Danger Expectancies Research Articles

Bioaccumulation of Arsenic by Cultivated Waterleaf Talinum triangulare from Soil Contaminated with Sodium Arsenate Pesticide and Health Risk Assessment

Through a pot experiment, the as concentration in the Waterleaf T. Triangulare plant grown on As-pesticide contaminated soil was examined at two treatment doses of 50 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg. After being harvested, the plant's leaves and roots as well as the soil around them were pre-treated, acid-digested, and analyzed for as content using mass plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES Model 42100). The results from this analysis were used to determine the health risk posed by ingesting the crop. The study revealed that in all treatment levels for frequency of harvest and time of harvest, the concentration of as in the plant grew continuously over the graded period of growth (between 3 and 9 weeks after planting). Additionally, the increase in as content seen in the plant (leaf) exceeded the permissible limit of 0.1 mg/kg or 0.5mg/kg in vegetables as set by FAO/WHO/USEPA and EC/CODEX, from the third week of growth through the ninth week. The results of this investigation have demonstrated that Waterleaf's edible portions can bioaccumulate as to a great extent. Health risks results depicted that the estimated daily intake of as (EDIM) averages were below 1.0mg/kg/day and the FAO/WHO-recommended permissible tolerated daily intake of 0.002 mg/kg/day for inorganic arsenic. Similarly, the target health quotient (THQ) was below unity (THQ < 1), indicating that there is no expectation of a health danger from ingesting the plant. However, HRI or HQ was greater than unity (HRI or HQ > 1) and target cancer risk (TCR) was within the permissible predicted lifetime risk of getting cancer (1×10-6 to 1 ×10-4), thus, suggesting the possibility of cancerous disease. In addition, the ratio of HRI to RFD indicates that consumption carries a very high health risk of cancer. The overall result indicates that a serious health issue for public health concern either now or in the future may arise from the consumption of waterleaf vegetable cultivated with high use of arsenate pesticides, based on the HRI and TCR which indicates the possibility of developing cancer during a lifetime.

Verbalisation of attention regulation strategies and background music enhance extinction learning and retention

Relapse and return of fear are common following exposure-based treatments which aim to decrease anxiety by reducing danger expectancies and negative stimulus evaluations. Using Pavlovian conditioning and extinction procedures, recent studies found that verbalising catchphrases to prompt attention to, and memory of, stimulus contingencies during extinction prevented US expectancy generalisation to safe stimuli and reduced anxiety ratings. Verbalizations did not improve negative evaluations of conditional stimuli. Given that negative evaluations predict return of fear, the current study examined whether verbalisation strategies combined with listening to liked, non-lyrical background music enhanced expectancy learning and positively changed stimulus evaluations. A differential Pavlovian conditioning procedure was used involving fear acquisition, extinction, and extinction retest phases. Participants were assigned to a verbalisation condition (N = 21), a verbalisation plus liked, non-lyrical music condition (N = 21) or a control condition (N = 21) during extinction. The verbalisation strategies, with and without music, prevented the generalisation of US expectancies to safe stimuli at retest. Verbalisation strategies plus music increased positive evaluations of conditional stimuli during extinction and retest. Further research on the role of verbalising attention regulation strategies and liked, non-lyrical background music during extinction is warranted with clinical samples.

The Roles of Basolateral Amygdala Parvalbumin Neurons in Fear Learning.

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is obligatory for fear learning. This learning is linked to BLA excitatory projection neurons whose activity is regulated by complex networks of inhibitory interneurons, dominated by parvalbumin (PV)-expressing GABAergic neurons. The roles of these GABAergic interneurons in learning to fear and learning not to fear, activity profiles of these interneurons across the course of fear learning, and whether or how these change across the course of learning all remain poorly understood. Here, we used PV cell-type-specific recording and manipulation approaches in male transgenic PV-Cre rats during pavlovian fear conditioning to address these issues. We show that activity of BLA PV neurons during the moments of aversive reinforcement controls fear learning about aversive events, but activity during moments of nonreinforcement does not control fear extinction learning. Furthermore, we show expectation-modulation of BLA PV neurons during fear learning, with greater activity to an unexpected than expected aversive unconditioned stimulus (US). This expectation-modulation was specifically because of BLA PV neuron sensitivity to aversive prediction error. Finally, we show that BLA PV neuron function in fear learning is conserved across these variations in prediction error. We suggest that aversive prediction-error modulation of PV neurons could enable BLA fear-learning circuits to retain selectivity for specific sensory features of aversive USs despite variations in the strength of US inputs, thereby permitting the rapid updating of fear associations when these sensory features change.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The capacity to learn about sources of danger in the environment is essential for survival. This learning depends on complex microcircuitries of inhibitory interneurons in the basolateral amygdala. Here, we show that parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons in the rat basolateral amygdala are important for fear learning during moments of danger, but not for extinction learning during moments of safety, and that the activity of these neurons is modulated by expectation of danger. This may enable fear-learning circuits to retain selectivity for specific aversive events across variations in expectation, permitting the rapid updating of learning when aversive events change.

The habenula clock influences response to a stressor

The response of an animal to a sensory stimulus depends on the nature of the stimulus and on expectations, which are mediated by spontaneous activity. Here, we ask how circadian variation in the expectation of danger, and thus the response to a potential threat, is controlled. We focus on the habenula, a mediator of threat response that functions by regulating neuromodulator release, and use zebrafish as the experimental system. Single cell transcriptomics indicates that multiple clock genes are expressed throughout the habenula, while quantitative in situ hybridization confirms that the clock oscillates. Two-photon calcium imaging indicates a circadian change in spontaneous activity of habenula neurons. To assess the role of this clock, a truncated clocka gene was specifically expressed in the habenula. This partially inhibited the clock, as shown by changes in per3 expression as well as altered day-night variation in dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine levels. Behaviourally, anxiety-like responses evoked by an alarm pheromone were reduced. Circadian effects of the pheromone were disrupted, such that responses in the day resembled those at night. Behaviours that are regulated by the pineal clock and not triggered by stressors were unaffected. We suggest that the habenula clock regulates the expectation of danger, thus providing one mechanism for circadian change in the response to a stressor.

ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО НАСИЛИЯ ДЛЯ РАЗНЫХ ВОЗРАСТНЫХ КАТЕГОРИЙ

An increase in the number of victims of psycho-violence, which has a traumatic effect on the personality, causing emotional stress, stress, discomfort, and depression, necessitates studying the consequences of psycho-violence for different age categories. Three categories of manifestations of psycho-violence are distinguished: verbal aggression; dominant behavior; manifestations of jealousy that affect the victim of violence in different ways. Violations developing after the experienced psycho-violence affect all levels of an individual’s functioning and lead to sustainable personality changes. Objective: to identify the consequences of psycho-violence for different age categories. My theoretical study of the consequences of psycho-violence for different age categories made it possible to identify specific features of the consequences for different age categories. Consequences for children: sleep disturbances; hyperreactivity; impaired memory and concentration; irritability; a sharp decline in school performance; change of worldview; the emergence of many complexes; low self-esteem; maladaptation; health problems (various diseases occur); difficulty in building relationships; developmental delays (mental, emotional, speech); constant stress, fear, expectation of danger; suicidal tendency, asocial lifestyle. The consequences of psycho-violence in adults are disorders of a psychological and physical nature: sleep disturbances; nervous breakdowns; irritability; depression; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; panic conditions, heart attacks; loss of self-esteem; decreased self-esteem; violation of social relations; decrease in labor productivity. The consequences of psycho-violence for different age categories are different, the general thing is that violations affect all levels of a person’s functioning and lead to persistent personality changes.

A significant role of biomarkers in breast cancer, cervical cancer and colorectal cancer - A review

The early discovery of malignancy can altogether reduce disease mortality and spares lives. In this way, a lot of exertion has been dedicated to the investigation of new advancements to distinguish early indications of the ailment. Biomarkers have various potential applications in oncology, including peril examination, screening, differential end, an affirmation of figure, desire for response to treatment, and checking of development of illness. Malignant growth biomarkers spread an expansive scope of biochemical substances, for example, nucleic acids, proteins, sugars, little metabolites, and cytogenetic and cytokinetic parameters, just as whole tumor cells found in the body liquid. They can be utilized for hazard appraisal, finding, anticipation, and for the expectation of treatment adequacy and danger and repeat. A thorough comprehension of the pertinence of cach biomarker will be imperative for diagnosing the malady dependably yet in addition help in the decision of various restorative choices at present accessible that is probably going to profit the patients. In this review, we provide a information about late advances in disease biomarker discovery, different signalling pathways for specific tumors like breast malignancy, cervical malignancy, colorectal malignancy and finding, forecast and restorative purposes, which incorporate markers as of now in clinical practice just as different upcoming biomarkers.

A 1980\u20132018 global fire danger re-analysis dataset for the Canadian Fire Weather Indices

This data descriptor documents a dataset containing over 38 years of global reanalysis of wildfire danger. It consists of seven fields to assess fuel moisture as well as fire behavior. The methodology employed to generate these data is based on the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Danger Rating and utilizes weather forcing from ERA-Interim, a global reanalysis dataset produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. Global fire danger reanalysis data are used to quantify the climatological expectation of fire danger at a certain time of the year and for any location on the globe. It can be regarded as a complementary product to the fire danger forecasts issued daily by the Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS) under the umbrella of the European Copernicus program.

The effects of safety behavior availability versus utilization on inhibitory learning during exposure

ABSTRACTThis study re-analyzes data from Sy and colleagues (2011; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 305–314) comparing safety behavior availability (SBA) to safety behavior utilization (SBU) during exposure therapy for claustrophobic concerns. The present investigation assessed differential rates of inhibitory learning (i.e. change in danger expectancy and coping self-efficacy) between SBA and SBU before, during, and after a single-session treatment. Thirty-nine participants with marked claustrophobic fear completed six consecutive 5-minute exposure trials in a claustrophobia chamber. Participants in the SBA condition exhibited more interference with inhibitory learning relative to the SBU condition. Danger expectancy was significantly higher in the SBA group and decreased at a markedly slower rate across exposure trials relative to SBU. Coping self-efficacy was also significantly lower among participants in the SBA condition, although groups demonstrated similar rates of change across trials. Limitations, clinical implications, and future directions are discussed.

The need to trust: How features of the forecasted weather influence forecast trust

Although it is now clear that trust affects risk perception, the opposite may be true as well—risk perception may affect trust. This research investigated the effect of several previously unexamined risk-related predictors of forecast trust—forecast severity, forecast inconsistency, and the perceiver's familiarity with the forecasted weather. Each of these factors was manipulated experimentally using hypothetical forecasts and scenarios. On each trial, participants saw two forecasts—one early and one late in the week. Half of trials concerned thunderstorms, the other half snow. Half of participants lived in a region where each of these phenomena occurred more than the other. Forecasts differed in level of severity and whether both forecasts in the sequence predicted the same level of severity (consistent) or not (inconsistent). Multilevel analyses revealed that characteristics of the forecast including increased severity, consistency, and decreased familiarity lead to greater trust in the forecast. Additionally, perceptual variables such as an increased estimated likelihood of severe weather, expectation of danger, and harm were also associated greater trust. Moreover, analyses using generalized estimating equations (GEE) revealed that greater forecast severity, inconsistency and greater user trust lead to a higher likelihood of taking risk mitigation action. This work contributes to our understanding of the conditions that give rise to trust in weather forecasts and how that translates into protective action.

Eye movement during recall reduces objective memory performance: An extended replication

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder involves making eye movements (EMs) during recall of a traumatic image. Experimental studies have shown that the dual task decreases self-reported memory vividness and emotionality. However valuable, these data are prone to demand effects and little can be inferred about the mechanism(s) underlying the observed effects. The current research aimed to fill this lacuna by providing two objective tests of memory performance. Experiment I involved a stimulus discrimination task. Findings were that EM during stimulus recall not only reduces self-reported memory vividness, but also slows down reaction time in a task that requires participants to discriminate the stimulus from perceptually similar stimuli. Experiment II involved a fear conditioning paradigm. It was shown that EM during recall of a threatening stimulus intensifies fearful responding to a perceptually similar yet non-threat-related stimulus, as evidenced by increases in danger expectancies and skin conductance responses. The latter result was not corroborated by startle EMG data. Together, the findings suggest that the EM manipulation renders stimulus attributes less accessible for future recall.

Blood-Injection-Injury Phobia and Dog Phobia in Youth: Psychological Characteristics and Associated Features in a Clinical Sample

Blood-Injection-Injury (BII) phobia is a particularly debilitating condition that has been largely ignored in the child literature. The present study examined the clinical phenomenology of BII phobia in 27 youths, relative to 25 youths with dog phobia—one of the most common and well-studied phobia subtypes in youth. Children were compared on measures of phobia severity, functional impairment, comorbidity, threat appraisals (danger expectancies and coping), focus of fear, and physiological responding, as well as vulnerability factors including disgust sensitivity and family history. Children and adolescents with BII phobia had greater diagnostic severity. In addition, they were more likely to have a comorbid diagnosis of a physical health condition, to report more exaggerated danger expectancies, and to report fears that focused more on physical symptoms (e.g., faintness and nausea) in comparison to youth with dog phobia. The present study advances knowledge relating to this poorly understood condition in youth.

World War II Aerial Bombings of Germany: Fear as Subject of National Socialist Governmental Practices

This paper highlights how the National Socialist regime in Germany created the so-called «Selbstschutz» («self protection») in civil air defense as an «apparatus of society» (Michel Foucault) to educate the German population with regard to the new possibility of aerial bombing. Mechanisms, functions of emotional control and their relationship to concrete practices of the people involved are shown alongside a local example. Regarding the spread and development of fears, this article maintains that practices of «Selbstschutz» had to bridge the temporal gap between future expectations and actual experiences in crucial ways. Before the war, «Selbstschutz» followed its own logic of expectation of danger and risk, as exemplified in aerial-defense simulation exercises, which clashed with the reality of bombs falling on German cities later on.

The Role of Danger Expectancies and Disgust in Obsessive-Compulsive Washing

The Role of Danger Expectancies and Disgust in Obsessive-Compulsive Washing

Augmenting one-session treatment of children's specific phobias with attention training to positive stimuli

This study examined the efficacy of combining two promising approaches to treating children's specific phobias, namely attention training and one 3-h session of exposure therapy (‘one-session treatment’, OST). Attention training towards positive stimuli (ATP) and OST (ATP+OST) was expected to have more positive effects on implicit and explicit cognitive mechanisms and clinical outcome measures than an attention training control (ATC) condition plus OST (ATC+OST). Thirty-seven children (6–17 years) with a specific phobia were randomly assigned to ATP+OST or ATC+OST. In ATP+OST, children completed 160 trials of attention training responding to a probe that always followed the happy face in happy-angry face pairs. In ATC+OST, the probe appeared equally often after angry and happy faces. In the same session, children completed OST targeting their phobic situation/object. Clinical outcomes included clinician, parent and child report measures. Cognitive outcomes were assessed in terms of change in attention bias to happy and angry faces and in danger and coping expectancies. Assessments were completed before and after treatment and three-months later. Compared to ATC+OST, the ATP+OST condition produced (a) significantly greater reductions in children's danger expectancies about their feared situations/object during the OST and at three-month follow-up, and (b) significantly improved attention bias towards positive stimuli at post-treatment, which in turn, predicted a lower level of clinician-rated phobia diagnostic severity three-months after treatment. There were no significant differences between ATP+OST and ATC+OST conditions in clinician, parent, or child-rated clinical outcomes. Training children with phobias to focus on positive stimuli is effective in increasing attention towards positive stimuli and reducing danger expectancy biases. Studies with larger sample sizes and a stronger ‘dose’ of ATP prior to the OST may reveal promising outcomes on clinical measures for training attention towards positive stimuli.

Abnormal Spirometry in Congenital Heart Disease

> “But the gods, foreknowing that the palpitation of the heart in the expectation of danger and the swelling…of passion was caused by fire, formed…as a supporter to the heart the lung…as a soft spring, that, when passion was rife within, the heart, beating against a yielding body, might be cooled and suffer less, and might…join with passion in the service of reason.” > > — Timaeus , Plato1 The close relationship between the heart and lungs has been appreciated for more than 2000 years, although the functions of each organ and their connection were misunderstood. Although Plato’s assertion that the lungs’ purpose is to support the heart may be considered an early case of cardiac chauvinism, his description of their close interaction aligns with our current understanding. Not only is efficient cardiopulmonary coupling critical to support tissue metabolic demands at rest and with effort, but cardiac and pulmonary development are also intertwined. Cardiac dysfunction produces readily appreciated and dynamic effects on measured pulmonary function; the converse is equally true. Just as the ECG is affected by pulmonary disease, spirometry provides a window on cardiac function. Hutchinson’s description of spirometry and the divisions of thoracic volume in the mid-19th century2 had been applied to patients with heart disease by the early 20th century, and it was quickly clear that heart disease was associated with abnormal vital capacity.2–4 These relationships have been explored extensively in acquired heart and lung disease, but investigation in congenital heart disease has generally been limited to small series. In this issue of Circulation , Alonso-Gonzalez and colleagues present data on spirometry from a large cohort of adults with congenital heart disease.5 The authors report 2 major findings. First, there is a high prevalence of markedly abnormal forced vital …

하도만곡형상에 따른 수리특성분석

This study selected 6 river reach, which have various curved-channel, included in an object of study as making the Nakdong River, which is a real nature river, as a point of an object of study by using SMS RMA-2 model, a 2D numerical analysis model, and applied project flood and analyzed and examined characteristic of hydrological property and super-elevation, which includes characteristic of the velocity of a moving fluid. As a result, in a river reach, whose width is wide, angle of curved-channel has impact on the velocity of a moving fluid of inside of curved-channel and in a river reach, whose width is narrow, the radius of curvature and width of the river have impact on the velocity of a moving fluid of inside of curved-channel. Also it found out that the ratio of reduction in water-level of inside of curved-channel is more bigger than ratio of increasing in water-level of outside of curved-channel when project flood is increasing and angle of curve is increasing. Based on this, this study would be used as a expectation of danger and preliminary data in planning real river or a business, that creates an environment.

Factors on the Suicidal Attempt by Gender of Middle and High School Student

The suicide rate of adolescents in Korea is increasing annually. Therefore, this research was done to identify the suicide attempt rate of middle and high school students and to identify factors that influence suicidal attempts. The Korea Youth Health Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2007) was used as data. Discriminant analysis and logistic regression were performed to analyze the data depending on gender to consider the gender difference in assessing the influence of each independent variable on suicidal attempts. Discriminant analysis according on gender showed that 13 factors correlated with suicidal attempts for boys, and 20 factors for girls. The most highly correlated factors were smoking, depression and inhalation experience. For inhalation experience, boys had 2.7 times higher possibility of suicide attempts (95% CI 1.8-3.0) and girls, a 2.4 times higher possibility (95% CI 1.7-3.5). The results of the study indicate a need to classify adolescents for expectation of suicide risk and high danger for suicidal attempts through, and introduce suicide prevention programs for these adolescents. In particular, it is necessary to start intervention with students who smoke, have sexual and inhalation experiences and high levels of depression.

The Mediating Roles of Disgust Sensitivity and Danger Expectancy in Relation to Hand Washing Behaviour

Recent interest in the role of vulnerability factors in obsessional washing has suggested that disgust sensitivity, danger expectancy and health anxiety may be of interest. This study explores the differential impact of these factors on both behavioural and cognitive measures of washing behaviour and is based on a replication of the Jones and Menzies (1997) experiment, during which participants immersed their hands in a noxious compound while rating themselves on a range of measures: the time they subsequently took to wash their hands was measured and danger expectancies were found to be the best predictor of this. The present study added measures of disgust sensitivity and health anxiety to this experimental methodology while removing factors they found to be of little import to compulsive washing. Thirty non-clinical participants took part. Results confirmed that disgust sensitivity was related to the behavioural measure of washing time, but that this relationship was almost entirely mediated by the danger expectancy concerning judgements of severity of consequent disease. However, a different pattern emerged when the outcome measure was questionnaire based: danger expectancy was not at all related to this. Disgust sensitivity mediated the relationship between health anxiety and scores on a questionnaire measure of washing compulsions. Interestingly, these scores were not related to the behavioural measure of washing time. The implications of these relationships to the further development of subtypes of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) are discussed.

Impaired discriminative fear-conditioning resulting from elevated fear responding to learned safety cues among individuals with panic disorder

Classical fear-conditioning is central to many etiologic accounts of panic disorder (PD), but few lab-based conditioning studies in PD have been conducted. One conditioning perspective proposes associative-learning deficits characterized by deficient safety learning among PD patients. The current study of PD assesses acquisition and retention of discriminative aversive conditioning using a fear-potentiated startle paradigm. This paradigm was chosen for its specific capacity to independently assess safety- and danger learning in the service of characterizing putative anomalies in each type of learning among those with PD. Though no group difference in fear-potentiated startle was found at retention, acquisition results demonstrate impaired discriminative learning among PD patients as indexed by measures of conditioned startle-potentiation to learned safety and danger cues. Importantly, this discrimination deficit was driven by enhanced startle-potentiation to the learned safety cue rather than aberrant reactivity to the danger cue. Consistent with this finding, PD patients relative to healthy individuals reported higher expectancies of dangerous outcomes in the presence of the safety cue, but equal danger expectancies during exposure to the danger cue. Such results link PD to impaired discrimination learning, reflecting elevated fear responding to learned safety cues.

Eosinophilic fasciitis and myositis: use of imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is obligatory for fear learning. This learning is linked to BLA excitatory projection neurons whose activity is regulated by complex networks of inhibitory interneurons, dominated by...