Expatriate Life Research Articles

Legendary Expatriation of American Women Writers: Salon Coteries in Adventures of the Mind and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas

The expatriate life of American women writers based upon salon coteries in Paris in the early 20th century is probed into in this paper. The expatriate American women writers constructed an impressive female community through artistic salons led by Natalie Clifford Barney and Gertrude Stein as well as cosmopolitan bookshops run by Sylvia Beach and Adrienne Monnier. When post-war despair and cultural bankruptcy prevailed, they found a new approach in a different world, far from their hometown, and thus promoting American-European cultural exchanges, diversifying modernist ecosphere. The influx of expatriate women also benefited gender equality and feminist writing. Salon coteries reflected their quest for emancipation under constraints and nurtured collective creativity. In the modernist hemisphere belonging to them, the expatriate women writers shared new modes of language, and found their own freedom to write, to voice, to live. The innovation of the paper is the detailed study of salon hostesses Barney’s memoir Adventures of the Mind and Stein’s life narrative The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, with the analysis of public sphere theory and life-writing theory to highlight the memory of collaborative salon space—a created gender-equal sphere of women writers, and their self-discovery spirit in the legendary expatriation.

Sustainable Expatriate Management: Rethinking International Assignments

This article explores the concept of sustainable expatriate management, which incorporates environmental, social, and economic factors, and how it can be implemented in a corporate context. We argue that with increasing societal and environmental issues, it is crucial to revisit the overall global philosophy and policies, including the expatriate life cycle. We apply the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework to examine how businesses can remodel their practices to become more resilient. Furthermore, based on a systematic literature review, we identified gaps in research on the integration of environmental factors into sustainable expatriate management. Lastly, this article presents a model for understanding the three layers of sustainability in expatriate management, which can assist practitioners in identifying blind spots and material topics.

A spinner of yarns: Conversations with Auntie Mady

This article reflects on an oral history interview about expatriate life and transcultural belonging with lifelong traveller and multiple immigrant Mady Gerrard and reads Gerrard’s own rich and illuminating life writing, a memoir entitled Full Circle (). Having survived the Holocaust as a teenage girl, Gerrard returned to Hungary only to realize that the Soviet-enforced Communist regime was just another dictatorship. She left the country with her 3-year-old daughter, along with many other political refugees, in 1956 and settled in Wales, which she exchanged later (mostly in response to professional challenges) for Canada and the United States but returned to her adopted home, Wales, for her mature years. Our conversations were cut short by the COVID-19 lockdowns and then Mady’s death in the autumn of 2021, but the article attempts to channel her vivacious spirit and life-affirming wisdom and contextualize her legacy as important both to the memory of the Holocaust and as a contemporary woman’s material/tangible and intangible legacy (encompassing her handicraft work, writing and public appearances). The contribution consists of a framing piece of academic writing and a more creative and somewhat (auto-)ethnographic vignette capturing our encounters.

Looking Within: A Call for Greater Reflexivity in Expatriate Research

Self-examinations of researcher positionality are central to understanding how scholars engage with research populations and vice versa. Discussions of how researchers are positioned are considered particularly important when studying groups whose vulnerability is well-accepted. Less is known, however, about the role of researcher positionality when interviewing participants deemed privileged, such as expatriates. Researchers who study expatriates overwhelmingly omit to discuss their positionality and how this shaped their research processes and outcomes. In response, our article calls for a turn in expatriate scholarship towards greater, and more public, examinations of researchers’ social locations and their effects. Drawing upon our research experiences in Hong Kong, we explore the complexities of conducting reflective practice when investigating expatriate life and highlight an over-reliance on the field to trigger considerations of positionality. In response, we suggest that expatriate researchers should be more proactive in their reflexivity and offer some prompts for these self-assessments. Beyond this, we advocate for more conducive research environments, including systems of peer support, to enable expatriate researchers to deepen understandings of their own positionalities while also holding each other reflexively accountable. These suggestions also hold potential benefit for other sociologists such as those studying elite populations and/or the globally mobile.

KARAMANOĞLU MEHMET BEY’İN KONYA MUHASARASI VE SİYAVUŞ’UN KİMLİĞİ

Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti, 1071 Malazgirt Savaşı’nın ardından kuruluşunu gerçekleştirmiş, kök salmak ve yurt tutmak ile geçen uzun yıllar sonunda Anadolu’da kendini kabul ettirebilmiştir. Tutunma evresi olarak tabir edebileceğimiz bu süreç 1176 Miryokefalon Savaşı ile taçlandırılmış ve Anadolu coğrafyası Türkiye olarak anılmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’nin yükseliş devri olarak kabul edilen I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın (1220-1237) saltanatında; ekonomik, ticari, askeri ve siyasi bakımdan büyük gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Fakat bu gelişmeler Orta Asya’dan başlayan ve geniş bir coğrafyada etkileri hissedilen Moğol saldırıları ile sarsıntıya uğramıştır. I. Alaeddin Keykubad döneminde Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti’nin toprak bütünlüğünün sağlanması için birtakım güvenlik tedbirleri alınmıştır. I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın güçlü devlet yönetimi ve ileri görüşlülüğü sayesinde bir süreliğine Moğol tehlikesi bertaraf edilmiş olsa da menfur bir saldırı sonucu I. Alaeddin Keykubad’ın öldürülmesi ve yerine II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev’in gelmesiyle bu tehlike yeniden baş göstermiştir. 1243 yılında yaşanan Kösedağ Savaşı neticesinde Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti; önce mali, sonra askeri, son olarak da toprak bütünlüğü bakımından Moğol tahakkümü altına girmiştir. Dönemin Selçuklu yönetimi tarafından da büyük ölçüde kabul edilen bu durum, Anadolu Türkmenleri tarafından zaman zaman isyanların tertip edilmesine neden olmuştur (Türk Ahmet-1249, Oyuz Melik-1249, Ağaç-eri-1256, Beylerbeyi Hatiroğlu Şerafeddin-1276). Bu isyanların en büyük ve en tesirlilerinden birisi ise Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey ve Siyavuş ittifakı neticesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Kısa süre de olsa başkent Konya’yı elde etmeyi başarmışlar, Siyavuş’u Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti tahtına oturtarak adına sikke kestirmişlerdir. Ayrıca bu isyan, direkt olarak devleti ele geçirme ve saltanatı elde etme fikri nedeniyle diğerlerinden farklılık arz etmektedir. Siyavuş, şimdiye kadar yapılan alan çalışmalarında Cimri olarak anılmakta ve büyük oranda sahte şehzade olarak kabul edilmektedir. Onun şehzadelik bahsiyle alakalı araştırmaların oldukça sınırlı ve tenkitsiz olması nedeniyle biz bu çalışmayı kaleme almaya karar verdik. Bu şekilde II. İzzeddin Keykavus’un gurbet hayatı, oğulları ve Siyavuş ile alakalı bir incelemede bulunduk. Alan çalışmaları için yararlı olmasını umuyoruz.

Chinese in Africa: expatriation regime and lived experience

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the expatriation regime and the lived experience of Chinese managers, professionals and contract workers in Africa. Moving beyond taking contemporary Chinese migration to Africa as merely a state project or personal activity, it contributes a synthesised analysis of the forces at state, corporate and societal levels to produce and sustain expatriation. Specifically, I argue that expatriation fulfils multiple objectives of (1) addressing new state-led development priorities of job creation and poverty reduction; (2) facilitating the global ventures of Chinese companies with accessible, manageable, and productive labour power; and (3) creating opportunities for different social groups of Chinese to pursue career or life goals. Empirical research with 66 expatriates working in Chinese telecommunications, construction, and manufacturing companies in Ethiopia highlights three contrasting pairs of features of the expatriate life: emplacement and displacement, interaction and fragmentation as well as mobility and immobility. Motivated and constrained by varied life situations and complex institutional circumstances, expatriates are variably empowered or dispossessed during their migratory trajectories. The expatriation process not only reproduces the social differentiation in the Chinese society based on education, places of origin and types of employers but also generates new forms of inclusion and exclusion.

Борис Лазаревський про повсякденне життя еміграції в Парижі (за матеріалами щоденника «Ma Vie»: 1927–1929 рр.)

Abstract. Introduction. Researching of the personal, social and creative life of the representatives of Ukrainian emigration of the 20–30s of the twentieth century, manifestations of their mental traits, psychological and behavioral responses afford us an opportunity to understand the context of the relevant historical period and surroundings. The diary notes of writers, scholars, military and priests are important sources that researchers rely on. The subject of the proposed article is The Paris Diary of Borys Lazarevsky, who was a Russian and Ukrainian fiction writer, a son of a famous Ukrainian historian Olexander Lazarevsky (1834–1902). The author’s notes as a projection of the Parisian expatriate life are relevant in the context of these issues, including everything “denoted by a Ukrainian marker”: reflections on Ukraine, assessments of certain events of life, culture and people related to them.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to introduce the contents of The Paris Diary of B. Lazarevsky for 1927–1929 to the Ukrainian historiographic space. B. Lazarevsky kept diary notes throughout his life. There is a prevailing assertion that there are 60 volumes of such entries. The emigration period is represented only by the volume from 1924 to 1925, which is kept in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (Moscow) and an exemplar for 1927–1929. The last one from the time of its founding is still kept in the private collection of the family of I. Goncharenko.Results. B. Lazarevskyj was a well-known figure in both Russian and Ukrainian immigrant communities. His name is often recorded in the Russian-speaking secular chronicle of Paris next to the names of the famous figures of culture. Thanks to his charisma, literary talent, public activity, personal relations B. Lazarevskyj received material assistance from the President and the Government of Czechoslovakia until 1930. He lived poorly, but he loved Paris: streets and parks, theatres and cinemas, transport and the press, he adored the Parisian lifestyle because of its publicity, a crowd of beautiful and uninhibited women, its leisure and communication.Originality. For the first time the content of the diary entries for 1927 – 1929 by B. Lazarevsky was partly analyzed in contemporary Ukrainian historiography.Conclusion. Borys Lazarevsky’s Diary for 1927–1929 (both his own manuscripts and his correspondence) is a valuable and important original source, the study, analysis and publication of the content of which will supplement contemporary Ukrainian historiography in the researches of Ukrainian emigration of the 20–30s of the twentieth century. We consider that the development of following areas are very promising: B. Lazarevsky’s scientific and literary surroundings, his collaboration with the representatives of Ukrainian and Russian Paris emigration, the publication (for the first time) of their autographs; B. Lazarevsky’s assessment of contemporary political, social and cultural changes (for example, events in Ukraine – from the UPR to the USSR and the RSFSR) and others. Sympathies and antipathies, subjective perception of people and events are always the most interesting when they are dealing with a bright and an extraordinary personality, and that is exactly our point of view about Borys Lazarevsky. Private, personal and creative are interlaced and integral in this personality.

Is Fu Manchu Still Alive? Sexuality and Yellow Peril Stereotypes Among White Expatriates in Taiwan

This paper examines the oscillations of Western stereotypes regarding the Chinese. The research uses a multidisciplinary approach by combining a genealogical study of the character of Fu Manchu with recent fieldwork in Taiwan among Western expatriates. The combination of these studies reveal an insight regarding the staging of whiteness from the global scale of international relations down to micro performances of quotidian expatriate life. A particular focus is on how expatriates make use of spatial configurations to accentuate their fantasies of superiority. The paper identifies the universalism of such Western performances as a parochial cultural element and embraces a method of conducting fieldwork without denying the subjectivity of the ethnographer.

Negotiating global citizenship, protecting privilege: western expatriates choosing local schools in Hong Kong

We examine school choices made by western expatriate parents in post-colonial Hong Kong in order to understand the essence of imagined global citizenship and its implications for existing ethnic and class inequalities in the education system. Responding to changes in the global job market, a small but increasingly visible group of parents are seeking to challenge what they see as the constraints of expatriate life by developing global opportunities for their children through Cantonese language acquisition in the local education system. Drawing on the sociological literature on school choice and middle-class identity, we argue that these parents are negotiating for themselves a global imaginary in which cultures can easily be traversed and social class is levelled. But such global desires, we suggest, can also replicate colonial privilege in a way that marginalises poorer schools and other ethnic minorities in the education system.

ACHIEVING THE AMERICAN SOUL

In 1963—as good a date as any to serve as a pivot between “fifties” and “sixties” America—James Baldwin remarked, “The American Negro has the great advantage of having never believed the collection of myths to which white Americans cling: that their ancestors were all freedom-loving heroes, that they were born in the greatest country the world has ever seen, or that Americans are invincible in battle and wise in peace.” It was a bracing declaration, a bit gentler than Malcolm X's designation of Negroes as “victims of Americanism” and perhaps by now, as historians focus ever greater attention on the nationally constitutive role of slavery and white supremacy, almost a commonplace. Yet Baldwin's idea remains challenging to plumb and to fully inhabit. For at that moment, which both Kevin Schultz and Andrew Hartman suggest was preoccupied with “the very question of America and its meaning,” Baldwin's little book, The Fire Next Time, upended the whole debate. He was no black nationalist and, notwithstanding his expatriate life in France, no “emigrationist,” for he believed that blacks in the United States were, socially and culturally, wholly of, if not in, this country; and yet, given the deep corruption in the national past, there was no “meaning” to return to, reclaim, realize, or vindicate as a promise of black freedom. The verb Baldwin chose, in a determinedly existentialist vein, was to “achieve our country”—to create a viable moral meaning for national identity where none as yet existed. If Schultz's subjects, William F. Buckley Jr, and Norman Mailer, were “vying for the soul of the nation” and Hartman's warriors fighting “for the soul of America,” they were—in Baldwin's perspective—chasing a chimera. Such a thing wasn't there; it was yet to come, if at all.

True yankees: the South Seas and the discovery of American identity

With American independence came the freedom to sail anywhere in the world under a flag. During the years between the Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Wangxi, Americans first voyaged past the Cape of Good Hope, reaching the ports of Algiers and the bazaars of Arabia, the markets of India and the beaches of Sumatra, the villages of Cochin, China, and the factories of Canton. Their South Seas voyages of commerce and discovery introduced the infant nation to the world and the world to what the Chinese, Turks, and others dubbed the new people. Drawing on private journals, letters, ships' logs, memoirs, and newspaper accounts, True Yankees traces America's earliest encounters on a global stage through the exhilarating experiences of five Yankee seafarers. Merchant Samuel Shaw spent a decade scouring the marts of China and India for goods that would captivate the imaginations of his countrymen. Mariner Amasa Delano toured much of the Pacific hunting seals. Explorer Edmund Fanning circumnavigated the globe, touching at various Pacific and Indian Ocean ports of call. In 1829, twenty-year-old Harriett Low reluctantly accompanied her merchant uncle and ailing aunt to Macao, where she recorded trenchant observations of expatriate life. And sea captain Robert Bennet Forbes' last sojourn in Canton coincided with the eruption of the First Opium War. How did these bold voyagers approach and do business with the people in the region, whose physical appearance, practices, and culture seemed so strange? And how did native men and women - not to mention the European traders who were in direct competition with the Americans - regard these upstarts who had fought off British rule? The accounts of these adventurous travelers reveal how they and hundreds of other mariners and expatriates influenced the ways in which Americans defined themselves, thereby creating a genuinely brash national character - the true Yankee. Readers who love history and stories of exploration on the high seas will devour this gripping tale.

Narrating Brunei: Travelling histories of Brunei Indians

AbstractBetween the late 1950s and the 1960s, a significant community of Indians appeared in Seria, an oil town in Brunei. Most of these Indians were recruited from India by the British Malayan Petroleum Company to staff its company offices in the wake of the rehabilitation of the Seria oilfields after the end of the Japanese occupation of Borneo. However, in official hagiographies of the Sultanate and historical accounts of Brunei, the Indians of Seria are invisible. Juxtaposed against this silence in the historical record, I pose the narrative agency of these Indians in asserting their place in the emergence of the modern state of Brunei and in historicizing their presence in a frontier oil town in Borneo. This article is based on extensive fieldwork in India, where most of these Indians retired to after decades of expatriate life in Brunei. Recalling their work and youth in Seria, they collectively claim an ‘origin’ in Seria while improvising a Brunei-Indian diaspora in India through their shared memories. In the absence of an archival record for the Indians in Seria, this article seeks to affirm the historical value of story-telling and diasporic remembering in recording a partisan genealogy of migration and settlement.

White migrations: gender, whiteness and privilege in transnational migration

1. White Migrations: a Theoretical Framework 2. A Multi-sited Ethnography of Whiteness 3. Doing Similarity in a White-Women's Network 4. Hierarchies of Whiteness in the United States 5. Racial Divisions in Expatriate Lives in Singapore 6. Disintegrating Whiteness in Southern Spain 7. Gender and Whiteness in Motion 8. Migration Studies Revisited

Reading Tender Is the Night as a Serial Text

Reading <i>Tender Is the Night</i> as a Serial Text

In Defense of Tradition: Mohammed Mrabet's Postcolonial Leanings and the Confrontation of “Kif Wisdom” with Modernity

This article details the inclusion of postcolonial themes and modern/traditional confrontations and conflicts in the translated tales of Mohammed Mrabet. I indicate the importance of preliterate tradition in producing meaning for poor Moroccans. A large part of the essay is devoted to refuting claims that Mrabet represents a colonialist byline of the expatriate lives of American writers such as Paul Bowles. The theme of learning Moroccan culture is also important, as it tends to demonstrate appreciation and preservation in a modern context, traditional narrative and theosophical practices, arts, and modes of ideation—hence, my reference to many of Paul Bowles's interviews where he discussed the phenomenon of Moroccan epistemology. I also include stories that express the traditional/modern divide in Moroccan cultural life and how traditional, practical, and inventive reasoning derived from smoking kif—the kif wisdom that I refer to can produce meaning and resolution for Moroccans. Finally, the article situ...

Editor's Introduction: Doing Nightlife and EDMC Fieldwork

Luis-Manuel Garcia (PhD Ethnomusicology, U Chicago, 2011) is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development (Berlin, Germany), where he participates in the research group, “Felt Communities? Emotions in Musical Life in Europe”. He is currently working on a book manuscript, entitled Together, Somehow: Music, Affect and Intimacy on the Dance Floor. He is also undertaking new fieldwork in Berlin on “techno-tourism” and expatriate life in the city’s EDM scenes. He writes for Resident Advisor, Little White Earbuds and his own blog, LMGMblog: . He can be reached by e-mail at: .

A Gum-Tree Exile: Randolph Bedford in Italy

Randolph Bedford (1868–1941) was an Australian journalist, politician and novelist, a lifelong socialist despite making a small fortune from mining. He was among the ‘brain drain’ of Australians at the turn of last century, who hoped to emulate Melba’s success in England. Many of his contemporaries, such as Henry Lawson, experienced disillusion and poverty, and returned home. Bedford differed in his versatility, and also his profound rejection of the British Empire. He could not sell his novels initially, nor his speculations to British investors, but was able to put his mining experience to use in Italy. There he became one of the first Australians to fall in love with the country.&#x0D; &#x0D; His attraction to Italy was partly aesthetic, its artistic glories, but also because it reinforced his sentimental Australian nationalism. He saw similarities in landscape, and also in climate. He wrote despatches back to the Bulletin called ‘Explorations in Civilization’, which became a book in 1916. The subtitle was ‘An Australian in Exile’, reversing the ‘Exiles We’, of the first settlers, with their nostalgia for Britain. In contrast, Bedford saw nothing good in London and the Empire. He disliked it upon first sight, and his irreverence and socialist sympathies had no place in the conservative British investment milieu. &#x0D; &#x0D; Bedford would sell two novels in Britain, via Henry Lawson (whom he helped in London) and his literary agent J. B. Pinker. But he returned home, certain expatriate life was not for him, and devoted his energies to Australia. His real success was in Explorations in Civilization, superb travel-writing, perhaps his best work. It shows his love for his country being reinforced through the perceived similarities between it and Italy, a second homeland for him. He even paid its people his highest compliment: that they were his preferred settlers for Australia.

When Hemingway Hated Paris: Divorce Proceedings, Contemplations of Suicide, and the Deleted Chapters of The Sun Also Rises

When Hemingway Hated Paris: Divorce Proceedings, Contemplations of Suicide, and the Deleted Chapters of The Sun Also Rises Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera I do not know what I thought Paris would be like but it was not that way. –The Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK Library item 186 Literary expatriation had an important role in the development of twentieth-century modernist writing, particularly for Americans in Paris during the interwar years. The critics who study this group tend to focus on similar themes—rejection of conservative mores in America, sexual liberation and alcohol consumption, creative cross-fertilization, and so on—such that the cultural migration to France itself is generally treated as a positive experience. Susan Beegel, editor of The Hemingway Review, notes that “Hemingway criticism has tended to celebrate expatriation” (“Report” 1), and due to this inclination, literary scholarship (and work from popular spheres, certainly) has constructed an idealistic image of “Ernest Hemingway in Paris.” Upon close review of the journalism, letters, and fiction he wrote during his residence in France, however, we find an expatriate scene that is sometimes wrought with strain, irritability, even contempt. “[I’ve] been in hell now since Christmas” (Selected Letters 217), he wrote to F. Scott Fitzgerald in September 1926 before enduring several months of despondency, during which he contemplated suicide and drafted a last will. The critical locus of this essay interprets the outcomes of long-term cultural immersion, the consequences of cultural [End Page 49] shocks and readjustments, and the implications of social distance—to analyze an important but often neglected dimension of Hemingway’s life in Paris. Expatriate Criticism: A Celebratory Register The critical inclinations concerning Ernest Hemingway in Paris likely derive from the tendency to use A Moveable Feast as a definitive resource on the period. The memoir is unreliable on many levels, however, because it was written in Cuba and Idaho thirty years after Hemingway left the city. The nostalgic tones therein imply that Hemingway was enduringly captivated by and happy in the city, but that portrayal is contradicted by many nonfiction texts and letters he wrote while in Paris (which I will soon discuss). These negative aspects of foreign life, nonetheless, tend to be overlooked by Hemingway critics, nearly all of whom read Paris as a positive experience: Robert Gajdusek asserted that “Paris always remained his favorite city” (10); David Donnell proclaimed without qualification that “Hemingway loved Paris” (56); and Richard Bennet Hovey’s opinion is that “We know that Hemingway preferred being an expatriate” and “that he loved Paris” (69). Hemingway’s relationship with Paris was a succession of high and also very low points, but this is clouded by the glowing nature of much of the critical work on the topic. The demographic of the scholars who study this theme is also an important factor in the discussion. Very few American critics who have written about Hemingway in Paris live and work in France (Katy Masuga and Adam Gopnik are notable exceptions). Many visit Paris—possibly for up to a year or two as a student or visiting lecturer—before commencing their work, but the realities of scholarship in non-US cultural studies command circumstances local to those subjects. The studies of expatriation (carried out from the US) tend to overlook many critical circumstances about long-term cultural displacement—many of which are negative. Brooke Lindy Blower, for example, spent a year in Paris and returned to the US to write Becoming Americans in Paris: Transatlantic Politics and Culture between the Wars. While she noted that “It is hard to resist such romanticizing” (1) about expatriate life in Paris (see also Benstock 4, Kennedy xi, and Pizer 20, 26), her critical perspectives are dominated by a somewhat unreal positivity of the temporary visitor: “Through American eyes,” she commented, “Paris glimmered, shimmied” (19). She believes the place has “a seductive atmosphere” and “87,775 trees for lovers to embrace under” (4). While Blower arrived at these judgments through analyses of primary texts and other materials from 1918 to 1939, some of the speculative assumptions on expatriation itself—in particular, her perceptions of the rhythms of everyday life—are at least indirectly interpreted through her personal experience (see Blower...

Current Bibllography

Current Bibllography Kelli A. Larson [The current bibliography aspires to include all serious contributions to Hemingway scholarship. Given the substantial quantity of significant critical work appearing on Hemingway’s life and writings annually, inconsequential items from the popular press have been omitted to facilitate the distinction of important developments and trends in the field. Annotations for articles appearing in The Hemingway Review have been omitted due to the immediate availability of abstracts introducing each issue. Kelli Larson welcomes your assistance in keeping this feature current. Please send reprints, clippings, and photocopies of articles, as well as notices of new books, directly to Larson at the University of St. Thomas, 333 JRC, 2115 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105-1096. E-Mail: Kalarson1@stthomas.edu] Books Bloom, Harold, ed. Ernest Hemingway (Bloom’s Modern Critical Views). New York: Bloom’s Literary Criticism, 2011. [Reader’s companion to EH’s life and major works, including SAR, FTA, and OMAS. Reprints criticism from such well known EH scholars as George Monteiro, Susan F. Beegel, and Donald A. Daiker. Includes a bibliography and chronology of the author’s life.] ———. Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises—New Edition (Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations). New York: Bloom’s Literary Criticism. 2011. [Reader’s companion to the novel. Reprints criticism from such well known EH scholars as H.R. Stoneback, James Nagel, and Donald D. Daiker. Includes a bibliography and chronology of the author’s life along with a brief introductory essay by Bloom characterizing SARas an elegy.] Calabi, Silvio, Steve Helsley and Roger Sanger. Hemingway’s Guns: The Sporting Arms of Ernest Hemingway. Camden, ME: Shooting Sportsman, 2010. [Thoroughly researched descriptive guide to EH’s extensive collection of [End Page 143] guns, revealing much about the author and his sporting life along the way. Argues that EH’s inclination for quality and functionality reflected his high level of expertise. Traces EH’s lifelong use of and fascination with firearms beginning with his introduction by his father at just two and a half years old. Includes short excerpts from letters and works such as GHAand UKand over 100 black and white photographs of EH hunting and shooting with family, friends, celebrities, and associates.] Larsen, Lyle. Stein and Hemingway: The Story of a Turbulent Friendship. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011. [Literary and historical biography tracing EH and Stein’s complicated and troubled relationship. Covers their initial 1922 Paris meeting, their falling out after the publication of SAR, and occasional reconciliations over the next two decades. Draws on memoirs, biographies, letters, and previously unpublished material from the Kennedy Library to piece together the evolution of their friendship from budding admiration to intense resentment and jealousy.] Newlin, Keith, ed. The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway (Critical Insights Series). Pasadena, CA: Salem P, 2010. [Study geared toward students and general readers. Divided into two parts, the first section contains new essays on the novel’s composition, critical history, and Paris context. The second reprints essays from such well known EH scholars as Carlos Baker, Mark Spilka, and Scott Donaldson reflecting the changing critical landscape over the years. Newlin’s introductory materials, “About This Volume” and “On The Sun Also Rises,” outline the novel’s origins and compositional history and surveys the volume’s contents including six new essays annotated below. Pp. 12–16: “Biography of Ernest Hemingway” by Stanley Archer. [Brief biography of the author’s life and major literary achievements.] Pp. 17–19: “The Paris ReviewPerspective” by Petrina Crockford for the Paris Review. [Muses on the novel’s cultural impact and creative influence on other writers.] Pp. 23–35: “An American in Paris: Hemingway and the Expatriate Life” by Matthew J. Bolton. [Contextualizes the novel within the larger expatriate scene by examining EH’s fictionalization of his real life Paris experience. Focuses on his development of the definitive autonomous expatriate figure.] Pp. 36–48: “Gender Identity and the Modern Condition in The Sun Also Rises” by Jennifer Banach. [Discusses the novel’s revision of traditional gender roles resulting from the unsettled aftermath of World War I. Suggests the [End Page 144] novel’s androgynous strains reflect postwar uncertainty regarding the extinction of old world notions...

Expatriate everyday life in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: colonial origins and contemporary legacies

Under German colonial rule and the British mandate, Dar es Salaam was a racially segregated city. The means of segregation were a series of building ordinances that established varying standards of construction in the city's neighborhoods. A result of these ordinances was the concentration of expatriates—those people living outside their home country—in two areas of the city: the City Center and the Msasani Peninsula. Using qualitative survey and interview data with fifty expatriates in contemporary Dar es Salaam, this paper demonstrates that segregation persists in spite of postcolonial efforts to desegregate the city. In fact, segregation in contemporary Dar es Salaam affects more than just residential patterns; all aspects of expatriate everyday life are overwhelmingly concentrated in these two urban areas. This paper engages with colonial city and expatriate literatures to identify the lingering effects of colonialism and the various ways that residents perceive and transform urban space. Several explanations exist for the persistence of this segregation. These two areas historically housed expatriates and thus contain desirable urban amenities such as supermarkets and shopping malls. These areas also offer expatriates the comfort of living among other expatriates in a perceived safe environment.