Expanded Reproduction Research Articles

Navigating the contradictory dynamics of production and social reproduction in collectively owned agricultural enterprises in South Africa's land reform

AbstractThe paper explores how beneficiaries of South Africa's land reform programme attempt to navigate the contradictory dynamics of production and social reproduction in collectively owned agricultural enterprises. The Mphuzanyoni Communal Property Association in KwaZulu‐Natal province farms with commercial beef herds and the Mayime Cooperative in the Eastern Cape province is engaged in a joint venture dairy farming scheme in partnership with an agribusiness firm. Severe tensions are evident between the social reproduction of households and the requirements of simple or expanded reproduction of agricultural enterprises. Bernstein's concept of competing ‘funds’ is used to examine struggles over production and reproduction on the farms, in which members of socially differentiated households contest divergent visions for the collective enterprises. Conflicts centre on how labour and capital should be mobilised, how income and other benefits in kind should be distributed to households and whether or not income should be invested for purposes of simple or expanded reproduction of the enterprise. Challenges of governance are rooted in these conflicts rather than in group ownership as a form of property right.

Нарциссическая культура и проблема политической легитимации

The work continues the rethinking by the authors of the phenomena of changes in education, science and the structure of power in the 21st century within the framework of the philosophy of culture. The concepts of “carnival” according to M.M. Bakhtin, “the soul of culture” according to O. Spengler, Dionysianism (and neo-paganism) by F. Nietzsche are used for this work. The central problem of this study is the legitimation of the political regime of liberal democracy in the context of a narcissistic culture. The latter, due to its internal characteristics, does not allow the existence of any internal authority, the approval of which would provide a moral sanction to the rule of certain political actors. History provides several options for the ontology of the legitimation process. The fi rst of them are associated with the priesthood that existed in the conditions of the domination of pagan culture, the Abrahamic religions that replaced it developed their own sacred mechanisms for granting sanctions to power. The most important shift occurs during the Modern: mass culture is forming, the role of moral authority is shifting from priests to scientists. To achieve legitimacy, political actors must ensure the progress of society on the basis of new advances in science and technology. The legitimacy is also challenged with the help of scientifi c argumentation – the authorities are presented with claims of erroneous technical and economic decisions that have entailed negative socioeconomic and/or environmental consequences. An extreme but signifi cant case is the challenge of scientifi c foundations of politics, as was the case in the case of Soviet Marxism. Expanded reproduction of science and education in the 20th century erodes the former exclusivity of the scientifi c elite and at the same time eliminates the scientist mechanism of political legitimation. The situation is reversed: now, in order to continue pursuing science and education, the former authorities must prove their usefulness to the authorities and society. But the same thing happens with the authorities themselves: offi cials and deputies turn into “servants of people” and explain their necessity to society with the help of representatives of the humanities. They do not rule anymore but produce public goods in exchange for taxes. Bakhtin’s carnival is triumphing. The regime of liberal democracy that ensured the protection of rights of minorities is close to narcissistic culture, in the center of which is the need for freedom and self-realization of the individual. At the same time, however, any authority – political or scientifi c – has a conditional legitimacy here. The proportion of partisans is growing – actors who recognize the legality of the existing social order but deny its internal justice. Fragility and instability are inherent in liberal democracy. The longevity of such a political regime is ensured by the rise of neo-paganism. Unlike previous pagan cults there is no separate social group of sacrifi ces. Thus, the problem of legitimation is removed: what is already there automatically becomes legitimate. With the help of the liberal discourse, each individual political personality is instilled that it has all the full rights, and the state is left with only responsibilities for the service of this personality: this is the uncontested meaning of Fukuyama’s ‘last man’.

Совершенствование механизма регулирования оплаты труда в системе материального стимулирования персонала

The more successful the activity of a commercial organization, the more opportuni-ties it has to regulate wages upward. However, wages indexation even in this case should be carried out in accordance with clear scientifically sound principles that contribute to ex-panded reproduction of labour and further growth of the company's profits. All other things being equal, a highly qualified employee will choose to hire the company with higher wages. But one more thing is also true – it is unprofitable for a commercial organization to pay much higher wages than the market value of labour. Otherwise profitability will begin to de-cline, and in the long term the enterprise may become unprofitable due to too high labour costs. The management of the enterprise needs to create such a mechanism for regulating wages, which will allow achieving faster growth of labour productivity compared to its re-muneration growth. The article discusses the methodology for improving the mechanism for regulating wages on the example of a real operating enterprise. The main conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and practical activities when considering the principles of wage regulation in the system of personnel material incentives.

A methodology for class analysis: Agricultural investments and agrarian change in South Africa

AbstractThis paper presents a class‐analytic approach, which combines a “labour exploitation criterion” with class typologies developed for the South African context and the author's additions. The labour exploitation criterion distinguishes between rural classes based on the degree to which one employs others, works for others, or works for oneself. I combine the principal indicator of “labour exploitation” with the income contributions of social grants, ownership of farming assets and livestock, and the contribution of agricultural production to simple or expanded reproduction. Debates around class formation are explored in the context of a comparative analysis of two joint venture (JV) dairy farms, located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, which involve residents as both landowners and workers. A class‐analytic approach illuminates the emerging agrarian class structure that a JV‐type intervention both reflects and in turn conditions, in dialectical fashion, with important implications for debates around agrarian change in South Africa.

ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ПРОПУСКНОЇ СПРОМОЖНОСТІ РЕГІОНАЛЬНИХ ЛАНДШАФТНИХ ПАРКІВ

Development of theoretical and methodological basis for analysis of economic efficiency of regional landscape parks based on determining the level of capacity in terms of taking into account the interests and requests of visitors, seasonality factors and environmental and economic characteristics of the protected area. The proposed scientific and methodological approach to substantiation of the capacity of the regional landscape park is designed to use the theory of statistics, the law of normal distribution of random variables, methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, general and comparison. It is substantiated that the management of all protected areas has a positive effect on visitor issues, which provide growth sufficient for the financial stability of the economy, economic independence, self-sufficiency of RLP, and do not affect biodiversity in RLP. It is shown that the income of this enterprise is a justification for filling cash flows, which provides expanded reproduction of natural components of RLP in the territory, allows for self-financing measures to restore the natural resource potential of visitors in developing and implementing new services for tourist cars. It is concluded that in the aggregate the justification of the capacity becomes the basis for the development of strategic plans for the development of RLP and the strategy of socio-economic development of the region as a whole. The proposed author's methodology is based on seasonal factors, the level of demand for tourists and visitors in the consumption of services offered by the regional landscape park, the list of economic activities and the capacity of the protected area provide the maximum number of people visiting the park per unit time. Based on the results of practical use of the proposed methodology, the state and territorial economy can develop an effective strategy for socioeconomic development, increase the effectiveness of the current strategy and ensure the objectivity of management tools for planning and regulating economic activities of regional landscapes

Expanded reproduction as the main factor of sustainable development of the enterprise in the conditions of crisis phenomena

Expanded reproduction as the main factor of sustainable development of the enterprise in the conditions of crisis phenomena

Re-examining the Winternitz Solution of the Transformation Problem: Simple and Expanded Reproduction

This paper re-examines the so-called transformation problem through Josef Winternitz’s 1948 seminal contribution. Instead of the three-department model of Winternitz’s solution, a two-department model for both simple and expanded reproduction is applied. Although Winternitz’s solution in both cases is verified, a new complementary treatment concerning the consumption of capitalists is needed. In both cases, a theoretical option emerges: the infinite (but proportional) solutions, related to the value of the currency and its changes.

Towards the Derivation of the Cambridge Equation with Expanded Reproduction and Markup Pricing

Does the Cambridge equation, in which the rate of profits in a steady state is equal to the quotient of the rate of growth and the savings rate out of profits, hold in an economy with widespread non-competitive markets? This article presents a multiple-good model of markup pricing in an attempt to answer this question. A balance equation is derived. Given competitive conditions, this model can be used to derive the Cambridge equation. The Cambridge equation also holds in a special case of markup pricing, with one capital good and many consumption goods being produced. No definite conclusions are reached in the general case.

Расширенное воспроизводство человеческого капитала как фактор устойчивого развития

Расширенное воспроизводство человеческого капитала как фактор устойчивого развития

Вплив державної підтримки на розвиток ринку кукурудзи

The grain market is a strategically important area of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), on which the standard of living of the population depends. It is the subject of constant attention of both the authorities, scientists and businessmen. About 40% of agro-production is directly related to grain resources. Expanded reproduction of the grain market in terms of its place and importance for the economic and social development of society should be considered as one of the most important prerequisites for achieving sustainable economic growth and meeting the primary needs of the population. The issue of state regulation of the grain market in Ukraine has always been given close attention, and in recent years this topic has become particularly relevant. After all, it is directly related to ensuring the food security of the country, the normal functioning and satisfactory financial condition of agricultural producers, as well as ensuring the export potential of the country's grain industry. The current economic situation requires improvement of approaches to the implementation of agrarian policy for the development of the grain industry and introduction of its systematic nature. The grain market is one of the most researched by object theorists and practitioners, whose operation today remains far from effective. The transformation processes taking place in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine require the study and study of all directions of transformations in its structure, including the grain market. The article analyzes the problems of development of the grain market of Ukraine in the context of its impact on enhancing the international competitiveness of the domestic economy, and makes recommendations for solving this problem. The main state tasks for establishing the rules of regulation of the grain market are considered.

Вплив державної підтримки на розвиток ринку кукурудзи

The grain market is a strategically important area of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), on which the standard of living of the population depends. It is the subject of constant attention of both the authorities, scientists and businessmen. About 40% of agro-production is directly related to grain resources. Expanded reproduction of the grain market in terms of its place and importance for the economic and social development of society should be considered as one of the most important prerequisites for achieving sustainable economic growth and meeting the primary needs of the population. The issue of state regulation of the grain market in Ukraine has always been given close attention, and in recent years this topic has become particularly relevant. After all, it is directly related to ensuring the food security of the country, the normal functioning and satisfactory financial condition of agricultural producers, as well as ensuring the export potential of the country's grain industry. The current economic situation requires improvement of approaches to the implementation of agrarian policy for the development of the grain industry and introduction of its systematic nature. The grain market is one of the most researched by object theorists and practitioners, whose operation today remains far from effective. The transformation processes taking place in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine require the study and study of all directions of transformations in its structure, including the grain market. The article analyzes the problems of development of the grain market of Ukraine in the context of its impact on enhancing the international competitiveness of the domestic economy, and makes recommendations for solving this problem. The main state tasks for establishing the rules of regulation of the grain market are considered.

Особенности пространственного развития и расширенного воспроизводства человеческого капитала в Республике Карелия и арктических регионах европейского севера России

Особенности пространственного развития и расширенного воспроизводства человеческого капитала в Республике Карелия и арктических регионах европейского севера России

The Transformation of Values into Prices of Production in Marx’s Scheme of Expanded Reproduction

This paper analyzes the formation of a general rate of profit and the subsequent prices of production in the context of Marx’s two-sector scheme of expanded reproduction. We show that a consistent solution of the transformation problem can be derived by incorporating the original transformation procedure into the inter-temporal equilibrium framework provided by the scheme of accumulation. Previous solutions for the special case of simple reproduction are also examined, and it is shown that all these solutions rest on the restrictive assumption of constant wage rates.

On Nikolai Bukharin's Interpretation of Marx's Scheme of Expanded Reproduction

There have so far been very few criticisms of Lenin's and Bukharin's interpretation of Marx's scheme of expanded reproduction. This article, therefore, attempts a critical discussion of their views. As a result of the author's analysis, he finds that Lenin's interpretation is quite close to Say-Ricardo theory and has no connection with Marx's problem to be solved through the use of his scheme of expanded reproduction. Bukharin's interpretation is based on a breach of the principles of Marx's theory of surplus-value and accumulation of capital. First, Marx's major principles associated with the discussion are clarified, and then Bukharin's interpretation is checked against these principles which Bukharin should accept if he regards his interpretation is in accordance with Marx's theory. The author agrees with Rosa Luxemburg that there are no buyers for the surplus product to be accumulated in “pure” capitalist society in the light of Marx's theory of surplus-value and accumulation of capital.

Tensions of neo-liberal development

In this article, I examine the tensions of neo-liberal development as experienced in contemporary West Bengal, culminating in recent struggles over land acquisition. My analysis is conducted through three modes of reflection—the political actions of a cultural group called Jana Sanskriti, the discourse and policy making of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM), and David Harvey's conceptual distinction between expanded reproduction and accumulation by dispossession in his book, The New Imperialism (2003). Harvey argues that processes of ‘expanded reproduction’ and ‘accumulation by dispossession’ are organically and historically linked. Yet, he sustains a dichotomy by arguing that the flight of capital following the robbery of public goods through privatisation is a worse problem than the insertion of capital for privatisation. I argue that the tensions of neo-liberal development at the historical level in West Bengal belie Harvey's dichotomies at the conceptual level. I show that Bengalis struggle over the very purpose, value and future of capital insertion. Rather than Harvey's ‘which is worse’ question, some citizens in Bengal question a grammar of distribution in which welfare and productive opportunities can only be achieved through particular forms of capital insertion for particular visions of industrial development.

Leontief's ‘the economy as a circular flow’: An introduction

It was Wassily Leontief who said that a scientist’s first work, like a person’s first love, is of key importance. However, in his own case, Leontief has never grown old; and having been incredibly precocious, Leontiefs beginnings must be traced back to adolescence and childhood in Petersburg, Petrograd and Leningrad. Still the scientist is his major work, and this translation of Leontiefs 1928 The Economy as a Circular Flow sounds the first note of the overture to his Ring of Input-Output. A 22-year-old, working in Kiel but out of the Berlin stable of Bortkiewicz, Wassily labored on his own. Except for perfunctory references to Irving Fisher, Jevons and Bohm-Bawerk, he seems not even to have mentioned such obvious works as Quesnay’s Tableau Economique, Marx’s Tableaux of Steady and Expanded Reproduction (appearing in Capital’s little-studied Volume 2 of 1885), or the virtually unknown 1898 Russian essay of Dmitriev with its vindication of Adam Smith’s resolution of all income into the values-added of wages, land rents and profit-interest. Of course he did not refer-nor could he have before 1960-to the tentative researches, then being done in Cambridge by 30-year-old Piero Sraffa, on the intricacies of production of commodities by means of commodities. A historian of science like Robert K. Merton, knowing about Newton and Leibniz and about Darwin and Wallace, would expect that somewhere a Leontief and a Sraffa would be independently discovering at about the same time the theory of input-output.’ If Wassily did not know Piero in 1928, Piero did not know Wassily. What is more interesting-and it tells us much about the two personalities-in the half century that followed neither one seems ever to have referred explicitly by name to the other. The tub of genius stands on its own bottom! A new embryo contains the future organism, but not even the most discerning eye can see in the constellation of early cells the beautiful baby that is to come. Reviewing the present translation, one sees a considerable gap between it and the 1936 paper my Harvard teacher published in the Review of Economics and

The use of aerospace methods for forest state assessment

Siberian forests occupy a significant part of the Asian continent. Their role as an essential component of the Earth's surface, biomass and oxygen producer is increasing annually. Expanded reproduction of taiga forests necessitated by the intensive development of Siberian productive forces, results in an evergrowing need of forest productivity constancy and increase. Proper forest exploitation is a crucial part of the solution of such important problems as the rational use of land and water resources, stable crop yields, and the creation of favourable conditions for human life.To solve these important economic problems, the Siberian branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences has devised a long-term programme of ecological monitoring of Siberian forest resources using aerospace techniques. The programme provides for the establishment and improvement of ecogeographical and physicotechnological principles of the remote sensing of forests and the development of fundamental forest-biological research based on new methodologies, the results of which are used to solve urgent forestry and nature protection problems. The research is carried out in the following major directions: studying spectral characteristics of forest vegetation for forest-state indication; thematic mapping of taiga territories; assessing biological productivity of natural complexes; environmental state monitoring; fire protection of forests; pest and disease control; developin instruments and methods for automatized aerospace data processing for real-time use.We consider forest-state monitoring to be one of the crucial tools in providing the optimum use of forest ecosystems for resource and ecological functions.

Small Production and State Intervention in Agriculture

The rapid accumulation of state functions in agriculture during this century is a new kind of phenomenon in our history. It is also a process common to all developed capitalist countries in Europe. This article concentrates on the main features of agricultural policies in Finland, in order to illustrate the socio-economic reasons behind state intervention in agriculture. Production, income and structural policies all have, besides agricultural, also more general social and economic goals But mechanisms exist that counteract the attainment of these goals Capitalization of subsidies to land prices, differentiation as a cause and as a consequence of policies, and rising accumulation threshold are considered It is suggested that expanded repro duction is inevitable for family farms and that generation change is a most critical point of the reproduction process. Thus it also is a most strategic object for state intervention.

Otto Bauer's Scheme of Expanded Reproduction: An Early Harrodian Growth Model

Otto Bauer's Scheme of Expanded Reproduction: An Early Harrodian Growth Model

How to Transform Cyclical Economic Fluctuations into Smooth, Expanded Reproduction

How do we transform cyclical economic fluctuations into smooth, expanded reproduction in the shortest time permissible during the sixth five-year plan period? On the whole, we have to rely on a comprehensive implementation of the eight-character policy that is centered on the current adjustment. This transformation is an extremely arduous and complex task. Here, I venture some of my personal opinions on the problem.