Expectations Of Reciprocity Research Articles

Aloneness and the terms of detachment in West African migration

In this article, I examine practices of social detachment among West African migrants in urban Ghana. Faced with pressures arising from expectations of reciprocity, especially from kin back home, some migrants exert considerable efforts to break, if temporarily, with relations of mutual recognition and support, entering what I term migratory aloneness. Far from being an individualizing endeavour linked to the corrosive effects of modernization, this contingent withdrawal from social relations has a continuity with the cultural grammar of West African frontier mobility, wedded to a paradoxical pursuit of social becoming through social detachment. By attending to the efforts and effects of detached relations, which I explore in relation to valuations, predicaments, and the temporality of aloneness, I seek in this article to nuance anthropological arguments about the significance of relatedness in West African migration practices, as well as to contribute to broader efforts to depart from anthropology's fixation on norms of reciprocity and connection.

Begging: Poverty or Habit Unraveling Public Perspective from South Punjab

Begging is defined as the intentional act of imploring others to grant favors often in the form of money with minimum or no expectation of reciprocation. Sometimes, they also demand the provision of food, drinks, clothing, cigarettes and many other small items. They often operate in the public places to attract more attention of the common people. Its major types include needy, habitual, and professional beggars. In the modern world, there observe a great increase in the number of beggars that became a concerning point for the common people and governments. However, this study conducts a survey to ask for the opinion of the common citizens to that whether poverty is the main cause of begging or whether it is a habitual behavior that people adopt irrespective of their economic status. After survey, structured questionnaire was developed, encompassing Likert-scale questions designed to gauge public opinions on the causes and consequences of begging in Pakistan. This questionnaire was administered to a sample size of 300 people, covering diverse age groups from different regions of South Punjab. Uni-variate (frequency distribution and percentage and Bivariate analysis (Chi square and Gamma Statistics) was carried out. Huge majority (95.0%) of the respondents were of age 20-25 years; (75.7%) of the respondents were female; (64%) of the respondents were language are saraiki speak;(96%) of the respondents were unmarried;(65.7%) their occupational were selected to (other)..; (82.3%) were education selected to (other..);( 40.0) of the respondents were agreed to individuals facing extreme poverty;(33%) of the respondents were strongly agreed the individuals facing extreme poverty;( 29.3%) of the respondents were agreed to they faced basic necessities such as food; (53.3%)of the respondents were seeking alternative means of income; (35.3%) of the respondents were neutral response rather than a habitual inclination. Bivariate analysis showed highly significant more will be poverty in the community vs more will be begging; More will be employment opportunities in the community vs less will be begging prevalence.

Gifts, Corporate Policies, and Individual Morality in UK’s Alternative Real Estate Lending Market

AbstractGifts, gratuities, and hospitality are commonplace in industry and more so in the financial sector. They are often offered without any mention of their intention. However, they raise controversial and non-detectable reciprocity expectations. We investigate brokers and lenders in the UK’s alternative real estate lending sector. Unlike the rest of the financial market, the alternative real estate lending sector is on a rapid growth path and at the same time broadly unregulated, thereby providing a breeding ground for transactional graft. This is the first analysis of gift-related behaviour in this sector. Based on an online survey of 108 professionals, we identify their corporate gift policies and gather their views on what they believe these policies should be when it comes to monetary limits. We contrast these reports with the hypothetical choices these professionals make in personalized and isolated scenarios to assess their individual moral cut-offs. For the moral value consistent subjects (comprising 72% of the surveyed population) who report a single cut-off of monetary limits below which they accept gifts but above which they do not, we find that their monetary acceptance limits have no connection either with the policies of the corporations that they belong to or with their views about what such policies should be. This suggests that employees’ views about policies in their corporations are merely social constructs for their measure of morality which is different from the same measure of their individual morality when applied in isolation. This research informs policy and corporate decision-making to promote the impact of nudging on the role of an individual as an identity in an act of perceived graft rather than simply as a member of an organization.

Social solidarity and deservingness

The notion of social solidarity involves formal and informal practices, with various levels of institutionalisation. It builds on normative assumptions and discourses of reciprocal expectations of mutual help, on (perceived) ideas of sameness or neediness in relation to, among other, class, ethnicity, and/or gender and on notions of deservingness that are entangled in such ideas. In this contribution, we discuss how the intersection between institutionalised social solidarity in European nation-states and notions of deservingness informs who is seen as worthy of being part of welfare arrangements. Where ideas of solidarity and deservingness intertwine with legal categorisations of belonging, the results are exclusionary policies that often restrict migrants’ access to national welfare policies, and hence meaningful societal participation. Furthermore, we discuss migrants’ experiences with expressions of solidarity beyond the national realm, exploring how ideas about migrants’ deservingness become linked to their economic usefulness within the European (integration) project.

Scomparire nell’era dell’ipervisibilità: opzioni media-educative per il fenomeno del ghosting

Dating apps have significantly transformed the landscape of relationships, presenting new opportunities but challenges, including the growing prevalence of ghosting, a practice of implicit rejection that manifests through the unilateral cessation of online communication. This phenomenon is not limited exclusively to dating platforms but can extend to a wide range of contexts characterized by the expectation of communicative reciprocity. It pushes for an ethical reflection on users’ emotional responsibility, which makes the role of media education relevant. In this study, we examine the role of dating apps in shaping online relational dynamics and promoting the diffusion and normalization of ghosting through a critical perspective inspired by the key concepts of Buckingham’s educational media analysis: Language, Representation, Production, and Audience. Therefore, some multidisciplinary educational strategies are proposed to combat ghosting and promote more respectful online relationships, acting on different levels: technological, user, and community. The importance of ethical design of dating apps and media education that encourages reflective and empathetic participation of users and promotes collaboration on a collective and community level emerges.

Why Neighbors Would Help: A Vignette Experiment on Reciprocity in Informal Helping

Reciprocity in informal helping, or informal volunteering, is often seen as a way to ensure that people who are not altruistically motivated exchange help. Yet, it could be problematic for those who are unable to help, as they would be excluded from this exchange. We study to what extent people’s reciprocity expectations affect informal helping intentions and whether necessity of helping and perceived helpfulness (indirect reciprocity) compensate and moderate this relationship. Expectations are tested with a factorial survey conducted among the Longitudinal Internet studies for the Social Sciences panel ( N vignettes = 3,299). Multilevel regression analyses show that people have stronger intentions to help those who are likely to reciprocate but that a strong need for help and having helped others in the past are more important reasons to help. Furthermore, the effect of likelihood of reciprocity on informal helping intentions is stronger for neighbors who never helped others. Policy implications of these results are discussed.

Connectome-based prediction of decreased trust propensity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Trust propensity (TP) relies more on social than economic rationality to transform the perceived probability of betrayal into positive reciprocity expectations in older adults with normal cognition. While deficits in social rationality have been observed in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), there is limited research on TP and its associated resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) mechanisms in this population. To measure TP and related psychological functions (affect, motivation, executive cognition, and social cognition), MCI (n = 42) and normal healthy control (NHC, n = 115) groups completed a one-shot trust game and additional assessments of related psychological functions. RSFC associated with TP was analyzed using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) and lesion simulations. Our behavioral results showed that the MCI group trusted less (i.e., had lower TP) than the NHC group, with lower TP associated with higher sensitivity to the probability of betrayal in the MCI group. In the MCI group, only negative CPM models (RSFC negatively correlated with TP) significantly predicted TP, with a high salience network (SN) contribution. In contrast, in the NHC group, positive CPM models (RSFC positively correlated with TP) significantly predicted TP, with a high contribution from the default mode network (DMN). In addition, the total network strength of the NHC-specific positive network was lower in the MCI group than in the NHC group. Our findings demonstrated a decrease in TP in the MCI group compared to the NHC group, which is associated with deficits in social rationality (social cognition, associated with DMN) and increased sensitivity to betrayal (affect, associated with SN) in a trust dilemma. In conclusion, our study contributes to understanding MCI-related alterations in trust and their underlying neural mechanisms.

What drives businesses to transact with complementary currencies?

There is an ongoing debate on complementary currencies’ (CCs) contribution to a transition towards resilient and sustainable economies. As part of this debate, this paper investigates which factors lead to significant acceptance and sufficient growth of a CC from a bottom-up perspective, i.e., based on its members’ decisions. First, we identify the benefits and costs driving firms’ use of CCs and find four factors that constitute a trade-off: credit gains, reciprocity expectations, coordination costs, and intrinsic motivations. Second, we use an agent-based model to explore how these elements determine CCs’ success as a network. Our key finding is that the coupling of intrinsic motivation with preferential attachment – a phenomenon where members are more likely to transact with each other rather than with outsiders – may be the key to growth and acceptance: these results suggest that intrinsic motivation provides an incentive to join the network, but preferential attachment is the emerging economic rationale that drives firms’ acceptance of CCs. The identified trade-off and the theory of intrinsic motivation-preferential attachment provide new avenues to investigate under what conditions CCs contribute to resilient economies.

International Aid Partnerships Amidst Myanmar’s Revolution: Solidarity or Self-Preservation and Compliance?

Along with its broader impact in the country, Myanmar’s 2021 coup and subsequent revolution have brought an upheaval amongst international aid agencies. As they have pivoted their programmes in the new context, international agencies have faced criticism from many Myanmar humanitarian and advocacy organisations. Drawing on interviews from 2022, this article argues that the way in which aid is given – in relation to context-specific conventions of reciprocity – is significant in creating meaning in partnerships. Engaging with Myanmar studies literature, the article contends that well-known overlapping values of sedana (goodwill), parahita (charity), and metta (loving kindness) inform Myanmar organisation leaders’ expectations of reciprocity in their relationship with international aid agencies in the context of Myanmar’s revolution. There is often a moral overlay on interpretations of aid partnerships, beyond the project-organised and contractual relationship that characterises the formal realm. Criticism of international aid is not new in Myanmar, yet the revolution has increased the stakes for local organisations and exposed new fractures in their relationships with their international partners. Transnational support is crucial amid the country’s revolution and many Myanmar organisation leaders seek relationships of solidarity with international agencies, yet diverging assumptions about reciprocity in partnerships fuel ongoing frustration.

Analisis Pesan Moral Pada Film Bayi Ajaib Tahun 2023

Mass communication broadly is an activity carried out between one or more people to convey messages through print, electronic or digital mass media with the expectation of reciprocity. One of the media used to convey messages is film. Film is a mass media that is considered effective in conveying messages compared to other communication media. Film is a new means used to disseminate entertainment that has become a previous habit, as well as presenting stories, events, music, drama, comedy and other technical presentations to the general public. Films not only serve entertainment functions, but also contain informative, educative and even persuasive functions. In the current era, there are many types of films that educate film lovers, especially in Indonesia. There are various types of films including drama, romance, comedy, action and horror, such as the film Miracle Baby 2023. The film Miracle Baby 2023 is one of the Indonesian horror films which will be shown in Indonesian cinemas in January 2023, which tells the story of two young people. -sama wants to become rich, but in the wrong way. This magical baby film also contains many moral messages. Moral messages are statements that convey instructions, regulations, or invitations regarding societal conventions, morality, and culture so that humans can live better and as material for self-evaluation in actions. The moral messages contained in the 2023 Magic Baby Film are: 1) moral messages in the category of human relationships with God , 2) moral messages in the category of human relationships messages in the category of human relationships with themselves, and 3) moral messages in the category of human relationships with other humans.

The psychological, computational, and neural foundations of indebtedness

Receiving a favor from another person may induce a negative feeling of indebtedness for the beneficiary. In this study, we explore these hidden costs by developing and validating a conceptual model of indebtedness across three studies that combine a large-scale online questionnaire, an interpersonal game, computational modeling, and neuroimaging. Our model captures how individuals perceive the altruistic and strategic intentions of the benefactor. These inferences produce distinct feelings of guilt and obligation that together comprise indebtedness and motivate reciprocity. Perceived altruistic intentions convey care and communal concern and are associated with activity in insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, while inferred strategic intentions convey expectations of future reciprocity and are associated with activation in temporal parietal junction and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We further develop a neural utility model of indebtedness using multivariate patterns of brain activity that captures the tradeoff between these feelings and reliably predicts reciprocity behavior.

Redefining love: Engaging the Johannine and Akan concepts of love through dialogic hermeneutics

Both the Johannine and Akan cultures are described in scholarly literature as collectivistic communities that value love as a communal value. Nonetheless, a scholarly analysis of the Akan concept reveals that Akan proverbial tradition promotes love motivated by the expectation of reciprocation. Thus, the article aimed to provide a biblical response to these challenges for Akan Christians, who hold love as both a traditional and theological value. Consequently, the study employed Gatti’s dialogic hermeneutics because it encourages engagement between text and culture, viewing them as dialogue partners from which a call to action emanates directed at the interpreter’s context. Even though the Akan concept relates love to sacrifice, forgiveness and reciprocity, it promotes conditional love, thereby diminishing its concept of love-motivated sacrifices and reciprocity. By incarnating the concept of love that Jesus promotes and embodies in John, Akan Christians can establish a culture that reflects the community of God, proscribing conditional love and prescribing utmost and greater love – godly selfless and reciprocal love. In addition, it makes love the substratum of functional unity and interpersonal relationships. Ultimately, it makes love a divine command for the community of believers.Contribution: This article engages the Johannine and the Akan ideations of love through dialogic hermeneutics and, as such, contributes to African biblical hermeneutics and the ongoing discussions on the inculturation of the New Testament within the African context.

Factors affecting prosocial sharing health-related information on social media during a health crisis: A dual exchanging-protecting model

During a health crisis, prosocial sharing of health-related information (HRI) on social media can help deliver early warnings about new diseases, raise social awareness, exchange support, and spread health policies. Current literature has mainly focused on the factors of general sharing of HRI under normal conditions but neglected those motivations under the health crisis context. This study aims to investigate factors that influence prosocial sharing of HRI on social media during a health crisis. To obtain the objective, this study proposes a dual exchanging-protecting model derived from the fear appeal model and social exchange theory. A partial least squares analysis, carried out on surveyed data of 326 participants, suggested that online users performed two steps of threat appraisal and coping appraisal when they share HRI on social media. Specifically, both health and information risks were found to have impacts on prosocial sharing via motivational factors. Additionally, the motivations of prosocial sharing include both protecting factors (i.e., sharing efficacy, response efficacy) and an exchanging factor (i.e., reciprocity expectation). Our findings offer several theoretical implications and practical contributions for health communicators.

Making Waves: The Role of Indigenous Water Beings in Debates about Human and Non‐Human Rights

ABSTRACTRejecting nature‐culture dualism, contemporary anthropology recognises the mutually constitutive processes that create shared human and non‐human lifeworlds. Such recognition owes much to ethnographic engagement with diverse indigenous cosmologies many of which have, for millennia, upheld ideas about indivisible worlds in which all living kinds occupy a shared ontological space and non‐human species and environments are approached respectfully, with expectations of reciprocity and partnership. As many societies confront the global chaos caused by the anthropocentric prioritisation of human interests, anthropologists and indigenous communities are therefore well placed to articulate alternative models in which the non‐human domain is dealt with more equitably and inclusively. This paper is located comparatively in long‐term ethnographic research with indigenous communities in Australia, alongside the Mitchell River in North Queensland and the Brisbane River in South Queensland. It draws more specifically on involvement in legal claims for water rights by Māori iwis in New Zealand; in land claims by the Kunjen language group in Cape York; and in a recent ‘sea country’ case brought against a major multi‐national by the Tiwi Islanders in Australia's Northern Territory. It also makes use of a major comparative study of water beings in diverse cultural and historical contexts, and considers the central importance of water beings such as Māori taniwha and the Australian Rainbow Serpent in such legal conflicts, and in broader debates about human and non‐human rights. Like other water deities around the world, these beings personify the generative (and potentially punitive) powers of water and its co‐creative role in shaping human and non‐human lives. They are resurfacing today with an important representational role in contemporary conflicts over land and water.

I Help You, You Help Me: Interracial Reciprocity in Situation Comedies Influences Racial Attitudes

ABSTRACT In this manuscript, three studies examined the effects of viewing situation comedies on attitudes toward Black Americans. Study 1 was a content analysis of sitcoms that had either predominately Black casts (PBC) or predominately White casts (PWC) and showcased interracial interaction. It is found that positive cross-racial interaction (interracial reciprocity) occurs in both types of shows but is more common with PBC sitcoms. Study 2 was a survey that found watching PBC sitcoms was associated with reduced prejudice, while watching PWC sitcoms was associated with increased prejudice. These effects were mediated by positive reciprocity expectations for Black Americans, as explicated by Bounded Generalized Reciprocity theory. Study 3 was an experiment that found exposure to increased scenes of interracial reciprocity in PBC was associated with less negative attitudes toward Black Americans through the mechanism of reduced negative reciprocity expectations. Overall, we found sitcoms are associated with activating racial prejudice. However, the direction of these beliefs is in part determined by if the casts of these shows are predominantly Black or White.

In it together: brands benefit after a transgression when perceived as co-owners of the brand community

ABSTRACT Prior research has found that consumers who perceive themselves to be members of a brand community are more likely to help the brand recover from a transgression, particularly when they feel psychological ownership of the community. We examine whether consumers are also more likely to help when they perceive that the brand is a member, and therefore a co-owner, of the brand community. We find that perceptions of brand membership in the community increase the likelihood to help after a transgression via perceptions of the brand as a co-owner of the community and brand forgiveness. This suggests that brands perceived as members and co-owners of their communities benefit from protections derived from both ingroup favouritism and expectations of group reciprocity. These relationships are strengthened when the brand is perceived as an active community member through the visibility, but not necessarily the quality, of its interactions with the community.

Paired Exchange Liver Transplantation Using an Altruistic Living Donor: First Case in Saudi Arabia—A Case Report

Paired exchange (PE) living donor organ transplantation is an innovation designed to expand the pool of organs available for transplantation. In PE liver transplantation, the donor organs are exchanged between the 2 pairs to overcome blood group incompatibility or volume mismatch. There are ethical and logistic issues surrounding PE. This is the first report of PE liver transplantation in Saudi Arabia using an altruistic donor (AD). The AD may facilitate the exchange because there is no reciprocal expectation of transplantation from the AD. Paired exchange may increase only a small number of donated liver allografts. This may be the only solution for some families and in some countries.

The connectome-based prediction of trust propensity in older adults: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

A recent neuropsychoeconomic model of trust propensity argues that an individual uses economic (executive functions) and social (social cognition) rationality strategies to transform the risk of treachery (affect) into positive expectations of reciprocity, promoting trust in another person. Previous studies have shown that the trust of older adults is associated with affect and social cognition. However, little is known about the intrinsic functional connectivity correlated with trust propensity or whether trust propensity is associated with executive functions in older adults. In this study, we examined the association between trust propensity (measured by a one-shot trust game [TG]), social preference (measured by a one-shot dictator game), and executive functions (measured by a battery of neuropsychological tests). We also performed connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) and computational lesion analysis to identify the key large-scale resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) underlying the prediction of trust propensity. Our behavioral results showed a lower trust propensity in older adults in our study than in younger adults in a previous meta-analysis. Furthermore, trust propensity was associated with social preference, but there was no significant relationship between trust propensity and executive functions. The neuroimaging results showed that the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and the default mode network (DMN), rather than the frontoparietal network (FPN), significantly contributed to the prediction of trust propensity in older adults. Our findings suggest that older adults rely less on economic rationality (executive functions, associated with FPN) in trust games. Rather, they are likely to depend more on social rationality (social cognition, associated with social preference and DMN) to resolve the risk of treachery (affect, associated with CON) in trust dilemmas. This study contributes to a better understanding of the neural underpinnings of older adults' trust propensity.

Customer Satisfaction and Trust Have a Mediating Role Between the Impact of E-Service Quality and Reciprocity on Repurchase Intention (Study On Fore Coffee Customers in Denpasar City)

People's shopping habits have evolved away from more conventional retail patterns and toward those that are based on technology found on the internet as a direct result of the proliferation of internet-based technologies. The increasing prevalence of internet technology is both an opportunity and a difficulty for business owners who have goals of growing their client base and boosting the number of repeat transactions made by existing customers. This study was carried out with the purpose of determining the role that trust plays in mediating the impact that reciprocity has on repurchase intention, as well as the role that customer satisfaction plays in mediating the effect that the quality of the e-service has on repurchase intention. The patrons of Fore Coffee in Denpasar, Bali, were the primary subjects of this inquiry. The method of sampling that was used was known as intentional sampling, and the number of respondents in the sample was 120. As the research instrument, this inquiry makes use of a Google form that is communicated to respondents in a direct manner. Throughout the study, SEM PLS will be applied. According to the results of the research, 1) the quality of the e-service has no bearing on the likelihood of future purchases. 2) There is a significant favorable impact that reciprocity has on the intention to repurchase. 3) The efficiency and quality of e-services have a significant and beneficial impact on the level of satisfaction experienced by customers. 4) The practice of reciprocity has been shown to have a large and favorable effect on trust. 5) The degree to which a customer is satisfied has a favorable and significant bearing on the chance that they will plan to make a subsequent purchase. 6) The presence of trust has a significant and favorable impact on the decision to repurchase an asset. 7) The happiness of the customer can help to reduce the influence that the quality of the e-service has on the intention to repurchase. 8) Trust may act as a go-between when there is an intention to repurchase something and there is an expectation of reciprocity. According to the findings of the study, it is considered that Fore Coffee may build a successful marketing strategy by boosting customer satisfaction with their usage of mobile apps to commence repurchase intention activities. This could be accomplished by expanding Fore Coffee's repurchase intention activities on mobile devices.

Age-dependent changes in intuitive and deliberative cooperation

Cooperation is one of the most advantageous strategies to have evolved in small- and large-scale human societies, often considered essential to their success or survival. We investigated how cooperation and the mechanisms influencing it change across the lifespan, by assessing cooperative choices from adolescence to old age (12–79 years, N = 382) forcing participants to decide either intuitively or deliberatively through the use of randomised time constraints. As determinants of these choices, we considered participants’ level of altruism, their reciprocity expectations, their optimism, their desire to be socially accepted, and their attitude toward risk. We found that intuitive decision-making favours cooperation, but only from age 20 when a shift occurs: whereas in young adults, intuition favours cooperation, in adolescents it is reflection that favours cooperation. Participants’ decisions were shown to be rooted in their expectations about other people’s cooperative behaviour and influenced by individuals’ level of optimism about their own future, revealing that the journey to the cooperative humans we become is shaped by reciprocity expectations and individual predispositions.