicken meat and eggs are growing due to their quality protein, essential nutrients, affordable price, and low investment cost. The current study was designed to investigate the productivity and profitability of small-scale commercial poultry enterprises. Data were collected from 221 poultry farms using a semi-structured questionnaire. The results were presented using descriptive statistics. Farm performances were measured by total-factor-productivity (TFP), benefit-cost-ratio (BCR), and net-profit-margin (NPM). The majority of the poultry farm owners were male (69.68%) and married (77.4%). Around 55.2% of poultry farmers aged 31-45 years. Group-owned farms had 4.59 ± 1.77 individual members. On average, a batch of layer chickens was kept for 17.0 ± 3.87 and 18.12 ± 4.25 months on individual and group-owned farms, respectively. Moreover, the mean selling ages of pullet and broiler chickens were 2.55 ± 0.71 and 2.18 ± 0.51 months, respectively. The flock size of layer chickens in sole-proprietor farms (562 ± 724) was significantly lower than in partnership farms (1165 ± 877). The average numbers of produced pullets by sole-proprietorship and partnership farms were 3177 ± 2360 and 3137 ± 1826, while the mean numbers of broilers produced were 2257 ± 1875 and 3269 ± 1669, respectively. The average egg and broiler weights in sole-proprietorship farms were significantly higher compared to group-owned farms. Annual egg production rates in individual and group-owned farms were 76.5% and 70.4%, respectively. The cost of feed, chicken, housing, labor, and medication were the top five production expenditures, while feed cost shares 60.4%. Egg producers had NPM, BCR, and TFP indices of 38.99%, 1.03, and 2.03, respectively, with notable differences by ownership types. The NPM, BCR, and TFP indices for broiler and pullet farms, respectively, were 42.78%, 0.93, and 1.93 for broilers and 35.21%, 0.92, and 1.67 for pullets. The results indicated that poultry firms performed optimally, regardless of ownership type. To further improve the efficiency and profitability of poultry enterprises, farmers need technical, finance, and management skills and input supply chains. Keywords: Broiler, Layer, Poultry, Production, Profitability, Pullet

Minimize Total Cost and Maximize Total Profit for Power Systems with Pumped Storage Hydro and Renewable Power Plants Using Improved Self-Organizing Migration Algorithm

This study presents the application of an improved self-organizing migration algorithm (ISOMA) for minimizing the total electricity production expenditure (TEPE) and maximizing the total electricity sale profit (TPRF) for hydrothermal power systems (HTPS) without and with renewable energies. Two power system configurations were employed to test the real efficiency of ISOMA while dealing with two objective functions. In the first configuration, there was one thermal power plant and one hydropower plant, while in the second configuration, wind and solar energy were both connected to the first system. The results achieved in the first configuration with the first objective function indicated that ISOMA not only outperformed SOMA according to all comparison criteria but was also superior to other methods such as evolutionary programming (EP), acceleration factor-based particle swarm optimization (AFPSO), and accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO). The evaluation of the results achieved by ISOMA in the second configuration with the objective function of maximizing the TPRF revealed that ISOMA could reach better profits than SOMA in terms of maximum, mean and minimum TPRF values over fifty trial runs. As a result, it was concluded that pumped storage hydropower plants are very useful in integrating with renewable power plants to cut total cost for thermal power plants and in reaching the highest profit for the whole system. Also, ISOMA is a suitable algorithm for the considered problem.

Assessing heterogeneous time-varying impacts in the debt-growth nexus

ABSTRACT We empirically identify, measure, and describe the heterogeneity of the debt-growth nexus and the underlying factors that may explain it using panel data for 115 countries from 1995 to 2016. First, countries are endogenously grouped using the grouped fixed effects (GFE) estimator. The GFE estimator endogenously splits the sample into five groups of countries with a distinct estimated effect of public debt-to-GDP ratio on economic growth and allows us to investigate group-specific time-varying impacts. Then, we use a panel data analysis to explore the potential drivers affecting these heterogeneous links’ time-varying magnitude. Our results suggest that the negative impact of public debt on economic growth is moderated by the quality of a country’s institutions and the proportion of productive expenditure but intensified by indebtedness and the maturity of the debt.

Analisis Sistem Informasi Akuntansi Terhadap Pengeluaran Kas Pada PT PP (Persero) TBK (Proyek Trans Sumatera Tol Indrapura-Kisaran)

In the current era of globalization, technological developments are progressing rapidly, one example is accounting information systems, the large amount of expenditure for production and operational costs means that companies must be able to pay attention to this so that the desired things do not happen. In this research, researchers used qualitative methods based on library research. The results of this research indicate that PT. PP (Persero) Tbk (Trans Sumatra Indrapura-Kisaran Toll Road Project) has been implemented systematically and in accordance with the accounting system, as well as the cash disbursement accounting recording system which is effective and efficient. The company's internal control system for cash disbursements has been implemented well, and everyone in each unit has worked together to improve the cash and disbursement systems after the finance department discovered recording errors. This shows that there is a strong level of internal control implemented in each department, making it difficult to misappropriate and embezzle funds.

Moderating Effect of Public Debt on Protective Expenditure and Economic Growth of Nigeria

This study evaluated the moderating effect of public debt on productive expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria for the period of thirty one years, from 1993-2023. Ex-post facto research design was adopted. Administrative expenditure and transfer payment are proxies for protective expenditure while real gross domestic product is indicator of economic growth. The data used in this study were secondary data derived from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin while public debt data was sourced from Debt Management Office Annual Reports. The study used multiple regression analysis. The regression result revealed that administrative expenditure has positive significant effect on economic growth but when moderated by public debt showed significant influence on economic growth in Nigeria. Meanwhile, transfer payment has no significant effect on economic growth but when moderated by public debt revealed an insignificant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. The study concluded that administrative expenditure affect economic growth while, transfer payment has no effect on economic growth. The study recommended that Government should direct more of its protective expenditure towards administrative expenditure as they accelerate economic growth. Also, proper management of public funds allocated to the administrative operations as they have the potential of raising the nation’s production capacity and providing employment for citizens in the country.

Effect of Productive Expenditure on Economic Growth of Nigeria as Moderated by Public Debt

This study investigated the effect of productive expenditure on the economic growth in Nigeria as moderated by public debt for the period of thirty-one years, from 1991-2021. Ex-post facto research design was adopted. The data used in this study were secondary data derived from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin while public debt data was sourced from Debt Management Office Annual Reports. The study used regression analysis and the result revealed that both economic service and social service expenditure have positive significant effect on economic growth but when moderated by public debt showed economic service expenditure has positive significant effect on economic growth while social service expenditure has a negative significant influence on economic growth in Nigeria. The study concluded that economic service and social service expenditures have effects on economic growth in Nigeria. The study recommended that the government should increase public spending on social services. This can be accomplished by utilizing public funding to improve educational quality at all levels of learning (primary, secondary, and higher education) through training programs that give the skills and information needed to increase labor productivity and create additional job possibilities. Furthermore, public spending in the health and social security sectors should be directed toward constructive expenditures that promote economic growth.

Smart Animal Repelling Device: Utilizing IoT and AI for Effective Anti-Adaptive Harmful Animal Deterrence

The coexistence of human populations with wildlife often leads to conflicts in which harmful animals cause damage to crops and property and threaten human welfare. Certain limitations influence the effectiveness and environmental impacts of traditional methods used to repel animals. The present research outlines a growth of solutions that utilize the Internet of Things and machine learning techniques to address this issue. This study centers on a Smart Animal Repelling Device (SARD) that seeks to safeguard crops from ungulate assaults, substantially reducing production expenditures. This is achieved by developing virtual fences that use Artificial Intelligence (AI) and ultrasonic emission. This study introduces a comprehensive distributed system for resource management in Edge or Fog settings. The SARD framework leverages the principle of containerization and utilizes Docker containers to execute Internet of Things (IoT) applications in microservices. The software system inside the suggested structure can include various IoT applications and resources and power management strategies for Edge and fog computing systems. The experimental findings demonstrate that the intelligent animal-repellent system effectively uses animal detection on power-efficient computational methods. This implementation ensures the system maintains high mean average accuracy (93.25%) while simultaneously meeting real-time demands for anti-adaptive harmful animal deterrence.

Javno obrazovanje, stalni rashodi i produktivnost u industrijskom sektoru u Nigeriji

The debate on whether governments should increase their human capital investment is a popular topic within the realm of economics. This research seeks to solve this issue by looking into the importance of productivity in the manufacturing output as well as the function of productive expenditure. The study examines how the recurrent expenditure of public education in Nigeria between 1981 and 2019 affected manufacturing productivity. The study employed the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test and Auto Regressive Distributive Lags (ARDL) approach to analyse the relationship between public education recurrent expenditure, public health spending, trade openness, inflation rate, and the output of the manufacturing sector. The study reveals that public education recurrent expenditure is not significantly associated with manufacturing productivity. According to the study, the government should also concentrate on implementing policy frameworks aimed at improving manufacturing sector productivity by targeting public recurrent education spending.

Influence of Direct Productive Expenditure and Inflation on Economic Growth in India

The present study explored the relationship between gross capital formation and economic growth in India from 1991 to 2020. The results revealed a positive relationship between gross capital formation and economic growth in India. The study also found the positive impact of gross domestic savings and government expenditure on economic growth. The study further revealed a negative relationship between the consumer price index and economic growth. Based on empirical results, the study suggested that the government should raise the level of capital formation to achieve tremendous economic growth. Further, there is a need to create an environment conducive to saving and investments within the economy, which will eventually support long-term economic growth.