Expectations Of Trust Research Articles

Communicating and combating algorithmic bias: effects of data diversity, labeler diversity, performance bias, and user feedback on AI trust

ABSTRACT Inspired by the emerging documentation paradigm emphasizing data and model transparency, this study explores whether displaying racial diversity cues in training data and labelers’ backgrounds enhance users’ expectations of algorithmic fairness and trust in AI systems, even to the point of making them overlook racially biased performance. It also explores how their trust is affected when the system invites their feedback. We conducted a factorial experiment (N=597) to test hypotheses derived from a model of Human-AI Interaction based on the Theory of Interactive Media Effects (HAII-TIME). We found that racial diversity cues in either training data or labelers’ backgrounds trigger the representativeness heuristic, which is associated with higher algorithmic fairness expectations and increased trust. Inviting feedback enhances users’ sense of agency and is positively related to behavioral trust, but it reduces usability for Whites when the AI shows unbiased performance. Implications for designing socially responsible AI interfaces are discussed, considering both users’ cognitive limitations and usability.

Front and Back Covers, Volume 40, Number 2. April 2024

Front and back cover caption, volume 40 issue 2THE ETHNOGRAPHER'S LABYRINTHThe path of ethnographic research winds through a labyrinth of ethics procedures, each a potential minefield of doubt and uncertainty. How do I uphold my commitment to my research interlocutors when my every step faces scrutiny from probably well‐meaning but theoretically detached oversight bodies?The overseers demand consent forms, but what of those unspoken moments of shared understanding? What if the most illuminating insights are offered only after trust is established, with no document to seal the pact? My informants, my friends, might change their minds and withdraw their words. But how can I know with certainty? Should I second‐guess their smiles, their hesitation? What right do I have to dissect and categorize the complexities of their consent?The questions spiral endlessly. What if their traditions or past experiences forbid signing? What if they sign with an inscrutable shrug of the shoulders? What if I do not know enough to read their non‐verbal signals? Should I abandon my cherished research altogether? But … what if my work, however imperfect, might be useful or a source of pride for the people I study? What would they say if I never used all the precious insights they gave me?Ethics committees, populated by colleagues unfamiliar with my informants’ worlds and my methods, view friendship as suspect, threatening objectivity. Yet isn't connection at the heart of what we do? Meanwhile, lawyers loom, citing obscure regulations that threaten my university and, through it, my work. The once distant spectre of ethics oversight solidifies into a barricade, its voices a chorus of suspicion.I desperately cling to my ethical principles, but will they be understood as such? Can I navigate this maze, safeguarding the trust of my participants while justifying my approach to those who hold my research – and my career – in their hands? This special issue explores the challenges ethnographers face as they navigate the ethical tensions now complicating the very foundations of knowledge and understanding.BUREAUCRACY VS ETHNOGRAPHYWhile presumed to be well‐intentioned and designed to protect researchers and participants, the bureaucratization of research ethics poses a fundamental challenge to ethnography. Ethics boards, often prioritizing biomedical or legalistic models, struggle to grasp our work's immersive, relationship‐driven reality. Rigid protocols replace nuanced and contextual insight, forms undermine painstakingly built trust and fixed‐term approval timelines clash with the open‐ended nature of long‐term fieldwork.This special issue investigates how ethnographers experience and face these tensions, balancing ethical principles with respect for the practices and perspectives of the communities they study. Contributors explore the disconnect between universalist ethics frameworks and the specific cultural contexts in which ethnographers operate. They question the prioritization of legal compliance over the relational ethical responsibilities developed through deep, long‐term engagement.Conflicting demands pit the protection of sensitive knowledge against transparency mandates, emphasizing written consent versus culturally specific expectations of trust in verbal agreements and existing personal attachments. Ethnographers increasingly find themselves pressured to adapt their methodologies, sometimes in ways that feel fundamentally at odds with the core ethics of personal commitment and the inevitable unpredictability of a discipline so conceived.While ethics committees aim to reduce risk and uphold standards, they can unintentionally stifle the very approaches that make ethnography unique and valuable.Can we find a path that allows for genuine ethical oversight while preserving the core of ethnographic research – its commitment to in‐depth understanding, the prioritization of participants’ voices and the flexibility to respond to the dynamic realities of lived experience?

Do you see what I see? A social capital perspective on microtask gig worker opportunity recognition within electronic networks of practice

Microtask gig workers (MGWs) rely on digital platforms to arrange work agreements with requesters to complete well-defined microtasks. Many MGWs use an electronic network of practice (ENP) to facilitate information sharing about desirable and undesirable microtasks. This study uses social capital theory to theorize how social capital’s dimensions – structural, cognitive, and relational – shape the development of uncertainty-reducing and individualized-skill benefits. Based on survey data from 436 Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers, the findings demonstrate that unique social capital dimensions affect specific ENP benefits. Understanding the communication style of an ENP (i.e., cognitive social capital) positively influences the uncertainty-reducing benefits of microtask information quality (MIQ) related to MTurk work. Combined with expectations of reciprocity and trust in ENP members (i.e., relational social capital), MIQ shapes microtask opportunity recognition (MOR), whereby individual MGWs identify opportunities to complete financially beneficial microtasks. The present study demonstrates that contextual factors, based on the coopetive nature of microtask ENPs, affect the interrelated structure of social capital theory and its underlying dimensions. Lastly, post hoc findings demonstrate the influence of MOR on MGWs’ financial performance, challenging previously held assumptions about the role of MIQ within the microtask literature.

Clinician Perspectives on Using Computational Mental Health Insights From Patients' Social Media Activities: Design and Qualitative Evaluation of a Prototype.

BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that social media data, along with machine learning algorithms, can be used to generate computational mental health insights. These computational insights have the potential to support clinician-patient communication during psychotherapy consultations. However, how clinicians perceive and envision using computational insights during consultations has been underexplored.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to understand clinician perspectives regarding computational mental health insights from patients’ social media activities. We focus on the opportunities and challenges of using these insights during psychotherapy consultations.MethodsWe developed a prototype that can analyze consented patients’ Facebook data and visually represent these computational insights. We incorporated the insights into existing clinician-facing assessment tools, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Global Functioning: Social Scale. The design intent is that a clinician will verbally interview a patient (eg, How was your mood in the past week?) while they reviewed relevant insights from the patient’s social media activities (eg, number of depression-indicative posts). Using the prototype, we conducted interviews (n=15) and 3 focus groups (n=13) with mental health clinicians: psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and licensed clinical social workers. The transcribed qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsClinicians reported that the prototype can support clinician-patient collaboration in agenda-setting, communicating symptoms, and navigating patients’ verbal reports. They suggested potential use scenarios, such as reviewing the prototype before consultations and using the prototype when patients missed their consultations. They also speculated potential negative consequences: patients may feel like they are being monitored, which may yield negative effects, and the use of the prototype may increase the workload of clinicians, which is already difficult to manage. Finally, our participants expressed concerns regarding the prototype: they were unsure whether patients’ social media accounts represented their actual behaviors; they wanted to learn how and when the machine learning algorithm can fail to meet their expectations of trust; and they were worried about situations where they could not properly respond to the insights, especially emergency situations outside of clinical settings.ConclusionsOur findings support the touted potential of computational mental health insights from patients’ social media account data, especially in the context of psychotherapy consultations. However, sociotechnical issues, such as transparent algorithmic information and institutional support, should be addressed in future endeavors to design implementable and sustainable technology.

Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine trust and hesitancy among adults with chronic conditions

In a survey of older adults at higher risk for COVID-19 complications, we sought to describe expectations of trust in the safety and efficacy of a future COVID-19 vaccine, and level of hesitancy about receiving it. We also assessed whether these expectations were associated with known or suspected contributors to vaccine hesitancy, disparities in vaccine receipt, and potential targets for public health outreach.From May 1–22, 2020, we performed telephone surveys of 601 older adults with chronic conditions in metro Chicago about their COVID-19 experiences and levels of vaccine trust and hesitancy. All participants previously completed assessments of demographics, health status, health literacy and activation. Bivariate associations were performed using t-tests or one-way ANOVA, and multivariate analyses using least square means.Younger age (<60), Black race, greater complacency about contracting COVID-19, and lower confidence in state or local government were associated with significantly lower trust in a vaccine’s safety and efficacy. Black race and greater complacency about contracting COVID-19 were associated with a significantly greater vaccine hesitancy. Amongst Black participants, vaccine hesitancy varied significantly by confidence in the federal government.Trust and hesitancy regarding a future COVID-19 vaccine were associated with age, race, complacency regarding contracting COVID-19, and confidence in government response to the pandemic, but not education, health literacy or activation. Therefore, efforts to vaccinate higher risk older adults must aim not only to educate and provide vaccine access, but engender trust in the vaccine development process and vaccination strategies at both the federal and the local level.

Role crisis, risk and trust in Australian general public narratives about antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance

As antibiotics have become increasingly ineffective against bacteria, antibiotic stewardship has been introduced across a variety of settings world-wide. Members of the public have been entreated to use antibiotics strictly as prescribed. We interviewed ninety-nine participants who shared their understandings of antibiotics and reflections on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Some participants were eager consumers of antibiotics whilst others sought to avoid them. Overall, the participants expressed their desire to act in a responsible manner in relation to antibiotic usage. However, we also found considerable confusion regarding responsible action linked with risk management and trust in expert advice. Despite the encouragement of personal responsibility for health decisions, sick individuals are urged to enact a Parsonian-like sick role that abdicates personal decision-making powers and invests trust in the expertise of prescribers. We find this assumption of a responsible, knowledgeable patient and expert clinician is disrupted by 1) patients’ contingencies when circumstances force them to seek and use antibiotics despite their misgivings, 2) patients’ own embodied knowledge and assessment of their vulnerability and progression of infections and 3) doubts in the expert knowledge of clinicians, as considered in light of scientific debate. Accordingly, lay publics are left entangled in contrary expectations of responsibility and trust regarding the use of antibiotics with significant implications for antimicrobial stewardship.

Cultivating disaster resilience in rural Oklahoma: Community disenfranchisement and relational aspects of social capital

Abstract In the last two decades, social capital has become a crucial concept in the study of vulnerability and resilience in disaster research. While most of this scholarly attention has focused on the recovery phase of the disaster management cycle, this article focuses on the often neglected phase of disaster preparedness. Using more than 180 in-depth interviews with community members involved in emergency management conducted from 2014 to 2018, we explore the relationship between various forms of social capital in communities across the state of Oklahoma. Here, stakeholder perceptions describe a deteriorating relationship between rural communities and urban centers due to failed expectations of trust and reciprocity. Oklahoma's divisive social arrangement is the historical product of geographic distance, a statewide financial crisis, and conservative economic policy. This collective sense of community disenfranchisement creates social solidarity across rural Oklahoma, paving the way for the formation of informal networks that stitch together resources in order to cultivate resilience. The findings suggest that while these rural communities do become more resilient by forming new inter-community relationships, their insulation from diverse social networks in urban areas makes them more vulnerable. This research enhances understanding of the relational dimensions of social capital. Additionally, it gleans perspective on how emergency management in financially strapped, rural communities use social relationships to navigate economic challenges in a geography under constant threat from a variety of natural hazards.

Trust in older persons: A quantitative analysis of alignment in triads of older persons, informal carers and home care nurses.

Self‐management by older persons could be influenced by the level of trust found in triads of informal carers, formal care providers and care recipient, the older person. Little research has been done on care providers’ trust in older persons. This study aims to explore the level of trust that informal carers and home care nurses have in older persons, the extent of alignment in triads and the relationship between trust in older persons and self‐management. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey study in the Netherlands, sampling 133 older persons, 64 informal carers and 72 nurses, which resulted in 39 triads. Alignment level was analysed through Intraclass Correlation Coefficient 1 scores and absolute and mean difference scores. Correlation analysis and one‐way analysis of variance measured the relationship between trust and self‐management. The results show that triads contain both alignment and misalignment. Misalignment occurs mostly when informal carers and nurses have little trust in the older person while this person views their own behaviour towards their caregivers positively. Care providers’ trust levels relate significantly to their perception of the person's ability to self‐manage, but not to the person's self‐rated ability. This could be explained by care providers not communicating their intrinsic trust in the older person to them. Trust building could be enhanced by organising discussions of mutual expectations of trust and both formal and informal care providers could benefit from compassionate assessment training, to learn how to openly express their trust in the older person.

Shill Bidding and Trust

Shill bidding is when the seller enters a bid. Bidders decide whether to trust that he is not shill bidding. Thus, an untrusting individual is expected to respond adversely. We design an experiment to test this hypothesis. Using a Trust Game, we document that the potential for shill bidding lowers bids. In fi rst-price IPV auctions, less trusting individuals submit lower bids when shill bidding is possible. In second-price auctions, subjects with lower expectations of others' trust respond by lowering their bid. Sellers do engage in shill bidding, but rarely win. Shill bidding worsens allocative efficiency and exacerbates revenue equivalence's failure.

An investigation into the role of mothers in the care of hospitalized children as perceived by mothers and nurses in pediatric units of BPKIHS, Dharan, Nepal

Background: Over the last three decades the annual number of deaths among children less than 5 years of age has decreased by almost one third. However, this reduction has not been evenly distributed throughout the worldObjective: The aim of the present study was to identify the role perception of mothers and nurses in the care of hospitalized children.Method: Comparative survey design was adopted for the study. A simple random sampling technique for mothers and purposive sampling for the nurses were used in selecting the subjects. The sample comprised of 50 mothers and 50 nurses. The data was collected by using interview schedule for mothers and semi-structured questionnaire for the nurses. The data obtained was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics.Result: The study results showed that, 84% of mothers strongly agreed and 56% of nurses strongly agreed, with the role of mothers in the care of hospitalized children. Regarding comparison of the role of mothers as perceived by mothers and nurses, were found positively significant. As regards to relationship between the perceptions of mothers on her role with the selected background factors, revealed that there was no significant relationship.Conclusion: Mother’s role in the care of hospitalized children is vital, as all expectations of satisfaction, trust and security of the child are vested in her. Mothers being a primary care provider of child has limited role in hospital but still can contribute in recovery of children.Health Renaissance 2015;13(2): 14-21

Open innovation in supply networks: an expectation disconfirmation theory perspective

PurposeThis study aims to use expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) to investigate how an organization’s satisfaction with its supply network’s behavior influences its intention to open innovation with that network. This paper proposes that an organization’s orientation to open innovation is influenced by confirmation of previously held expectations of trust and commitment and level of perceived procedural justice in its open innovation partner. This paper also examines the effect of this orientation on the organization’s supply chain competence.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a survey of 286 European firms, the study proposes and evaluates a structural equation model.FindingsThe results show that a positive disconfirmation of trust (where perceived trust exceeds expectations) plays a crucial role in shaping organizations’ intentions to continue open innovation with their supply networks. These results show that disconfirmation is a good predictor of overall satisfaction with open innovation. This paper also confirms the positive effect of orientation to open innovation on supply chain competence. Finally, this paper obtained evidence for the positive effect of supply chain competence on firm performance.Originality/valueThis study shows the importance of managing expectations in open innovation under the EDT. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous research has analyzed the consistency between the trust and commitment an organization expects from its open innovation partner and the trust and commitment it ultimately perceives as a factor explaining its degree of orientation to open innovation. Therefore, this research contributes to a better understanding of open innovation enablers and also its consequences.

Not All Bad News After All? Exploring the Relationship Between Citizens’ Use of Online Mass Media for Government Information and Trust in Government

ABSTRACTMass media coverage of government is often blamed for inciting anti-public sector sentiment. Yet there have been few empirical assessments of these claims. To address this gap in the literature, this study examines whether relationships between citizens’ expectations of public sector performance, satisfaction with public services, and levels of trust in government vary according to their use of online mass media for information about government. Using data collected in 2012 from a survey of 1,100 Seoul citizens, we find that greater use of online mass media to obtain information about government reinforces negative relationships between (1) expectations of public sector performance and satisfaction with public services, and (2) expectations of public sector performance and trust in government. Moreover, the size and strength of the negative indirect relationship between expectations of public sector performance and trust in government increase as respondents use online mass media more frequently for information about government.

Trust in interprofessional collaboration: Perspectives of pharmacists and physicians.

Trust is integral to effective interprofessional collaboration. There has been scant literature characterizing how trust between practitioners is formed, maintained or lost. The objective of this study was to characterize the cognitive model of trust that exists between pharmacists and family physicians working in collaborative primary care settings. Pharmacists and family physicians who work collaboratively in primary care were participants in this study. Family health teams were excluded from this study because of the distinct nature of these settings. Through a snowball convenience sampling method, a total of 11 pharmacists and 8 family physicians were recruited. A semistructured interview guide was used to guide discussion around trust, relationships and collaboration. Constant-comparative coding was used to identify themes emerging from these data. Pharmacists and family physicians demonstrate different cognitive models of trust in primary care collaboration. For pharmacists, trust appears to be conferred on physicians based on title, degree, status and positional authority. For family physicians, trust appears to be earned based on competency and performance. These differences may lead to interprofessional tension when expectations of reciprocal trust are not met. Further work in characterizing how trust is developed in interprofessional relationships is needed to support effective team formation and functioning.

Everyday dynamics in generalized social and political trust

We applied the traits as density distributions of states approach to generalized expectations of trustworthiness, namely, social trust and trust in politicians. Using an experience sampling study (N=47), we assessed state social trust and trust in politicians four times a day for 2weeks. Within-person variability was found to be low but meaningful as it was predicted by variations in affect, interactional trust, and prior experiences. There was high stability in interindividual differences in the mean levels of state trustworthiness expectations and in the levels of within-person variability. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of stability and variability in generalized expectations of trustworthiness and indicates broad applicability of the traits as density distributions of states approach.

Initial Trust And The Collaborations Between New Ventures And Corporate Venture Capitals

Theories of initial trust formation posit two distinct perspectives, an institutional and a cognitive account. In an effort to overcome this conceptual impasse, we investigate relevant sources of institutional and cognitive trust in an integrative model and empirically assess the relative importance of each view. We use the context of new venture’s initial investment ties with corporate venture capital as these initial inter-organizational relationships are particularly fraught with great risks of misappropriation for new venture’s technological resources, and thus, the trustworthiness of corporate investors is an important consideration for new ventures. We find that institutional trust has no direct effect on initial trust in this context; however, not only cognitive processes producing expectations of trust have direct effect on initial trust, but also they moderate the relationship between institutional trust and initial trust.

Expectations of privacy and trust: examining the views of IT professionals

The growth of interactive online lifestyles and social networks has arguably left IT users more exposed to privacy breaches. While governments continue to revise privacy legislation, the issue of online business relationships and privacy expectations remain contentious. Indeed, fewer studies have explored the expectations of users who willingly and knowingly engage in online activities that carry privacy risks. In this study, we examine the expectations and attitudes towards online privacy of a select group of 102 IT professionals. Using a qualitative survey, we show that these users have expectations of online privacy, particularly securing and protecting information from unknown third parties. Unfortunately, these expectations may go unsatisfied with third-party monitoring enabling information disclosure. In response, users argue that enhanced technical and complementary administrative measures should be actively pursued to improve privacy outcomes. The article builds further understanding of privacy expectations and trust behaviours, while exposing the importance of technical credibility from the online organisation and user perspectives.

Managing to avert disaster: Explaining collective resilience at an outdoor music event

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that psychological membership of crowds can protect people in dangerous events, although the underlying social–psychological processes have not been fully investigated. There is also evidence that those responsible for managing crowd safety view crowds as a source of psychological danger, views that may themselves impact upon crowd safety; yet, there has been little examination of how such ‘disaster myths’ operate in practice. In a study of an outdoor music event characterized as a near disaster, analysis of questionnaire survey data (N = 48) showed that social identification with the crowd predicted feeling safe directly as well as indirectly through expectations of help and trust in others in the crowd to deal with an emergency. In a second study of the same event, qualitative analysis of interviews (N = 20) and of contemporaneous archive materials showed that, in contrast to previous findings, crowd safety professionals' references to ‘mass panic’ were highly nuanced. Despite an emphasis by some safety professionals on crowd ‘disorder’, crowd participants and some of the professionals also claimed that self‐organization in the crowd prevented disaster.

Dancing with Strangers? Initial Trust and the Formation of Initial Collaborations between New Ventures and Corporate Venture Capitals

Theories of initial trust formation posit two distinct perspectives, an institutional and a cognitive account. In an effort to overcome this conceptual impasse, we investigate relevant sources of institutional and cognitive trust in an integrative model and empirically assess the relative importance of each view. We use the context of new venture’s initial investment ties with corporate venture capital as these initial inter-organizational relationships are particularly fraught with great risks of misappropriation for new venture’s technological resources, and thus, the trustworthiness of corporate investors is an important consideration for new ventures. We find that institutional trust has no direct effect on initial trust in this context; however, not only cognitive processes producing expectations of trust have direct effect on initial trust, but also they moderate the relationship between institutional trust and initial trust.

Individual Rights and the Negotiation of Governmental Power

In the past 20 years, Canada has seen an increasing tendency to use the criminal law as a means of enforcing norms of safe sex and disclosure among the HIV-positive population – particularly the law of sexual assault. Although the structure of individual rights that underlies the law of sexual assault is conceptually distinct from norms produced through governmental power, this article shows that it is often difficult to draw clear distinctions between the two. An analysis that focuses strictly on individual rights is unsatisfactory because it fails to account for the social nature of our expectations of responsibility and trust. At the same time, when the individual right derives its content by absorbing a norm produced through governmental power, it fails to provide a principled discourse for future decision – making.

Health worker motivation in the context of HIV care and treatment challenges in Mbeya Region, Tanzania: A qualitative study

BackgroundHealth worker motivation can potentially affect the provision of health services. The HIV pandemic has placed additional strain on health service provision through the extra burden of increased testing and counselling, treating opportunistic infections and providing antiretroviral treatment. The aim of this paper is to explore the challenges generated by HIV care and treatment and their impact on health worker motivation in Mbeya Region, Tanzania.MethodsThirty in-depth interviews were conducted with health workers across the range of health care professions in health facilities in two high HIV-prevalence districts of Mbeya Region, Tanzania. A qualitative framework analysis was adopted for data analysis.ResultsThe negative impact of HIV-related challenges on health worker motivation was confirmed by this study. Training seminars and workshops related to HIV contributed to the shortage of health workers in the facilities. Lower status workers were frequently excluded from training and were more severely affected by the consequent increase in workload as seminars were usually attended by higher status professionals who controlled access. Constant and consistent complaints by clients have undermined health workers' expectations of trust and recognition. Health workers were forced to take responsibility for dealing with problems arising from organisational inefficiencies within the health system.ConclusionHIV-related challenges undermine motivation among health workers in Mbeya, Tanzania with the burden falling most heavily on lower status workers. Strained relations between health workers and the community they serve, further undermine motivation of health workers.