Components Of Expenditure Research Articles

Development a mathematical model of a water-salt balance on irrigated lands of the Sirdarya area

The article presents the results of field studies and analysis of the parameters of the input and expenditure components of the water-salt balance, which makes it possible to assess the reclamation state of irrigated lands. Directly in the field, using the measurement determined the values of the input and expendable components of the water and salt balance, a tendency to improve or worsen the reclamation state of the irrigated lands of the Shuruzak massif and the Saykhunabad district of the Syrdarya region. The general water balance, the balance in the aeration zone and groundwater was compiled. Determination of water and salt balance in the aeration zone of soil and groundwater leads to the creation of optimal water-air and nutrient regimes for the development of crops and high yields. To determine the water and salt balance on the irrigated lands of the Saykhunabad region, a mathematical model was developed for the first time, based on which it is possible to predict changes in the water, salt regimes and the regime of groundwater in the irrigated massif. Their regulation is very important for determining practical measures to manage this regime in order to save irrigation water and improve the reclamation state of irrigated lands.

Information and analytical support for financial results management in companies

Importance. Financial results are a significant indicator in the assessment of efficiency of financial and economic activity, make it possible to assess the extent to which risks accepted by the company have been justified, profit creates a financial basis for the development of the organization, ensuring market competitiveness, realization of opportunities for fulfillment of social corporate obligations to employees and increase of business value in the interests of its owners. Timely analysis of revenues, expenses and factor-by-factor assessment of financial results will make it possible in the present conditions to make balanced management decisions aimed at maximizing the revenue and minimization of the expenditure component in order to ensure the company’s success.Objectives. A comprehensive author 's study of the problem of analyzing the financial results of a commercial organization, which acts as a guarantor of ensuring the long-term development of the organization in the market, an integral component of sustainability and a key area in the system of integrated economic analysis of activities.Methods. The author reveals the meaning and content of financial results and its components, conducts a comparative analysis of approaches to the essence, systematizes the information base using the accumulated practical experience. Competent and targeted analytical support for sound management decisions on the use of financial and non-financial resources would ensure the desired performance. The study of the problem used methods of logical, comparative analysis, search and systematization.Results. The author discloses theoretical aspects of analysis of financial results, provides comparative analysis of the essence of financial results, systematized information and regulatory sources, disclosed their content and peculiarities of application in practice, generalized economic interests of users.Conclusions and Relevance. It was concluded that the achievement of the positive financial result (profit) is the central direction of the top management of the organization and the result of successful current, investment and financial activities. However, in competition, the organization is not immune from receiving losses. They show management mistakes and misses in the use of mother-al- physical and monetary assets. In this regard, sound management of income and expenditure is of particular importance. The quality of the information base directly depends on the reliability of the analytical conclusions underlying the adoption of balanced management decisions. When analyzing financial results, it is essential to take into account the economic interests of users interested in the results. This would allow for the selection of a group of key performance indicators for the Organization and the optimal allocation of resources.

On the linkage between government expenditure and output: empirics of the Keynesian view versus Wagner’s law

Using disaggregated data based on the classification of functions of government (COFOG), this study seeks to verify the Keynesian view versus Wagner’s law on the relationship between government expenditure and output, considering Turkey as a case study. To do so, the study attempts to capture the nature of the causal relationship between the two variables by applying linear and nonlinear Granger-causality tests. Rather than Wagner’s law, the empirical findings of the study provide supportive evidence for the Keynesian view, subject to the economically meaningful components of government expenditures considered. Overall, the empirical findings show that government expenditures on defense, economic affairs, education, health, housing and community amenities, and social protection positively affect output that comes out through fiscal multiplier and investment-accelerator mechanisms proposed by John Maynard Keynes.

Assessment of Physical Activity in Adults: A Review of Validated Questionnaires From a Nutritionist's Point of View.

Physical activity (PA) is a component of total energy expenditure. PA and PA energy expenditure (PAEE) can be estimated by objective techniques (OTs). However, the use of questionnaires is frequent in clinical settings and epidemiological studies. We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to perform a review of studies reportingthe reliability and validity of PA questionnaires validated against OTs-doubly labeled water (DLW) or accelerometers-in free-living adults. We selected original articles published between 2009 and 2019 that reported validation studies of PA questionnaires. We identified 53 studies that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Four PA questionnaires were validated against DLW and the remaining against accelerometers. Three questionnaires were compared with both DLW and accelerometer results. The correlation between questionnaire-estimated PAEE and DLW results ranged from r = .22 to r = .46, while that between questionnaire-estimated total PA (TPA) and accelerometer results ranged from r = .11 to r = .54 The intraclass correlation coefficients were between .56 and .84. Despite having good reliability, most of the questionnaires included in this review have shown limited validity for estimating TPA in adults. OTs should be considered as a first option, when possible. Further research is warranted on techniques to obtain more accurate PA and PAEE estimates.

Ex-post evaluation of the R&D tax incentive law in Chile

PropósitoEste estudio realiza una evaluación ex - post de la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) en Chile.Diseño/Metodología/EnfoqueSe escogió un subconjunto de datos de la 9a Encuesta de Innovación, específicamente aquellos que estaban disponibles para los años 2013 y 2014. Luego, se aplicaron las metodologías de diferencias en diferencias (DID) y matching con diferencias en diferencias (MDID) para identificar el impacto de esta política.ResultadosLos resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que el uso de la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la I+D tuvo algunos efectos positivos, pero bastante bajos en algunos componentes del gasto en innovación. Además, el efecto positivo del incentivo tributario sobre el gasto total en innovación identificado con MDID desaparece cuando se utiliza como grupo de control solamente a las firmas que conocen la ley.Originalidad/ValorEste trabajo aporta evidencia nueva para evaluar las políticas de innovación en Latinoamérica, enfocándose en los créditos tributarios que han sido mucho menos estudiados que los programas de subsidio. Específicamente, se concluye que existe todavía un amplio margen para mejorar y reformular la Ley de Incentivo Tributario para la I+D en Chile.

Nowcasting GDP and its Components in a Data-Rich Environment: The Merits of the Indirect Approach

The national accounts provide a coherent and exaustive description of the current state of the economy, but are available at the quarterly frequency and are released with a nonignorable publication lag. The paper proposes and illustrates a method for nowcasting and forecasting the sixteen main components of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by output and expenditure type at the monthly frequency, using a high-dimensional set of monthly economic indicators spanning the space of the common macroeconomic and financial factors. The projection on the common space is carried out by combining the individual nowcasts and forecasts arising from all possible bivariate models of the unobserved monthly GDP component and the observed monthly indicator. We discuss several pooling strategies and we select the one showing the best predictive performance according to a pseudo real time forecasting experiment. Monthly GDP can be indirectly estimated by the contemporaneous aggregation of the value added of the different industries and of the expenditure components. This enables the comparative assessment of the indirect nowcasts and forecasts vis-a-vis the direct approach and a growth accounting exercise. Our approach meets the challenges posed by the dimensionality, since it can handle a large number of time series with a complexity that increases linearly with the cross-sectional dimension, while retaining the essential heterogeneity of the information about the macroeconomy. The application to the Italian case leads to several interesting discoveries concerning the time-varying predictive content of the information carried by the monthly indicators.

Conflicting‐claims and labour market concerns in a supermultiplier SFC model

AbstractWe propose to introduce inflation via conflicting‐claims, an endogenous labour productivity regime à la Kaldor‐Verdoorn and an explicit account for the labour market into an SFC model that combines an endogenous autonomous expenditure component with the induced investment behaviour of firms. The aim of the paper is to analyse the dynamics of real wage and productivity growth and the impacts on the long run growth trend, income shares and the employment rate of: (a) changes in the propensity to consume; (b) changes in the bargaining power of workers; and (c) changes in the labour productivity under different institutional settings.

Is health expenditure effective for achieving healthcare goals? Empirical evidence from South-East Asia Region

This study examines the effectiveness of health expenditure on healthcare goals in South-East Asia Region for the period from 2000 to 2014 using system generalized method of moment model. In this study, aggregate health expenditure data have been divided into two components—public and private. Both public and private health expenditure components are segregated into four categories of expenditure—government health expenditure from domestic sources, external assistance of health to the government, private out-of-pocket (i.e., household expenditure), and private not out-of-pocket (i.e., insurance). Certain health status indicators have been adopted as healthcare goals—life expectancy, infant mortality, universal health coverage index; immunization coverage, the prevalence of undernourishment, and Tb cases detection rate. The empirical result finds that aggregate health expenditure, especially public health expenditure, shows positive effects on the improvement in life expectancy and reduction of infant mortality. But the relationship between health expenditure and healthcare goals is weak (i.e., inelastic) and the elasticity values are numerically small than the non-health factors especially female education and per capita income. We have found a strong positive association between health expenditure and universal health coverage index that implies a 1% increase in public health expenditure leads to a 0.26% rise in healthcare services coverage. Further, female education has shown strong effects on the reduction of undernourishment population and increase immunization coverage. Increased public expenditure on health through domestic revenue generation and improved government effectiveness could be suggestive policy implications for achieving better health outcomes.

Obese Women With Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine Have Reduced Resting Energy Expenditure

Obese Women With Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine Have Reduced Resting Energy Expenditure

The Impact of Government Expenditure on Banten Economic Growth in 2010 – 2017

Government expenditure is one of the factors driving the economic growth of a region. During 2010 to 2017, realization of Banten government expenditure continued to increase from 11 trillion to 36 trillion. However, Banten's economic growth from 2011 to 2017 tended to slow down from 7.03 percent to 5.71 percent. This study aims to determine how the impact of government expenditure on Banten economic growth and identify government expenditure in the form of capital spending that has a positive effect on Banten economic growth. Capital spending as a component of government expenditure directly related to the government's development program is expected to be able to encourage economic growth in Banten. The method used in this study is the impact analysis of Banten Input-Output (I-O) Table 2010 and panel data regression analysis in eight districts/cities during 2010 to 2017. The results of analysis with IO Table show that government expenditure has a positive impact on Banten’s economic growth. Then the panel data regression analysis results show that all types of capital spending have a positive effect, but only spending for road, irrigation, network (BJIJ); and building (BGB) which have proven to have significant effects on Banten's economic growth.

Brown Adipose Tissue, Diet-Induced Thermogenesis, and Thermogenic Food Ingredients: From Mice to Men.

Since the recent rediscovery of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, this thermogenic tissue has been attracting increasing interest. The inverse relationship between BAT activity and body fatness suggests that BAT, because of its energy dissipating activity, is protective against body fat accumulation. Cold exposure activates and recruits BAT, resulting in increased energy expenditure and decreased body fatness. The stimulatory effects of cold exposure are mediated through transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Most TRP members also function as chemesthetic receptors for various food ingredients, and indeed, agonists of TRP vanilloid 1 such as capsaicin and its analog capsinoids mimic the effects of cold exposure to decrease body fatness through the activation and recruitment of BAT. The antiobesity effect of other food ingredients including tea catechins may be attributable, at least in part, to the activation of the TRP–SNS–BAT axis. BAT is also involved in the facultative thermogenesis induced by meal intake, referred to as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), which is a significant component of the total energy expenditure in our daily lives. Emerging evidence suggests a crucial role for the SNS in BAT-associated DIT, particularly during the early phase, but several gut-derived humoral factors may also participate in meal-induced BAT activation. One intriguing factor is bile acids, which activate BAT directly through Takeda G-protein receptor 5 (TGR5) in brown adipocytes. Given the apparent beneficial effects of some TRP agonists and bile acids on whole-body substrate and energy metabolism, the TRP/TGR5–BAT axis represents a promising target for combating obesity and related metabolic disorders in humans.

Impact of population ageing on medical consumption: compulsory health insurance in Morocco

Introductionles régimes d'assurance maladie obligatoire des salariés des secteurs public et privé connaissent, d'une part, une croissance continue des dépenses médicales, et d'autre part, une augmentation de la part de la population couverte ayant plus de 60 ans. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser l'impact du vieillissement sur la dépense moyenne par personne bénéficiant de la couverture médicale.Méthodesnous avons effectué le test de Kruskal-Wallis afin de tester si il y a une différence significative entre les populations - de différents groupes d'âge - en matière de consommation médicale selon que la personne est touchée ou non par une affection de longue durée. Ont été effectuées également des analyses d'autres indicateurs à savoir la part de la population souffrant d'une affection de longue durée et recourant aux soins, la dépense moyenne par personne touchée par une affection de longue durée et la dépense moyenne par personne couverte non touchée par une affection de longue durée aussi bien pour les personnes ayant moins de 60 ans que celles ayant plus de 60 ans.Résultatsle test de Kruskal-Wallis a montré que l'âge est une variable explicative de la dépense moyenne par personne couverte. L'examen de l'évolution des principales composantes de la dépense moyenne a permis de mettre en évidence d'autres facteurs.Conclusionle vieillissement démographique contribuerait à la hausse de la consommation médicale et il existe d'autres facteurs dont l'impact sur l'augmentation des dépenses n'est pas moins important.

Структура экономического роста стран Евразийского союза

The purpose of the study is to determine the existing growth models of the countries of the Eurasian Union by GDP expenditures and sectors (manufacturing, transactional raw materials). The research methodology is a macroeconomic analysis of the dynamics of the main indicator of economic development — gross domestic product. The research method is a structural analysis that allows you to get a structural formula for calculating the contribution of each component of GDP to the growth rate, as well as a comparative analysis of the dynamics models of the countries in question — Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia. The result of the study is the obtained structural relationships that make it possible to measure the influence of the investment structure on the growth rate, the criteria describing economic growth with a corresponding change in the country's national wealth, as well as the identification of models of economic dynamics by the countries of the Eurasian Union. It is indicative that the transaction sector dominates in Kazakhstan and Russia, while in other countries a mixed model is found, or industrial growth as in Belarus. According to the components of GDP and expenditures of the country, either a mixed or a consumer model is found (Kyrgyzstan, Russia), however, the contribution of government spending to the growth rate is provided only in Kazakhstan. It was also revealed that the reaction to the crisis of 2009 and 2015 was fundamentally different for the countries of the Eurasian Union. The search for the factor conditions of such a prevailing dynamics, as well as the influence of union economic relations on the formation of a growth model in each country, requires an expansion of research and an analytical perspective

Healthcare expenditure and carbon footprint in the USA: evidence from hidden cointegration approach.

The priority aim of this study is to investigate the effect of carbon footprint, which is an indicator of environmental degradation, on health expenditures for the USA. In the study, cointegration analysis was performed for the period 1970-2016 by using health expenditures, carbon footprint, gross domestic product per capita and life expectancy at birth variables. According to the results of standard cointegration analysis, only cointegration relationship between health expenditures and income was found. In the models with carbon footprint, no cointegration relationship was discovered between the original values of the variables. This result was approached with suspicion, and it was thought that there might be a hidden cointegration between healthcare expenditures and carbon footprint. For this purpose, the hidden cointegration analysis and crouching error correction model proposed by Granger and Yoon [18] were employed among the positive and negative components of the variables of healthcare expenditures and carbon footprint. The results of the hidden cointegration analysis revealed that there was a hidden cointegration relationship between the positive components of healthcare expenditures and the positive components of carbon footprint. Analysis results show that a 1% increase in carbon footprint will cause a 2.04% increase in healthcare expenditures in the long term in the USA. When the positive components of the variables were considered, it was concluded that there was a one-way long-term asymmetric causality relationship between carbon footprint and healthcare expenditures. As a result of the study, it was proposed that the carbon footprint should be diminished to prevent the increasing burden of the healthcare expenditures on the budget.

How does public spending affect technical efficiency? Some evidence from 15 European countries

AbstractThe relationship between government size and economic growth has been widely debated. Revisiting the subject from a distinct angle with respect to the mainstream approach, we provide an empirical analysis of the impact of government size on technical efficiency. The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of public sector's size and of public expenditure components on 15 European countries’ technical efficiency from 1996 to 2014 by using a True Random Effect model. Using the total public expenditure as a proxy for the government size we estimate simultaneously national optimal production function and technical efficiency by controlling for income distribution and institutional quality. Our main findings show that the effect of public sector's size on efficiency is positive while the type of public expenditures may have both positive and negative impact. In more details, results suggest that education and health expenditures have a positive effect on technical efficiency, while others have a negative impact.

KEPUASAN KERJA MEMEDIASI HUBUNGAN KOMPENSASI TERHADAP RETENSI KARYAWAN

Capital expenditure is component of direct expenditure on government budget that produces fixed assets. In utilizing the resulting fixed assets, in direct contact with public services or are used by the community and some are not directly utilized by the public. Capital expenditure allocation is based on regional own-source revenue, transfers from the central government in the form of general allocation funds and special allocation funds. This study aims to determine the significance of the effect of regional own-source revenue, general allocation funds and special allocation funds for local government capital expenditure in Bali. The sampling method used is saturation sampling. The data collection uses the observation method in the financial data during 2014 - 2018 with multiple linear regression. Local own revenues and special allocation funds have positive and significant impact on capital expenditure. General allocation funds have negative and significant impact on capital expenditure.
 Keywords: regional own-source revenue, general allocation fund, special allocation fund, capital expenditure.

Abstract P239: Longitudinal Measurement Of Maternal Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Relation To Physical Activity Throughout Pregnancy-a Prospective Study Within The Nichd Fetal Growth Studies

Background: Physical activity (PA) is a key components of energy expenditure and can alter fat metabolism. Maternal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly endogenous PUFA, plays critical roles on maternal health and fetal development. However, studies investigating the longitudinal association of PA with PUFA during pregnancy are scarce. Objective: To examine the prospective associations of PA with PUFA among pregnant women. Methods: This study used longitudinal data from a nested gestational diabetes mellitus case-control study (n=321) within the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons. Plasma phospholipid PUFA and PA were measured at 4 time-points during pregnancy (10-14, 15-26, 23-31, and 33-39 GW). Total PA was calculated as energy expenditure in metabolic equivalent (METs-hour) and physically active was defined as spending ≥150 min on moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week. Associations of PA with total n-3, n-6, and individual PUFAs were examined using generalized linear models where the sample was weighted to represent the entire cohort. Results: Total PA was positively associated with EDA, but inversely associated with ALA and GLA, independent of maternal age, race, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and dietary intake of FA. Being physically active was inversely associated with total n-3 PUFA but positively associated with total n-6 PUFA. However, the direction of the associations of individual PUFA varied: an inverse association for ALA (n-3) and LA (n-6); a positive association for DHA (n-3), AA (n-6) and DPA (n-6). Conclusions: Findings from this study indicate that PA may alter PUFA metabolism in pregnant women. The inverse association between total PA and GLA (an endogenous PUFA) is novel and merits confirmation in future studies.

Consumption and Wage Inequality in the US: The Dynamics of the Last Three Decades

AbstractIn this paper, we look at the evolution of consumption and wage inequality from 1980 to 2016 in the US. We use data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) to look at differences in consumption and wages across groups in the population defined by educational attainment of the household head and year‐of‐birth cohort. We show that the results obtained by Attanasio and Davis (1996) for non‐durable consumption still hold in more recent decades. In addition to non‐durable consumption and services, we look at inequality measured in terms of expenditure on and stock of vehicles. The advantages of looking at these measures are that information on cars is typically measured more accurately than other components of expenditure and consumers are more likely to react by adjusting their stock of vehicles on the basis of long‐term expectations about their economic prospects.

Using Apriori Algorithm to Determine Investigation Templates Specific to Intensive Care Units

Objective: The development of new technologies, the improvements in the quality of health care provision and competition among health institutions are constantly increasing the expenditures in the field of health. It has become compulsory for health institutions, with their existing financial resources, to take serious measures to meet this increasing spending in order to sustain their existence. The aim of this study is to propose test templates suitable for the patient's profile in intensive units, to help physicians in diagnosis and treatment. This will help increasing service speed as well as quality and also reducing the laboratory expenditures, an important component of health expenditures. Method: Laboratory test results, which health institutions refer to for diagnosis, are an intense and important data source of hospital information management systems. These data, when analyzed by data mining methods, can provide information to support healthcare professionals in their decisions and help the effective management of the health institutions. For this study, a data set containing examinations during the diagnosis/treatment processes and the demographic information of patients hospitalized in intensive care units in the year 2018 was created. The data set was initially analyzed with the Apriori Algorithm included in the open source WEKA program. Afterwards, laboratory tests and their rules of association suggested by the Apriori algorithm were determined. Laboratory test templates were then shaped according to the common characteristics of the medical and demographic information of the patients. Results: First of all, data including 63686 records laboratory examinations of patients hospitalized in intensive care in 2018 were prepared. Using the Apriori Algorithm, the laboratory tests for which the confidence value was greater than or equal to 0.95 and the lift values indicating the importance of the rule were large were determined. From these tests, 17 rules that match the conditions of coexistence were formed, and a new data set containing 15785 records providing the rules was created. Templates specific to intensive care units were then created according to the results of the K-mean clustering algorithm applied on the data set. Conclusion: Decision support systems, which are designed to help physicians to make more effective and correct decisions in their health care services are a part of hospital information management systems. Test templates that can be a module for these systems are defined in this study. Providing physicians with an intensive care unit specific template determined according to the patient's department and demographic characteristics will support the effective health service delivery. These templates will at the same time support the demand for rational orders be made by clinicians. This overall can reduce the laboratory test and treatment costs. Keywords: Apriori algorithm, intensive care units, laboratory tests, templates Special Issue of Health Sciences DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/6-03-08

High Compared with Moderate Protein Intake Reduces Adaptive Thermogenesis and Induces a Negative Energy Balance during Long-term Weight-Loss Maintenance in Participants with Prediabetes in the Postobese State:A PREVIEW Study

Background:Weight loss has been associated with adaptations in energy expenditure. Identifying factors that counteract these adaptations are important for long-term weight loss and weight maintenance. Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased protein/carbohydrate ratio would reduce adaptive thermogenesis (AT) and the expected positive energy balance (EB) during weight maintenance after weight loss in participants with prediabetes in the postobese state. Methods:In 38 participants, the effects of 2 diets differing in protein/carbohydrate ratio on energy expenditure and respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed during 48-h respiration chamber measurements ~34 mo after weight loss.Participants consumed a high-protein (HP) diet (n = 20; 13 women/7 men; age: 64.0 ± 6.2 y; BMI: 28.9 ± 4.0 kg/m2)with 25:45:30% or a moderate-protein (MP) diet (n = 18; 9 women/9 men; age: 65.1 ± 5.8 y; BMI: 29.0 ± 3.8 kg/m2)with 15:55:30% of energy from protein:carbohydrate:fat. Predicted resting energy expenditure (REEp) was calculatedbased on fat-free mass and fat mass. AT was assessed by subtracting measured resting energy expenditure (REE)from REEp. The main outcomes included differences in components of energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and ATbetween groups. Results:EB (MP = 0.2 ± 0.9 MJ/d; HP = –0.5 ± 0.9 MJ/d) and RQ (MP = 0.84 ± 0.02; HP = 0.82 ± 0.02) werereduced and REE (MP: 7.3 ± 0.2MJ/d compared with HP: 7.8 ± 0.2MJ/d) was increased in the HP group compared withthe MP group (P < 0.05). REE was not different from REEp in the HP group, whereas REE was lower than REEp in theMP group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, EB was positively related to AT (rs = 0.74; P < 0.001) and RQ (rs = 0.47; P < 0.01)in the whole group of participants. Conclusions:In conclusion, an HP diet compared with an MP diet led to a negative EB and counteracted AT ~34 mo after weight loss, in participants with prediabetes in the postobese state. These results indicate the relevance of compliance to an increased protein/carbohydrate ratio for long-term weight maintenance after weight loss. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01777893.