Exit Vehicles Research Articles

License Plate Detection Based on Open CV

In this project a new approach of automatic vehicle number plate recognition in National Highways and this approach enables the vehicle to automatically pass the NH roads by using object detection, 3D environment construction, virtual line generation, path planning. The system is to monitor the vehicles that are entering and going out of the NH roads. All vehicles have their own unique license plate number, so the abstraction of plate number plays a major role in this system. The vehicle number plate is taken by the tool like machine learning based camera which is placed at the road junctions. The captured image will be processed by the automatic number plate recognition using OCR (optical character recognition) algorithm, here we using Gaussians filters for remove the blueness of the image using a Gaussian kernel suppresses only high-frequency spatial information. Then the entry and exit vehicle number should be recorded. A database is created with the vehicle number. This method is an efficient way of recognizing the vehicle number plate and strengthen the security system. In case of centralized receiver all the entrance records are kept in storage and it will check the presence of theft vehicle entering into the NH roads, it will be noticed and capture the vehicle image and vehicle information’s will be send to authorized person using IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol). The OCR technique is used to identify the number. This system has many advantages like theft detection, less man power, user friendly, vehicle logging and less processing time.

The Analysis of Service Level on Diponegoro Road, Pasar Aceh: Comparing The Existing Condition and with on-Street Parking Restriction

Traffic congestion is a major problem in cities, especially on the main roads in the Central Business District (CBD) area, as occurred on Diponegoro Road in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. This problem has economic, social, and environmental impacts, such as fuel wastage, longer travel times, and air pollution from vehicle exhaust gases. Factors causing traffic congestion include side friction, such as road crossings (Pedestrian/PED), parking and stop vehicles (PSV), entry and exit vehicles (EEV), and slowmoving vehicles (SMV). Diponegoro Road is a three-lane one-way road (3/1 TT). However, only one lane is effective during peak hours, while the other is used for vehicle parking. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the service level of Dipenogoro Road under existing conditions and with the implementation of on-street parking restrictions. The road performance was calculated using the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI) 2023 method. The data needed are traffic volume, road geometrics, side friction, and population. The study results show that the road's service level on weekdays (Monday and Thursday) is on level C, indicating that traffic conditions limit the speed and movement of vehicles, and the drivers are restricted in choosing the desired speed. On Sunday mornings, the road level of service is on level B, while in the afternoon, it becomes level D. This difference in service level occurs because there is no activity to access schools or workplaces on Sunday mornings. On Sunday afternoons, most citizens go shopping or sightseeing, causing volume and roadside friction to increase and road performance to drop. The level of road service with the implementation of on-street parking restrictions shows a good level (A and B), with an indication of stable traffic flow, and drivers are free to choose their driving speed. Thus, this research recommends maximizing off-street parking to limit on-street parking.

Modeling Lane-Changing Behavior Based on a Joint Neural Network

This paper proposes a joint neural network model to imitate lane-changing behaviors. Specifically, lane-changing decision-making process is captured by probabilistic neural network (PNN) and lane-changing decision-making process is learned by back-propagation neural network (BPNN). The link between the two neural networks is the target gap for lane-changing. After testing and calibrating the joint neural network model, simulation experiments are designed to study heterogeneous traffic flow at an off-ramp bottleneck. Numerical simulations are conducted in various traffic scenarios with different market penetration rates (MPRs) of intelligent vehicles (IVs) and proportions of exit vehicles. Finally, the performance of heterogeneous flows is evaluated from the perspectives of average speed, road capacity, and safety. The results show that joint neural network can accurately predict the gap types chosen for lane changes and vehicle trajectory during lane-changing. For the traffic system, road capacity obtains the least value when the MPR of IVs is 50%. Moreover, frequent lane-changing movements upstream the off-ramp bottleneck determine the areas at greatest risk. However, when MPR of IVs is over 80% or proportion of exit vehicles is below 15%, both traffic efficiency and safety can be significantly improved. This work provides some insights into the application of machine learning algorithms to traffic flow modeling, and conducts quantitative analysis on the impact of key parameters on traffic systems. Findings of this work can support management and operation of automated highway systems in the future.

Calculation, design and manufacture of heteropolar magnetic levitation and linear drive systems of maglev transport

Background: The methods of calculation and elements of the technology for creating heteropolar magnetic systems of levitation, lateral stabilization and a rotor-runner of a traction linear synchronous motor for the development of the transport technology "Russian Maglev" in order to achieve an increased levitation gap of 0.2 m, reduce the threshold speed of the exit vehicle in levitation mode up to 10 km/h.
 Aim: to develop methods for calculating and designing heteropolar poles from elementary permanent magnets, coils of the same type based on composite low-temperature superconductors and high-temperature tape superconductors of the second generation and a step-by-step technology for their production.
 Tasks:
 
 Creation of an on-board magnetic system of levitation and lateral stabilization, allowing to provide a levitation gap of 0.2 m, a threshold value of vehicle speed of 10 km/h when transition to levitation mode, to reduce stray magnetic fields to the level of the natural field of terrestrial magnetism of 50 T;
 Creation of a rotor-runner of a linear synchronous motor with an ironless stator with a power of 10 MW.
 
 Methods: outlines the main calculation methodologies: "analysis" and "synthesis". The "analysis" methodology is adopted in solving the "direct" calculation problem, when the configuration of the magnetic system is set and the magnetic field in the working area is calculated, and, if necessary, the stray magnetic fields. This methodology can be effectively applied if there is experience in creating magnetic systems. Otherwise, the "synthesis" methodology is applied, which is used in solving the "inverse" calculation problem, in which the picture of the distribution of the magnetic field in the working zone is set and the configuration of the magnetic system is found (synthesized).
 Results of the study performed:
 
 The parameters and characteristics of high-energy permanent magnets made of rare-earth metals, low-temperature and high-temperature superconducting winding materials have been analyzed, the choice of permanent magnets and superconducting winding material has been made;
 Calculations of the magnetic system of permanent magnets in the "Halbach assembly" and in the traditional assembly in a toothed ferromagnetic core have been carried out;
 Calculations of a track coil with a rectangular cross-section of the winding are performed;
 Methods for calculating and optimizing superconducting magnetic systems from a set of similar track modules have been developed;
 
 Conclusions: The results of the performed fundamental research will allow starting the calculation, design and construction of conveyor-main passenger and freight lines of maglev transport, as well as urban public transport.

Smart Parking Management System

The demand for parking and security has increased in public areas which led us to bring this system into existence. The presented system guides the user to find a free parking slot without any effort and keeps the vehicle secure. Arduino-based systems control the movement of the toll gate to permits entry and exit vehicles to and through parking spaces. A camera in front captures the image of a vehicle passing through the toll gate and automatically stores the number plate text of a vehicle and other essential information like time and the parking slot, which is preserved in the database for security purposes. The system consists of a display that guides a user to a free parking slot. The systems also have a feature to send alerts to registered users.

Modeling Lane-Change Risk in Urban Expressway Off-Ramp Area Based on Naturalistic Driving Data

Abstract Off-ramp areas are considered the critical sections of urban expressways where the exiting vehicles and straight-through vehicles merge. Therefore, lane-change behaviors frequently occur at the upstream of the urban expressway off-ramp, which lead to high chance of traffic crashes. This study looks at the risk of lane-change behaviors in the multilane urban expressway off-ramp areas. First, lane-change process information of exit vehicles in urban expressway off-ramp area was extracted from the Shanghai Naturalistic Driving Study (SH-NDS) database. Second, for each lane-change movements of exit vehicles, a risk evaluation indicator (risk perception, RP) was adopted to quantify the lane-change risk. Based on the RP, the study proposed a four-rank risk classification criterion using K-means clustering to define the risk rank of each lane-change movement. Finally, a lane-change risk rank classification model was developed for traffic in the off-ramp areas of multilane expressways using four distinctive influencing factors. Four influencing factors, namely, traffic congestion level, demand lane change times, lane-change direction, and relative distance between vehicle and exit, were used to describe the traffic flow characteristics and exiting lane-change route for the modeling purpose. The risk model was developed using two support vector machine models, which were based on the partial binary tree structure and the directed acyclic graph structure, respectively. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the partial binary tree structure classifier was 65.71 % and the average AUC value was 0.9004, both of which shows a better performance of the partial binary tree structure classifier, compared with the directed acyclic graph structure classifier.

A Reflective Assessment of Selected Problematic Aspects of South Africa’s Appraisal Remedy Regime Against the Backdrop of Cilliers v La Concorde Holdings Ltd

Several policy rationales have been offered as justifications for the new appraisal remedy, including its functioning as a credible exit vehicle for disgruntled shareholders upon receipt of payment of a ‘fair value’ for their shares. However, against the backdrop of the High Court decision in Cilliers v LA Concorde Holdings Ltd, this article explores two problematic issues regarding the practical application of the appraisal remedy. The first issue relates to who may access the remedy, while the second relates to the complexity, costs, and rigidity of the procedure that must be followed to access successfully the inherent benefits of the appraisal remedy. The paper argues, in the first instance, that the court’s decision in Cilliers to allow disgruntled shareholders in a holding company to access appraisal rights in relation to a subsidiary is salutary; and, secondly, that the complexity, costs, and rigidity of the appraisal procedure can be alleviated through the revision of some of the underlying statutory provisions.

Theoretical Calculations of Economic Life of Firefighting Appliances Based on Chassis Tatra in the South Moravian Region

This paper is focused on the evaluation of economic data obtained from operational records of firefighting equipment with a focus on firefighting and rescue appliances, especially on exit vehicles based on the chassis CAS 20 – TATRA T815-231R55 18 325 4x4.2. These vehicles have been operated by professional units of the Fire and Rescue Service in the South Moravian Region since September 2013. The producer of firefighting superstructures WISS GROUP, Bielsko-Biala, Poland, was a supplier of all these vehicles. The paper’s aim is to specify the optimum lifetime of the firefighting vehicles by the analysis of firefighting vehicles’ economical operation. Theoretical calculations of the optimum lifetime have been processed with implementing both the method of exponential trends and the Brown method. The residual value of vehicles has been calculated both according to the current Czech tax law, and to the Expert Standard Valuation of motor vehicles in force in the Czech Republic.

Assessment of Economic Life of Firefighting and Rescue Appliances Based on Chassis Renault Midlum in the Zlin Region

This paper is focused on the evaluation of economic data obtained from operational records of fire-fighting equipment with a focus on Firefighting and Rescue Appliance type of vehicles, especially on exit vehicles based on the chassis Renault Midlum, during the period 2006 - 2013. These vehicles were operated by professional units of the Fire and Rescue Service of the Zlin Region. The paper's aim is to specify the optimum lifetime of the fire-fighting vehicles by the marginal analysis of fire-fighting vehicles' economical operation. Theoretic calculations of the optimum lifetime have been processed with implementing both the method of exponential trends, and Brown method. The residual value of vehicles has been calculated both according to the current Czech tax law, and to the Expert Standard Valuation of motor vehicles in force in the Czech Republic.

Investment risk scoring model for commercial properties in India

Purpose– There is significant research related to risk and uncertainty in valuation. Risk, in valuation, is mostly communicated to investors in qualitative terms. There has been some research in developed markets to communicate risk quantitatively to clients through property risk scores. However there is paucity of research on communicating risk in emerging markets where the valuation profession is still evolving. Indian property markets have emerged as one the fastest growing markets in the last five years. With the growth in Indian economy and the emergence of indirect property investment market, it is likely that domestic and international passive investors would play an important role in property investment in India. Valuation of assets in portfolio and communication of risk in appropriate way would gain utmost importance. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– This study uses analytical hierarchical process method to quantitatively assess risk to value for office properties in India. This study focuses on identifying principal elements of risk as perceived by key market players in an emerging economy like India. It identifies fundamentals of market, property and lease to determine valuation risk. It may be highlighted here that the risk that this paper is analysing is not the risk that is associated with the valuation for valuer who is conducting valuation but systematic and non-systematic risk associated with property. A two round of survey has been conducted to find various principal elements of valuation risk and sub criteria’s through an online survey conducted through survey monkey.Findings– The study found that in an emerging market like India there are limited exit option for developers and investors due to absence of exit vehicle like REITs for office property. Principal element of risk considered is the resale of property, i.e. exit from an investment, followed by tenant and lease specific elements to be other principal elements of risk in the order tenant risk, lock-in duration, functional obsolescence and lease duration. Other market risks like yield movement, rental movement, occupier demand were not considered principal elements of risk.Research limitations/implications– The study could be expanded further by increasing the sample size and as this study demonstrates present market sentiments. Study needs to be updated periodically to retain its practical importance and relevance to the industry.Practical implications– Findings of this study could be used by valuers and investors investing in office properties in India.Originality/value– This is the first paper on risk scoring for commercial properties in the Indian market. It has high importance as Indian market for office space will grow significantly with introduction of REITs.

Capacity Change Mechanism of a Diverge Bottleneck

This paper offers a more complete picture of the capacity change mechanism at a diverge bottleneck caused by a queue from an exit ramp moving upstream onto the freeway. Detailed observations collected by videos during a 4-day period from an expressway in Bangkok, Thailand, showed that traffic states during bottleneck activation at the diverge site could be categorized into three distinct states with different levels of capacity according to vehicle speeds on through movement lanes and the rates of lane change maneuvers near the off-ramp queue. The data indicated that the transitions of traffic states were caused primarily by the changes in exit flows. The lower capacity was initiated by a more restrictive off-ramp flow that caused some cut-through vehicles on the adjacent lane to impede through movement traffic. Once the exit flow increased, impeding exit vehicles could move out of the adjacent through lane and higher capacity could be restored. These findings point to automatic off-ramp control strategies that would generate higher bottleneck capacities through detecting traffic speeds on freeway through lanes. These findings advance the present knowledge in traffic flow theory that will enable traffic researchers to understand more fully the traffic phenomena at a diverge bottleneck and will help traffic engineers to operate freeway traffic properly.

TRAFFIC BEHAVIOR AROUND THE WEAVING SECTION IN CELLULAR AUTOMATA MODEL

In this paper, the traffic behavior around the weaving section, in which an on-ramp and an off-ramp are joined together by an auxiliary lane, is investigated. The drive-in vehicle should merge into the main road while the exit vehicle should diverge from the main road. The influence of those merging and diverging behavior on the dynamics of traffic around the weaving section is studied by analyzing the phase diagram in different spaces and the total flux depending on each parameter. When the number of drive-in vehicle and the number of exit vehicle are close to each other, the total flux is less disturbed. But when they have large difference, the total flux is greatly reduced. We also studied the total flux as a function of the length of the weaving section. It is shown that the weaving section should not be shorter than 150 m.

Rate of return on venture capital investment in China

The rate of return on venture capital investment of venture capital (VC) firms in China has been attracting increasing attention. We use robust multinomial regression models to analyze 56 exit projects of venture capital investment from 1999 to 2003 in China. The results show that the returns of state-owned VC firms are lower than those of non state-owned VC firms. Furthermore, the returns of the VC firms located in Shanghai and Shenzhen are higher than those in other regions. The capital scale of VC firms is negatively correlated with the rate of return. In addition, some variables, such as business duration, investment scale, investment duration and exit vehicle, are probably unrelated to rate of return on venture capital investment in China.

Performance Predictors for the Police officer Physical Ability Test

1707 The North Carolina Police Officer Physical Ability Test (POPAT) is a standardized job simulated task required for all police academy graduates. While it is typically used as a requirement for graduation from police academy, some departments use the POPAT as a method for evaluating officers' ability to meet the physical requirements of police work. Components of the POPAT are performed in the following sequence: 1) exit vehicle and advance 200 yards, 2) victim removal from vehicle, 3) staircase climbing, 4) force entry of a door, 5) 20 push ups and 20 sit ups, 6) another sequence of staircase climbing, 7) culvert crawl, 8) repeat push up/sit up sequence, 9) 200 yard run, 10) 50 foot body drag and 11) mental task. The task is not adjusted for age and sex, passing the test requires a time of < 440 seconds. PURPOSE: Determine if a regression equation could be developed to predict POPAT performance time from a standard health and fitness screening. Results from this study will be used to identify individual characteristics that positively impact POPAT performance. Methods: 42 men and women university police officers participated in a required health and fitness screening designed to evaluate their ability to participate in the POPAT test. Assessments included: cardiopulmonary examination, symptom limited maximal treadmill test, 7-site skinfold, maximal grip strength and low-back flexibility. A multiple linear regression equation using the screening assessment variables was developed to evaluate POPAT performance time. Results: BMI, percent body fat and relative VO2 max (ml.kg−1.min−1) were the only predictors of POPAT performance. The equation generated from these variables accounted for 44% of the variance in performance time. Other variables such as hand grip, flexibility, fat free mass, body weight, and absolute oxygen consumption (L/min) did not predict performance. Conclusion: Although other variables need to be identified in predicting POPAT performance, VO2 (ml.kg−1.min−1), BMI and %fat provide a reasonable estimate of performance time. The results from this study can provide officers and departments with reasonable recommendations for improving POPAT performance time.

A cross-country comparison of full and partial venture capital exits

This paper considers the issue of when venture capitalists (VCs) make a partial, as opposed to a full exit, for the full range of exit vehicles. A full exit for an initial public offerings (IPO) involves a sale of all of the venture capitalist’s holdings within one year of the IPO; a partial exit involves sale of only part of the venture capitalist’s holdings within that period. A full acquisition exit involves the sale of the entire firm for cash; in a partial acquisition exit, the venture capitalist receives (often illiquid) shares in the acquiror firm instead of cash. In the case of a buyback exit (in which the entrepreneur buys out the venture capitalist) or a secondary sale, a partial exit entails a sale of only part of the venture capitalist’s holdings. A partial write-off involves a write down of the investment. We consider the determinants of full and partial venture capital exits for all five exit vehicles. We also perform a number of comparative empirical tests on samples of full and partial exits derived from a survey of Canadian and US venture capital firms. The data offer support to the central hypothesis of the paper: that the greater the degree of information asymmetry between the selling VC and the buyer, the greater the likelihood of a partial exit to signal quality. The data also indicate differences between the US and Canadian venture capital industries, and highlight the impact of legal and institutional factors on exits across countries.

Venture-Capital Exits in Canada and the United States

Abstract Venture capital exit vehicles enable, to different degrees, mitigation of informational asymmetries and agency costs between the entrepreneurial venture and the new owners of the firm. Different exit vehicles also affect the amount of new capital for the entrepreneurial firm. Based on these factors, we conjecture the efficient pattern of exits depending on the quality of the entrepreneurial venture, the nature of its assets, and the duration of venture capital investment. We empirically assess the significance of these factors using a multinomial logit model. Our comparative results between Canada and the U.S. provide insight into the impact of different institutional and legal constraints, and suggest such constraints have distorted the efficient pattern of exits in Canada. Contents I NTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………..3 I. E XIT V EHICLES ………………………………………………………………………………………...8 II. A G ENERAL T HEORY OF V ENTURE C APITAL E XITS ……………………………………………………10 III. E

Venture Capital Exits in Canada and the United States

Venture capital exit vehicles enable, to different degrees, mitigation of informational asymmetries and agency costs between the entrepreneurial venture and the new owners of the firm. Different exit vehicles also affect the amount of new capital for the entrepreneurial firm. Based on these factors, we conjecture the efficient pattern of exits depending on the quality of the entrepreneurial venture, the nature of its assets, and the duration of venture capital investment. We empirically assess the significance of these factors using a multinomial logit model. Our comparative results between Canada and the U.S. provide insight into the impact of different institutional and legal constraints, and suggest such constraints have distorted the efficient pattern of exits in Canada.

A Cross-Country Comparison of Full and Partial Venture Capital Exit Strategies

This paper considers the issue of when venture capitalists (VCs) make a partial, as opposed to a full exit, for the full range of exit vehicles. A full exit for an IPO involves a sale of all of the venture capitalist's holdings within one year of the IPO; a partial exit involves sale of only part of the venture capitalist's holdings within that period. A full acquisition exit involves the sale of the entire firm for cash; in a partial acquisition exit, the venture capitalist receives (often illiquid) shares in the acquiror firm instead of cash. In the case of a buyback exit (in which the entrepreneur buys out the venture capitalist) or a secondary sale, a partial exit entails a sale of only part of the venture capitalist's holdings. A partial write-off involves a write down of the investment. We consider the determinants of full and partial venture capital exits for all five exit vehicles. We also perform a number of comparative empirical tests on samples of full and partial exits derived from a survey of Canadian and U.S. venture capital firms. The data offer support to the central hypothesis of the paper: that the greater the degree of information asymmetry between the selling VC and the buyer, the greater the likelihood of a partial exit to signal quality. The data also indicate differences between the U.S. and Canadian venture capital industries, and highlight the impact of legal and institutional factors on exit strategies across countries. Parts of this paper appear in an earlier and different version entitled The Extent of Venture Capital Exits: Evidence from Canada and the United States, forthcoming in a book pursuant to a conference at Tilburg University and edited by J. McCahery and L.D.R. Renneboog (Oxford University Press).

The Extent of Venture Capital Exits: Evidence from Canada and the United States

This paper considers the issue of when venture capitalists (VCs) make a partial, as opposed to a full exit, for the full range of exit vehicles. A full exit for an IPO involves a sale of all of the venture capitalist's holdings within one year of the IPO; a partial exit involves sale of only part of the venture capitalist's holdings within that period. A full acquisition exit involves the sale of the entire firm for cash; in a partial acquisition exit, the venture capitalist receives (often illiquid) shares in the acquiror firm instead of cash. In the case of a secondary sale or a buyback exit (in which the entrepreneur buys out the venture capitalist), a partial exit entails a sale of only part of the venture capitalist's holdings. A partial write-off involves a write down of the investment. We perform empirical tests on samples of full and partial exits derived from a survey of Canadian and U.S. venture capital firms. The evidence indicates that partial exits are more likely for IPOs and secondary sales in Canada. Partial exits in Canada are also more likely the greater the market to book value of the investment. Partial exits in the U.S., by contrast, are more likely for buyback exits and when there is greater capital available for investment in the venture capital industry. The U.S. evidence further indicates that partial acquisition exits are more likely for technology firms, the longer the investment duration, and the greater the market to book value of the entrepreneurial firm. We also present evidence that the longer the investment duration, the more likely that venture capital investments will be written down, rather than completely written off. The differences we find between the Canadian and U.S. samples highlight the impact of legal and institutional factors on exit strategies.