Expectation Mismatch Research Articles

L1 listeners’ evaluations of LX speech: the role of listener expectations and personality traits

ABSTRACT LX speech tends to receive less favourable judgments, which can be attributed to its non-standard linguistic properties (e.g. foreign accents, grammatical errors). However, the evaluations of LX speech could also be affected by listeners’ expectations and their individual differences. This study extends research on the role of listeners’ expectations (cued by speech accent) and personality traits (Big Five), by examining the degree to which and how accent, grammaticality and listener personality interact to determine L1 listeners’ evaluations of LX speech. Sixty L1 English speakers (30 female) rated the acceptability of 40 English speech stimuli in a British or Polish accent; half of the stimuli were filled with English article errors. The listeners’ personality traits were self-reported via a short questionnaire of the Big Five factors. The significant interaction of accent, grammaticality and listener personality suggests that the occurrence of grammatical errors is less penalised in foreign-accented speech (vs. native-accented speech), unless the L1 listeners are highly conscientious or highly extraverted. The theoretical (expectation mismatch effect, Interpersonal Circumplex model), methodological (considering non-linear models and the moderation of contextual factors for personality effects) and potential practical implications (awareness training of personality effects) of the results are discussed.

EEG Responses to the Number of Objects in Partially Occluded and Uncovered Scenes.

Perceptual completion is ubiquitous when estimating properties such as the shape, size, or number of objects in partially occluded scenes. Behavioral experiments showed that the number of hidden objects is underestimated in partially occluded scenes compared with an estimation based on the density of visible objects and the amount of occlusion. It is still unknown at which processing level this (under)estimation of the number of hidden objects occurs. We studied this question using a passive viewing task in which observers viewed a game board that was initially partially occluded and later was uncovered to reveal its hidden parts. We simultaneously measured the electroencephalographic responses to the partially occluded board presentation and its uncovering. We hypothesized that if the underestimation is a result of early sensory processing, it would be observed in the activities of P1 and N1, whereas if it is because of higher level processes such as expectancy, it would be reflected in P3 activities. Our data showed that P1 amplitude increased with numerosity in both occluded and uncovered states, indicating a link between P1 and simple stimulus features. The N1 amplitude was highest when both the initially visible and uncovered areas of the board were completely filled with game pieces, suggesting that the N1 component is sensitive to the overall Gestalt. Finally, we observed that P3 activity was reduced when the density of game pieces in the uncovered parts matched the initially visible parts, implying a relationship between the P3 component and expectation mismatch. Overall, our results suggest that inferences about the number of hidden items are reflected in high-level processing.

Just “Culture”? A qualitative study on stressors impacting surgical clerkship student learning and well-being

PurposeTransition into the surgery clerkship is stressful and challenging for third-year medical students. We conducted this study to explore medical students’ learning stressors during the surgery clerkship which may diminish their learning and well-being. Findings will help to identify targets for future educational well-being interventions to enhance students’ preparedness to enter surgery clerkship.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with medical students who had completed their surgery clerkship in 2022 at a university-based hospital system using convenience sampling. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and de-identified. Investigators iteratively coded and analyzed transcripts using a framework method for emerging themes until reaching data saturation.ResultsWe performed 17 interviews with medical students rotating on main campus and community sites from 2 consecutive clerkship cohorts. Each interview was approximately 30 min. Three dominant themes emerged regarding stressors that negatively influenced medical student learning and well-being: 1) expectation mismatch (e.g., student felt incompetent at driving a laparoscope and believed this was a skill she was expected to have), 2) exclusion from the team (e.g., perceiving that their questions are burdensome to the team, and 3) logistical challenges (e.g., where and when to arrive on the first day of clerkship or how to navigate the complexities of the operating room schedule).ConclusionOur study suggests three predominant stressor themes that may jeopardize medical student surgery clerkship learning and well-being. Interventions during clerkship orientation are recommended to establish expectations, clarify logistical confusion, and build a welcoming and supportive surgical culture to facilitate student integration within the medical team.

전자책(e-book)·오디오북(audio-boook)·챗북(chat-book)의 만족도 및 재이용의도 연구

This study starts with the premise that changes in consumption methods, production of various digital contents, the emergence of new generations, and the spread of new media inevitably change the publishing industry amid the advancement of the digital age, and starts with a question of how e-books, audio-books, and chat-books are accepted by users. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, it was found that expectations for service quality had a positive (+) effect on service quality performance in all e-book, audio-book, and chat-book platforms. Second, in the case of e-books and audio-books, service quality expectations had a negative (-) effect on the expected mismatch, while chat-books did not show a significant influence relationship. Third, it was found that service quality performance had a positive (+) effect on expectation mismatch in all e-book, audio-book, and chat-book platforms. Fourth, in the case of audio-books and chat-books, service quality performance had a positive (+) effect on platform satisfaction, while e-books did not show a significant influence relationship. Fifth, in the case of e-books and audio-books, expectation mismatch had a positive (+) effect on platform satisfaction, while chat-books did not show a significant influence relationship. Finally, it was found that platform satisfaction had a positive (+) effect on reuse intention in all e-books, audio-books, and chat-books. It is expected that this study will be used as an initial data comparing and analyzing the satisfaction and reuse intention of e-book, audio-book, and chat-book platforms based on the expectancy disconfirmation theory, and will serve as a meaningful stepping stone for future research.

How poorly-educated CEOs are sometimes evaluated less strictly?

By examining an under-researched group, CEOs who do not have a bachelor’s degree, we develop two new theoretical constructs ? expectation mismatch and mismatch elasticity ? to show how unfulfilled audience expectations regarding a CEO’s qualification may affect organizational outcomes. This expectation mismatch is elastic and can be alleviated in two ways: first, through the audience changing its evaluation standard by justifying the reasons for an “educational deficiency”; and second, through the audience adjusting its evaluation by recognizing the identity work CEOs devote to compensate for such deficiency. We examine this idea in the context of initial public offerings (IPOs) using a sample consisting of the entire population of private firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets between 2000 and 2016. Our results indicate that poorly educated CEOs are liable for illegitimacy costs and, accordingly, raise less capital through an IPO. However, investors will look into the reasons underlying the unfulfilled expectation in relation to educational qualifications in the case of older or female CEOs and adjust upward their evaluation of CEOs who have pursued an MBA degree or assembled a well-educated top management team.

Designing Performance Systems in Anticipation of Unintended Consequences: Experiences and Lessons From the Compstat-Based Performance Regime in NYPD

Scholars have long documented the unintended consequences of performance systems, but insufficient attention is paid to the drivers of such consequences and the ways of mitigating them. This article contributes to this line of inquiry by analyzing New York Police Department’s (NYPD) experience with its signature performance system and its affiliated policies. With multiple data sources, it finds three main drivers of the unintended consequences, including the excessive performance pressure, the bureaucracy-public expectation mismatch, and the ambiguity concerning government performance. The article makes six suggestions regarding the design of performance management systems so that their potential unintended consequences can be better identified and mitigated.

How People Reflect On The Usage Of Cosmetic Virtual Goods: A Structural Topic Modeling Analysis Of R/Dota2 Discussions

With virtual purchases being a leading source of revenue for game developers, it is still unclear how players evaluate non-functional goods and the experiences those goods grant. With the use of structural topic models, this work demonstrates the dimensions of players’ experience extracted from discussions in association with price changes. This work contributes to the field by decomposing virtual goods values into experience dimensions in their relationship between extracted experience dimensions and the item’s price, and by a detailed description of expectation mismatch.

Out‐of‐the‐loop crash prediction: the automation expectation mismatch (AEM) algorithm

This study uses behavioural data from the complete drive for a subset of 54 participants from the automation expectation mismatch set of test track experiments and aims to develop an algorithm that can predict which drivers are likely to crash. Participants experienced 30 min of highly reliable supervised automation and were required to intervene to avoid crashing with a stationary object at the end of the drive. Many of them still crashed, despite having their eyes on the conflict object. They were informed about their role as supervisors, automation limitations, and received attention reminders if visually distracted. Three pre-conflict behavioural patterns were found to be associated with increased risk of crash involvement: low levels of visual attention to the forward path, high per cent road centre (i.e. gaze concentration), and long visual response times to attention reminders. One algorithm showed very high performance in classifying crashers when combining metrics related to all three behaviours. This algorithm is possible to implement as a real-time function in eye-tracker equipped vehicles. The algorithm can detect drivers that are not sufficiently engaged in the driving task, and provide feedback (e.g. reduce function performance, turn off function) to increase their engagement.

Language ERPs reflect learning through prediction error propagation

Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide a window into how the brain is processing language. Here, we propose a theory that argues that ERPs such as the N400 and P600 arise as side effects of an error-based learning mechanism that explains linguistic adaptation and language learning. We instantiated this theory in a connectionist model that can simulate data from three studies on the N400 (amplitude modulation by expectancy, contextual constraint, and sentence position), five studies on the P600 (agreement, tense, word category, subcategorization and garden-path sentences), and a study on the semantic P600 in role reversal anomalies. Since ERPs are learning signals, this account explains adaptation of ERP amplitude to within-experiment frequency manipulations and the way ERP effects are shaped by word predictability in earlier sentences. Moreover, it predicts that ERPs can change over language development. The model provides an account of the sensitivity of ERPs to expectation mismatch, the relative timing of the N400 and P600, the semantic nature of the N400, the syntactic nature of the P600, and the fact that ERPs can change with experience. This approach suggests that comprehension ERPs are related to sentence production and language acquisition mechanisms.

Automation Expectation Mismatch: Incorrect Prediction Despite Eyes on Threat and Hands on Wheel.

Objective:The aim of this study was to understand how to secure driver supervision engagement and conflict intervention performance while using highly reliable (but not perfect) automation.Background:Securing driver engagement—by mitigating irony of automation (i.e., the better the automation, the less attention drivers will pay to traffic and the system, and the less capable they will be to resume control) and by communicating system limitations to avoid mental model misconceptions—is a major challenge in the human factors literature.Method:One hundred six drivers participated in three test-track experiments in which we studied driver intervention response to conflicts after driving highly reliable but supervised automation. After 30 min, a conflict occurred wherein the lead vehicle cut out of lane to reveal a conflict object in the form of either a stationary car or a garbage bag.Results:Supervision reminders effectively maintained drivers’ eyes on path and hands on wheel. However, neither these reminders nor explicit instructions on system limitations and supervision responsibilities prevented 28% (21/76) of drivers from crashing with their eyes on the conflict object (car or bag).Conclusion:The results uncover the important role of expectation mismatches, showing that a key component of driver engagement is cognitive (understanding the need for action), rather than purely visual (looking at the threat), or having hands on wheel.Application:Automation needs to be designed either so that it does not rely on the driver or so that the driver unmistakably understands that it is an assistance system that needs an active driver to lead and share control.

The expectation mismatch effect in accentedness perception of Asian and Caucasian non-native speakers of English

Abstract Previous research on speech perception has found an effect of ethnicity, such that the same audio clip may be rated more accented when presented with an Asian face (Rubin, Donald L. 1992. Nonlanguage factors affecting undergraduates’ judgments of nonnative English-speaking teaching assistants. Research in Higher Education 33(4). 511–531. doi: 10.1007/bf00973770). However, most previous work has concentrated on Asian non-native English speakers, and Caucasian speakers remain under-explored. In this study, listeners carried out an accentedness rating task using stimuli from first language Korean, German, and English speakers in 3 conditions: audio only, video only, and audiovisual. Korean speakers received similar accentedness ratings regardless of condition, but German speakers were rated significantly less accented in the video condition and more accented in the audiovisual condition than the audio one. This result is explained as an expectation mismatch effect, whereby, when the listeners saw a Caucasian speaker they did not expect to hear a foreign accent, but if they actually heard one it was made more salient by their expectation to the contrary.

외식 프랜차이즈 갈등 유형에 관한 연구

This study investigates key conflict prototypes that inhibit the win-win relationship between franchise headquarters and franchisees according to the franchise development cycle. We analyze the differences among conflict types that can occur depending on the duration of the operation and propose a strategy for sustainable franchising businesses. We identified five potential conflict types in restaurant franchising through Q methodology: Type 1, expectation mismatch; Type 2, economic dissatisfaction; Type 3, headquarters coercion; Type 4, dissatisfaction of revenue sharing; and Type 5, low trust. In the first five years of business, Type 2 and Type 5 were found to be the main sources of conflicts. On the other hand, Type 1, Type 3, and Type 4 emerged as problems after five years of operation.

Attentional influences on memory formation: A tale of a not-so-simple story.

Is there a learning mechanism triggered by mere expectation violation? Is there some form of memory enhancement inherent to an event mismatching our predictions? Across seven experiments, we explore this issue by means of a validity paradigm. Although our manipulation clearly succeeded in generating an expectation and breaking it, the memory consequences of that expectation mismatch are not so obvious. We report here evidence of a null effect of expectation on memory formation. Our results (1) show that enhanced memory for unexpected events is not easily achieved and (2) call for a reevaluation of previous accounts of memory enhancements based on prediction error or difficulty of processing. Limitations of this study and possible implications for the field are discussed in detail.

How do informal information sources influence women\u2019s decision-making for birth? A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies

BackgroundWomen approach birth using various methods of preparation drawing from conventional healthcare providers alongside informal information sources (IIS) outside the professional healthcare context. An investigation of the forms in which these informal information sources are accessed and negotiated by women, and how these disconnected and often conflicting elements influence women’s decision-making process for birth have yet to be evaluated. The level of antenatal preparedness women feel can have significant and long lasting implications on their birth experience and transition into motherhood and beyond. The aim of this study was to provide a deeper understanding of how informal information sources influence women’s preparation for birth.MethodsSeven electronic databases were searched with predetermined search terms. No limitations were imposed for year of publication. English language studies using qualitative methods exploring women’s experiences of informal information sources and their impact upon women’s birth preparation were included, subject to a quality appraisal framework. Searches were initiated in February 2016 and completed by March 2016. Studies were synthesised using an interpretive meta-ethnographic approach.ResultsFourteen studies were included for the final synthesis from Great Britain, Australia, Canada and the United States. Four main themes were identified: Menu Birth; Information Heaven/Hell; Spheres of Support; and Trust. It is evident that women do not enter pregnancy as empty vessels devoid of a conceptual framework, but rather have a pre-constructed embodied knowledge base upon which other information is superimposed. Allied to this, it is clear that informal information was sought to mitigate against the widespread experience of discordant information provided by maternity professionals.ConclusionWomen’s access to the deluge of informal information sources in mainstream media during pregnancy have significant impact on decision making for birth. These informal sources redefine the power dynamic between women and maternal healthcare providers, simultaneously increasing levels of anxiety and challenging women’s pre-existing ideations and aspirations of personal birth processes. A lack of awareness by some professionals of women’s information seeking behaviours generates barriers to women-centred support, leaving an experience expectation mismatch unchecked.Trial registrationCRD42016041491 17/06/16.

Mood As Cumulative Expectation Mismatch: A Test of Theory Based on Data from Non-verbal Cognitive Bias Tests.

Affective states are known to influence behavior and cognitive processes. To assess mood (moderately long-term affective states), the cognitive judgment bias test was developed and has been widely used in various animal species. However, little is known about how mood changes, how mood can be experimentally manipulated, and how mood then feeds back into cognitive judgment. A recent theory argues that mood reflects the cumulative impact of differences between obtained outcomes and expectations. Here expectations refer to an established context. Situations in which an established context fails to match an outcome are then perceived as mismatches of expectation and outcome. We take advantage of the large number of studies published on non-verbal cognitive bias tests in recent years (95 studies with a total of 162 independent tests) to test whether cumulative mismatch could indeed have led to the observed mood changes. Based on a criteria list, we assessed whether mismatch had occurred with the experimental procedure used to induce mood (mood induction mismatch), or in the context of the non-verbal cognitive bias procedure (testing mismatch). For the mood induction mismatch, we scored the mismatch between the subjects’ potential expectations and the manipulations conducted for inducing mood whereas, for the testing mismatch, we scored mismatches that may have occurred during the actual testing. We then investigated whether these two types of mismatch can predict the actual outcome of the cognitive bias study. The present evaluation shows that mood induction mismatch cannot well predict the success of a cognitive bias test. On the other hand, testing mismatch can modulate or even inverse the expected outcome. We think, cognitive bias studies should more specifically aim at creating expectation mismatch while inducing mood states to test the cumulative mismatch theory more properly. Furthermore, testing mismatch should be avoided as much as possible because it can reverse the affective state of animals as measured in a cognitive judgment bias paradigm.

The Context Matters: Outcome Probability and Expectation Mismatch Modulate the Feedback Negativity When Self-Evaluation of Response Correctness Is Possible.

Individuals typically evaluate whether their performance and the obtained feedback match. Previous research has shown that feedback negativity (FN) depends on outcome probability and feedback valence. It is, however, less clear to what extent previous effects of outcome probability on FN depend on self-evaluations of response correctness. Therefore, we investigated the effects of outcome probability on FN amplitude in a simple go/no-go task that allowed for the self-evaluation of response correctness. We also investigated effects of performance incompatibility and feedback valence. In a sample of N = 22 participants, outcome probability was manipulated by means of precues, feedback valence by means of monetary feedback, and performance incompatibility by means of feedback that induced a match versus mismatch with individuals' performance. We found that the 100% outcome probability condition induced a more negative FN following no-loss than the 50% outcome probability condition. The FN following loss was more negative in the 50% compared to the 100% outcome probability condition. Performance-incompatible loss resulted in a more negative FN than performance-compatible loss. Our results indicate that the self-evaluation of the correctness of responses should be taken into account when the effects of outcome probability and expectation mismatch on FN are investigated.

Failures in Transition: Learning from Incidents Relating to Clinical Handover in Acute Care

The appropriate handover of patients, whereby responsibility and accountability of care is transferred between healthcare providers, is a critical component of quality healthcare delivery. This paper examines data from recent incidents relating to clinical handover in acute care settings, in order to provide a basis for the design and implementation of preventive and corrective strategies. A sample of incidents (n = 459) relating to clinical handover was extracted from an Australian health service's incident reporting system using a manual search function. Incident narratives were subjected to classification according to the system safety and quality concepts of failure type, error type, and failure detection mechanism. The most prevalent failure types associated with clinical handover were those relating to the transfer of patients without adequate handover 28.8% (n = 132), omissions of critical information about the patient's condition 19.2% (n = 88), and omissions of critical information about the patient's care plan during the handover process 14.2% (n = 65). The most prevalent failure detection mechanisms were those of expectation mismatch 35.7% (n = 174), clinical mismatch 26.9% (n = 127), and mismatch with other documentation 24.0% (n = 117). The findings suggest the need for a structured approach to handover with a recording of standardized sets of information to ensure that critical components are not omitted. Limitations of existing reporting processes are also highlighted.

Behavioral approach and reward processing: Results on feedback-related negativity and P3 component

This study examined the FRN, the P3, and individual differences in trait-BAS and trait-BIS in the context of reward expectation mismatch. A more negative FRN was predicted for higher vs. lower trait-BAS individuals and for higher vs. lower trait-BIS individuals. In the extinction-learning task, participants (N=102) chose between two response buttons to earn a maximum of points. In the acquisition phase, button 1 was continuously rewarded and button 2 was partially rewarded. In the extinction phase, one button was unexpectedly no longer rewarded. The FRN amplitude was more negative for higher vs. lower trait-BAS individuals and for lower vs. higher trait-BIS individuals within the extinction phase. The P3 was more positive in the extinction compared to the acquisition phase. Our results suggest that higher trait-BAS individuals have a more pronounced reward expectation mismatch.

Difficulties in Managing Offshore Software Outsourcing Relationships: An Empirical Analysis of 18 High Maturity Indian Software Companies

In this paper, we present an empirical investigation of difficulties in offshore software outsourcing relationships. We undertake an investigation of eighteen high maturity software vendor companies based in India. An analysis of the literature suggests that the difficulties in offshore outsourcing relationships have been relatively unexplored. Therefore a detailed investigation of the difficulties in commercial offshore software outsourcing relationships is presented. We use the multiple case study research methodology in this study. We collect qualitative data through the standardized open-ended interviews and analyze it through a grounded theory approach. Results of this study indicate that outsourcing vendors are aware of potential difficulties that could be faced by both vendors and clients in offshore software outsourcing. The main offshore software outsourcing difficulties uncovered by this investigation include cultural differences, expectation mismatch, language differences, loss of control, job loss and transition. We also propose provisional solutions to the emergent difficulties identified in this study.