Exothermic Hydration Research Articles

The Effect of Calcium Sulfate on the Hydration and Properties of Red Mud-Based Calcium Ferroaluminate Cement Clinker.

The hydration of high-alkali red mud-based ferroaluminate cement (RCFA) clinker with calcium sulfate needs to be regulated. This study explored the effects of the calcium sulfate type and dosage on the hydration and properties of high-alkali RCFA clinker. The research results show that when 4% gypsum was added, the 3 d compressive strength of cement was 39.1 MPa, and the 28 d compressive strength was 63.2 MPa. The 28 d strength increased by 61.6% compared with the 3 d strength. The properties of cement paste can be adversely affected by excessive anhydrite content. The exothermic hydration of clinker was accelerated by calcium sulfate at the beginning, but the rate declined as the process progressed. Sufficient sulfur supply can enhance the hydration of ye'elimite, thereby increasing the AFt content in the hydration product. The mass loss of the hydration product is mainly caused by the dehydration of ettringite, monosulfoaluminate, and AH3. In addition, the Na element in the RCFA hydration product is mainly present in monosulfoaluminate and unhydrated cement particles.

Research on Temperature Control of Mass Concrete for Multi-Tower Cable-Stayed Bridge Cap during Construction

In the construction process of mass concrete structures, the large temperature gradient due to exothermic hydration makes the mass concrete highly susceptible to cracking. This paper carried out research on temperature control methods of mass concrete for the purpose of ensuring construction quality based on the construction of Fengyi cable-stayed bridge caps. Firstly, the temperature and stress change rule in the concrete pouring process of the caps was analyzed though the finite element method (FEM). Then, targeted-oriented comprehensive temperature control schemes were formulated according to the structural characteristics and construction environment of the cap, including the optimization of the material ratio, the arrangement of crack-resistant reinforcing steel, the design of a water pipe cooling scheme and reasonable maintenance. Finally, the whole bridge cap construction process using the optimized water pipe cooling solution was monitored, and the temperature gap between inside and outside the concrete satisfied the specification requirements rigorously. In the concrete demolding session, the concrete surface was smooth and no cracks were found, which indicates the temperature control scheme is reasonable and effective. The research results have reference significance for the pouring and temperature control of mass concrete for bridge caps.

Ultrasonic wave characteristics in multiscale cementitious materials at different stages of hydration

Monitoring the microstructural change in cementitious materials during hydration is an essential but challenging task. Therefore, a non-invasive and sophisticated technique is warranted to understand the microscopic behaviour of the multiphase cementitious materials (where the length scale of the constituents varies from centimeters to micrometers) in different stages of hydration. Due to exothermic hydration reactions, different hydration products start to evolve with individual mechanical properties. In concrete, an interface transition zone (ITZ) appears between the aggregate surface and paste matrix, which influences the overall properties of concrete material. In the present research, 1) several wave characteristics, such as wave velocity, energy distribution, and signal phase are found out using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV), Wavelet Packet Energy (WPE) and Hilbert Transform (HT) methods, to monitor the hydration mechanism (1d-28d) in cement-based materials with two levels of heterogeneities (cement paste and concrete, representing microscale and mesoscale, respectively). Also, the unique nonlinear behaviour is studied in the frequency domain using the promising Sideband Energy Ratio (SER) and Sideband Peak Count Index (SPC-I) methods. 2) Numerical simulations are carried out to understand the wave interaction in the developing microstructure. A discretized microstructure of cement shows microscopic details of each phase at any instant of hydration (e.g., formation stage and after complete maturity level). The experimental and numerical investigations on the characteristics of the nonlinear ultrasonic wave propagation show the impact of microstructural development of multi-scale cementitious materials during hydration.

Investigation on the preparation of low carbon cement materials from industrial solid waste phosphogypsum: Clinker preparation, cement properties, and hydration mechanism

Low-carbon calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement can be prepared with industrial by-product phosphogypsum (PG). This paper uses PG to replace natural gypsum in preparing PG-based CSA (PGCSA) cement as a raw material and mineral admixture, and the mechanical properties and hydration mechanism of PGCSA cement are explored. The results showed that the clinker with ye'elimite mineral content of 67.23% was fired at 1250 °C by mixing 19.52% PG into the raw materials. The participation of PG in hydration can accelerate the hardening of paste and improve the compressive strength of cement. The optimum dosage of PG as a mineral admixture was 20%, and the compressive strength reached 88.4 MPa at 28 days. Added PG promoted the early hydration of ye'elimite, and reaching 60% hydration within 1 day. The hydration mechanism was believed that a large amount of Ca2+ released by PG dissolution increased the ion concentration and promoted the hydration of ye'elimite. The PGCSA cement prepared in this study at 1250 °C had low carbon emission and PG utilization was higher than 40%. In addition, the pH and exothermic hydration of PGCSA cement were reduced about 2 and 100 J/g compared to that of CSA cement. This paper provides a feasible solution for PG resource utilization and carbon reduction.

Exothermic reactions and 39Ar–40Ar thermochronology: Hydration leads to younger apparent ages

Abstract Retrogression and hydration commonly affect large swaths of Earth’s crust, causing variable degrees of chloritization, sericitization, and/or serpentinization. Hydration is a strongly exothermic process that partially opens isotopic systems, thereby distorting the recorded apparent ages and cooling histories of reworked terranes. Using a simple one-dimensional numerical model involving heat released at variable temperatures to simulate exothermic hydration, we track the cooling histories for rocks that exhume from depth. The calculated cooling paths are used to quantify apparent 39Ar–40Ar ages in muscovite, biotite, and feldspar considering 40Ar production and diffusive Ar loss. For fluid incorporation relative to chloritization of ~10%, ~50 kJ of latent heat are released per kilogram of rock. For this scenario and exhumation rates between 1 mm·yr–1 and 4 mm·yr–1, muscovite grains ≤100 µm in diameter yield apparent ages that are younger by up to 10%, but always exceeding the typical uncertainty of Ar dating. Biotite and feldspar display a similar distortion, even for large grains of ~1 mm in size. The relative younging effect increases to >30% with enthalpy released, exhumation rate, and decreasing grain size, with younging reaching a maximum for hydration at approximately the nominal closure temperature of the respective thermochronometers. Using published data sets (from Sifnos, Greece, and Tian Shan, China), we suggest that rejuvenation of apparent mica ages is consistent with diffusive Ar loss due to exothermic hydration during exhumation. Our method applies to any thermally activated process, like element exchange in mineral thermometers or fission-track annealing, provided heat is released close to the characteristic closure temperature. This extends to processes beyond hydration, such as shear heating or localized magma emplacement, making our results pertinent for diverse thermochronometers and temperature-sensitive methods across a broad range of conditions.

Study on Hydration Heat Release Model and Its Influence Coefficient of Addition Concrete

The concrete of the main structure of subway stations is highly constrained, so the temperature effect and shrinkage effect generated during the construction process often cause large restraint stress, thus causing the problem of structural cracking. Therefore, low-heat-of-hydration cements are usually used in such construction work to reduce the temperature during the aging of concrete. Therefore, based on the hydration heat release subprogram of concrete, an effective numerical simulation was carried out, and compared with the semi-adiabatic temperature rise test, a method of numerical calculation and parameter fitting to solve the influence coefficient of the hydration heat model was proposed, and the sensitivity of the hydration heat release model and the influence coefficient for several concrete mixtures with additives was studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Combined with the measured temperature curves of several types of mineral-admixed concrete, the composite exponential exothermic model of several types of mineral-admixed concrete can be obtained by adjusting the parameter fitting to solve the influence coefficient of the exothermic hydration model proposed in this paper. (2) One can adjust the influencing coefficient a to control the maximum temperature of concrete. Similarly, the temperature curve of concrete can be adjusted by modifying the influencing coefficient b.

Study on the hydration reaction and pore structure of ecologically recycled mortar with corn cob aggregates

Ecologically recycled mortar with corn cob aggregates becomes a research hotspot. However, corn cobs consist of organic materials which have a negative impact on the hydration process of cement. Therefore, a knowledge of the effects of corn cob particle dosage on the hydration reaction process and microscopic pore is important. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to quantitatively and visually observe the hydration reaction of the mortar, and it was found that the addition of corn cob particles resulted in a 22-fold increase in harmful pores and a 20% decrease in pore complexity. Moreover, the effects of corn cob particles on self-shrinkage after the exothermic hydration of mortar was investigated. The result demonstrates that mortar with corn cob particles exhibits a certain degree of plasticity and can bear a certain amount of load, while retaining up to 20% of its deformation energy. Despite the decrease of strength, high admixtures of corn cob particles have excellent thermal insulation properties. This attribute endows corn cob pellet eco-mortar (EM) with the ability to resist external loads, such as those caused by earthquakes and uneven settlement, and thus, provides this material with the potential to be utilized as a wall material.

Experimental study on the influence of content and fineness of fly ash on the mechanical properties of grouting slurries

AbstractExcavation gaps around the front shield can be generated during shield construction, resulting in significant ground settlement. Traditional synchronous grouting slurries are unsuitable for filling these gaps during tunneling under existing subway lines. To address this issue, experiments are conducted on mix characteristics and hardening properties of slurries with variations in fineness and contents of fly ash. The experimental and computed tomography scan results yield the following findings: (1) fly ash with high fineness can effectively reduce the early strength of slurries and enhance their injectability. This improves the filling effect on micropores in the slurry and ultimately enhances the final hardening strength. (2) Fineness of fly ash controls the process of slurry hydration. The higher the fineness of fly ash, the more visible the exothermic hydration of slurry and the earlier the highest temperature peak appears. (3) Fly ash with high fineness can effectively increase the density and consolidation rate of slurries, resulting in greater improvement in slurry strength, particularly when the ratio of fly ash to cement (mf/mc) is 0.75. (4) Fly ash with high fineness can effectively decrease the likelihood of appearance of pores in the slurry, optimize the pore structure, and enhance the strength of slurries after consolidation.

Cohesive element-based chemo-thermo-mechanical multi-field coupled cracking simulation of early-age concrete

Due to the intense exothermic hydration process, early-age concrete undergoes restrained shrinkage deformation, which can easily lead to cracks in concrete structures during construction. In order to accurately predict the adverse effects of early-age concrete cracking behavior, a cohesive element-based chemo-thermo-mechanical multi-field coupled cracking model of early-age concrete is proposed in this study. Parametric analysis shows that by selecting appropriate gap conductance, constitutive thickness, mesh size, and viscosity coefficient for the cohesive elements, the multi-field coupled cracking model can successfully simulate the entire cracking process of early-age concrete, and it has the ability to obtain crack development behavior based on the real displacement field jumps, coordinates, and damage of cohesive elements. The validation of the numerical examples reveals the competing mechanisms between thermal expansion and autogenous shrinkage in early-age concrete and accurately predicts the cracking strain, region, time, and width (within an order of magnitude) as reported in the literature.

The mineral phase evolution characteristics and hydration activity enhancement mechanism of steel slag under NaOH alkaline excitation

During the slow cooling process of steel slag, crystals of the inert ore phase (C2F) and active ore phase (C2S, C3S) grow dependently, and the irregular interlacement and coating between ore phases strongly affect the hydration activity of the active ore phase in steel slag. Therefore, in this article, a typical alkaline activator, NaOH, was selected, the solvent type and concentration were optimized, and the etching behavior and mechanism of action of the NaOH alkaline activator on the surface of steel slag particles were clarified by analyzing the mineral phase composition, microstructure, particle size distribution, and pore structure evolution characteristics under alkaline excitation. In addition, the water hydration products, microstructure, exothermic hydration and thermogravimetric data before and after the excitation of steel slag were characterized, revealing the mechanism of enhancing the hydration activity of steel slag under alkaline NaOH stimulation. The results showed that both NaOH aqueous solution and ethanol solution could effectively increase the mass fraction of active mineral phases in steel slag; among them, the 0.08 mol/L NaOH ethanol solution had the best chemical activation effect on the steel slag. Compared with that of the raw steel slag, the total mass fraction of the active mineral phases (C2S and C3S) increased from 37.3 wt% to 45.6 wt%, and the mass fraction of the inert mineral phase C2F decreased from 38.3 wt% to 19.1 wt%. The consumption of active mineral phases in steel slag is reduced by the water in the activator. The alkaline activator erodes the dense inert mineral phase C2F on the surface of the steel slag particles, resulting in etching pits that expose the active silicate mineral phase and provide additional hydration sites. The cumulative heat release from the steel slag after alkaline excitation was 116.27 J/g at 72 h, which was 66.88 J/g higher than that of the raw steel slag. These conditions significantly improved the early hydration performance of the steel slag and promoted the formation of amorphous cementitious products (CH, C-S-H and AFt) in the steel slag system, which subsequently filled the capillary pores of the steel slag and formed a denser microstructure.

Mechanical Properties and Reaction Kinetics of Alkali-Activated Metakaolin.

In this study, the influence of the physicochemical properties and proportioning conditions of metakaolin on the mechanical properties of the synthesized metakaolin geopolymers was comprehensively evaluated, and the issue of the reaction control mechanism for the formation of mechanical properties during the synthesis of geopolymers was addressed. The reaction mechanism was analyzed by SEM and FTIR, and the kinetic analysis of the geopolymerization process was carried out using isothermal calorimetry combined with the Jander model. The test results show that the physicochemical properties of the metakaolin and the proportioning conditions together affect the mechanical properties of the geopolymer, with the correlation between the active aluminum content of the metakaolin and the strength of the geopolymer reaching over 0.87. The early stages of the geopolymerization reaction are all controlled by nucleation-growth mechanisms (N < 1), and the variability in control mechanisms is mainly found in the later stages of the geopolymerization reaction. The low reactivity and slow exothermic hydration of metakaolin are more inclined to the nucleation-growth mechanism responsible for the hydration process due to the large amount of encapsulation.

Utilization of Coal gasification fine ash for construction material: From physical and chemical properties to the hydration activity of thermally modified CGFA

Coal gasification technology is the core of clean and efficient utilization of coal, while coal gasification fine ash (CGFA) is the solid waste inevitably produced in the coal gasification process. Due to the high residual carbon content and water retention of CGFA, the solubility of its silica-aluminium-calcium-containing minerals is poor, which affects its potential cementing properties in construction materials. In this paper, the basic physicochemical properties were investigated, and it was found that small particles of CGFA (CGFA-S) had more active mineral components, lower residual carbon content (17.17%) and weaker water retention (6.91%), which facilitated the removal of impurities and water. In addition, the best effects were achieved at a heat treatment temperature of 650 °C, which exposed the minerals and increased the solution solubility, and the leaching concentrations of Si4+, Al3+, and Ca2+ increased by 21.2%, 44.6%, and 97.8%, respectively. However, when the temperature was too high (815 °C), the minerals recrystallized, leading to structural instability and dissolution difficulties, and the concentrations of the three major ions were reduced by 84.4%, 82.0%, and 42.2%, respectively, compared with the control.Finally, the optimal heat treatment temperature was 650 °C, with the highest exothermic hydration rate (11.92 mW/g) and the highest cumulative exothermic heat (199.81 J/g). The hydration products were tightly bound, and the cement mortar specimens had the highest compressive strength, with a 28d strength of 45.4 MPa.

Study on the macroscopic properties of phosphorus slag composite cementitious materials based on hydration perspective

Phosphorus slag (PS) is a kind of industrial waste residue, and the reuse of PS as a mineral admixture is a sustainable and efficient treatment method. In this paper, the reaction process of PS in composite paste is systematically analyzed by studying the workability, hydration kinetics, microstructure and macroscopic properties. The results show that the initial fluidity of PS composite paste decreases with the increase of PS content, and the fluidity increases in the first 2 h. Compared with inert quartz powder of the same particle size, incorporating PS delays the appearance of the exothermic hydration peak and reduces the peak value. By XRD and TGA, PS did not cause the paste to produce new hydration products. The Ca(OH)2 content of PS composite paste was always smaller than that of the quartz powder composite paste, and the content of 3 d and 28 d gel was higher than that of quartz composite paste. The pore size distribution showed that the gel pores of PS composite paste were significantly higher than the pure cement paste and the quartz powder composite paste, and the capillary pores were smaller than those of quartz powder composite paste. So, to sum up, a pozzolanic reaction followed the inhibition by PS in the early stage in the system, which promoted the hydration of the cement and promoted the densification of the microstructure and the development of strength. As a result, the strength of PS composite paste increased rapidly in the age of 3–28 d, and the resistance of chloride ion penetration was significantly improved with the increase of PS. This study provides theoretical basis and technical guidance for the application of phosphorus slag as mineral admixture in cementitious system.

Future ready limes for the AAC industry

AbstractLime is an essential raw material for the production of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC). Its functionality is triple in this application: The mineral phase giving rise to the mechanical strength of AAC (tobermorite) is formed by the reaction of quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) with silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) under hydrothermal curing. Lime is also providing the alkaline conditions required for the formation of the hydrogen bubbles structuring the mineral foam. Finally, the exothermic hydration (“slaking”) reaction with water is providing the required energy input in the system. Lime is produced by the calcination of limestone (CaCO3) releasing carbon dioxide (CO2). Today's limes appreciated for the production of AAC are showing slow reactivity, with t60 values typically higher than 8 and up to 16 min and more. Those limes are obtained by severe calcination, so‐called “hardburning,” which requires a higher amount of energy compared to standard high reactive limes, releasing more CO2 accordingly. Seeking for improving the carbon footprint of its product portfolio, Lhoist investigates different pathways to produce limes suitable for the production of AAC. This paper presents new lime qualities under development, their slaking behavior, and impact on the typical AAC process steps. The new limes show smooth while modified slaking profiles. The use of such lime qualities will allow for a progressive shift from today's formulation technologies towards formulations with highly improved environmental profile.

Finite element modeling of early-age temperature development of in-situ concrete under variable ambient temperatures

The early-age temperature rises in in-situ concrete, caused by the exothermic hydration of cement, poses a significant risk of thermal cracking in concrete structures. This issue is particularly critical in large-scale structures, where thermal cracking can lead to serious structural integrity issues. Therefore, the accurate prediction of the concrete hydration temperature development is paramount for predicting and mitigating early thermal cracking in concrete. However, one of the main challenges in predicting in-situ concrete temperatures is the significant effect of variable ambient temperature on cement hydration rates and concrete heat dissipation. To address this challenge, this paper presents a finite element modeling (FEM) approach that accurately predicts the early-age temperature development of in-situ concrete by adequately considering the effect of variable ambient temperatures. The model integrates the heat of hydration of the cement, the impact of ambient temperature variations, and the heat transfer through the concrete and insulation mould. The cement hydration rate under real-life ambient temperatures is simulated using an Arrhenius-based method, which mathematically adjusts the isothermal calorimetry curves to reflect the actual conditions. Additionally, the study investigates the inhibitory effect of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) on the early hydration temperature of concrete, with experimental tests and FEM simulations conducted on concrete mixes where up to 70% of the cement was replaced with GGBS. The validity of the FEM model was confirmed through comparison with concrete semi-adiabatic tests, demonstrating that the model provides accurate predictions of the temperature development of in-situ concrete. Importantly, the results indicate that the adjusted isothermal calorimetry curves successfully capture the ambient temperature effect on the cement hydration rate. The results provide valuable insights for the design of concrete structures, particularly in preventing early-age thermal cracking.

Optimum Curing Regimes of Early Strength Concrete Inclusive of Heat Transfer and Hydration Effects

The optimum curing regime (OCR) empirically obtained from a number of small-sized specimens may be overly conservative or inaccurate due to neglecting the effects of exothermic hydration and geometries of full-sized members related to heat transfer. This study presents a theoretical model considering these effects to determine the OCRs of early strength concrete (ESC) in a Pareto set from an extensive design space. To validate the model, experiments were performed to measure the temperature histories and strength development under steam-curing conditions for a full-sized beam segment and match-cured small cylinders made of ESC. Parametric studies showed that energy savings of 7.5%, 20.4%, 42.7%, and 56.3% in steam curing could be achieved with the increase of the maximum steam temperature, sectional area, cooling period in the curing regime, and compressive strength of ESC, respectively. The most significant energy saving, 66.1%, was realized by including the favorable effects of hydration, compared with the results of OCR without hydration for the section considered in this study.

The effects of calcium content of fly ash on hydration and microstructure of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)

In this study, the effects of low-calcium fly ash (LFA) and high-calcium fly ash (HFA) on C–S–H structure, hydration products, hydration heat, and compressive strength of UHPC paste/concrete were investigated and compared via XPS, MIP, FT-IR, 29Si NMR, XRD, SEM, and the thermal analysis method. The results showed that fly ash reduced the rate of exothermic hydration and early strength, but it increased the compressive strength and reduced the porosity in the middle and late ages, and denied the microstructure of UHPC. By contrast, HFA exhibited the higher band fluctuation of Si–O and Al–O and lower Ca2p-Si2p energy separation values, which indicated that more amorphous silicon oxide and alumina participated in the pozzolanic reaction. This also demonstrated that HFA played an important role in enhancing the polymerization degree and increasing a higher level of Al-substitution for Si in C–S–H than LFA. HFA enhanced the pore volume with diameters less than 10 nm from 28 to 90 days due to pozzolanic reaction and filling effect, whereas the LFA mainly played a filling role and a lower pozzolanic reaction during this period. Durability results showed that fly ash reduced the drying shrinkage and chloride impermeability coefficient of UHPC, and the effect of HFA was better than that of LFA.

Recycling of date kernel powder (DKP) in mass concrete for mitigating heat generation and risk of cracking at an early age

Mass concrete in many structural and non-structural applications is prone to early age cracking and chemo-damage from the exothermic hydration reactions of the cement binder. Date kernels are a waste product generated in large quantities in the date processing industry in the Middle East, North Africa and other countries worldwide. The use of calcined date kernel powder (DKP) as a mineral admixture in concrete to reduce the heat of hydration and temperature rise in mass concrete is a novel idea for which no prior research has been condcuted. A combined experimental and numerical investigation was conducted to assess the performance of DKP as a heat-reducing material in mass concrete. Concrete mixes with 10%, 20% and 30% DKP replacing cement and similar mixes with fly ash (FA) were investigated for evolution of mechanical and thermal properties and the adiabatic heat of hydration. 3D finite element models of mass concrete blocks 2mx2mx2m in size were validated using the data obtained from similar blocks in field instrumented with thermocouples. The 3D FE model was subsequently used to predict the heat of hydration, temperature rise and cracking index of a mass concrete block with 30% DKP powder. Experimental results showed a significant reduction in the heat of hydration in DKP concrete, with levels comparable to the FA concrete without a significant impact of strength properties. The DKP waste material has a strong potential for reducing heat of hydration in mass concrete structures, thereby promoting waste utilization, recycling and sustainability.

Superimposed hydration exothermic model of cement slurry considering different reaction rates of various active substances

Cement components usually contain two or more hydration active substances with different hydration reaction rates, and the existing hydration exothermic model of cement-based materials do not consider the difference of reaction rates of active substances. This paper proposes a new exothermic hydration model of cement-based materials, which takes into consideration the different reaction rates of multi-component active substances. Firstly, the hydration heat and the representative temperatures of cement slurry with the water-cement ratio of 0.3, are tested through adiabatic and dissolution heat methods. Secondly, the total hydration reaction process is assumed as the composition of the reaction processes of multi-component active substances. Then, a hydration exothermic model witch is superimposed by several exponential functions is fit according to the exothermic hydration experimental data and the Arrhenius chemical expression. The comparison results show that the proposed model is more accurate than the monomial exponential function model, especiallyat the early age before the initial setting time. In conclusion, the proposed model can better explain the influence of the reaction rate difference of different active substances of cement on the exothermic process, and the accuracy of hydration analysis is more accurate by using it than others.

Wetting sub-nanochannels via ionic hydration effect for improving charging dynamics

The ionic transport in sub-nanochannels plays a key role in energy storage, yet suffers from a high energy barrier. Wetting sub-nanochannels is crucial to accelerate ionic transport, but the introduction of water is challenging because of the hydrophobic extreme confinement. We propose wetting the channels by the exothermic hydration process of pre-intercalated ions, the effect of which varies distinctly with different ionic hydration structures and energies. Compared to the failed pre-intercalation of SO42−, HSO4− with weak hydration energy results in a marginal effect on the HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) level of water to avoid water splitting during the electrochemical intercalation. Meanwhile, the ability of water introduction is reserved by the initial incomplete dissociation state of HSO4−, so the consequent exothermic reionization and hydration processes of the intercalated HSO4− promote the water introduction into sub-nanochannels, finally forming the stable confined water through hydrogen bonding with functional groups. The wetted channels exhibit a significantly enhanced ionic diffusion coefficient by ∼9.4 times.