Exit Type Research Articles

The Relationship Between Exits From Federally Subsidized Housing and Wages, King County, WA

Federally subsidized housing programs aim for economic self-sufficiency. We modeled housing exit type’s relationship with wage income using public housing authority exit data and Washington State wage data. Our cohort included 1,974 exits. Positive exits had higher mean wages ($8,392 vs. $6,643 and $6,253) and working hours (432 vs. 373 and 355) compared to neutral and negative exits, respectively. Households with positive exits were more likely to earn a living wage (33.5%) than those with neutral (16.9%) or negative (15.1%) exits. According to our model, positive exits earned an additional $1,593 (95% confidence interval: $1,031, $2,156) per quarter compared to negative exits. Wages among positive exits were substantially higher than those among neutral exits for four quarters before and after exit; wages among neutral exits were slightly higher than those for negative exits. These methods can assess the impact of programs targeting economic self-sufficiency among housing support recipients.

A Good Farewell? Positive Exits from Federal Housing Assistance and Lower Acute Healthcare Utilization.

Little is known regarding the health outcomes of people who exit from housing assistance and if that experience varies by the circumstances under which a person exits. We asked two questions: (1) does the type of exit from housing assistance matter for healthcare utilization? And (2) how does each exit type compare to remaining in housing assistance in terms of healthcare utilization? This retrospective cohort study of 5550 exits between 2012 and 2018 used data from two large, urban public housing authorities in King County, Washington. Exposures were exiting from housing assistance and type of exit (positive, neutral, negative). Outcomes were emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and well-child checks (among those aged < 6) in the year following exit from housing assistance. After adjustment for demographics and baseline healthcare utilization, people with positive exits had 26% (95% confident interval: 6-39%) lower odds of having 1 + ED visits in the year following exit than people with negative exits and 20% (95% CI: 6-31%) lower odds than those who continued receiving housing assistance. Neutral and negative exits did not differ substantially from each other, and both exit types appear to be detrimental to health, with higher levels of ED visits and hospitalizations and lower levels of well-child checks. Why people exit from housing assistance matters. Those with negative exits experience poorer outcomes and efforts should be made to both prevent this kind of exit and mitigate its impact.

Associations Between Exit Type From Federal Housing Assistance and Subsequent Homelessness

Relationships between exit types and homelessness after exiting from federal housing assistance in King County, Washington have yet to be explored. Through a retrospective cohort study including people who exited from Seattle Housing Authority (2012–2018) or King County Housing Authority (2016–2018), differences in time-to-homelessness between groups with different exit types were examined. Among 16,301 people who exited housing assistance, 2,703 (16%) experienced homelessness within one year post-exit. Analysis of a Cox model shows within one year post-exit, positive exits are associated with lower probabilities of experiencing homelessness and negative exits are associated with higher probabilities of experiencing homelessness. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis indicated evictions have the largest negative impact on experiencing homelessness.

Metabolic syndrome as predictor of work exit type: A longitudinal study among 55,817 Dutch workers

Abstract Background Chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease or type two diabetes mellitus are related to work exit types such as unemployment and work disability. It is unknown whether metabolic syndrome as a risk factor preceding these chronic diseases is related to work exit type. Metabolic syndrome is present when people have at least three out of the following five risk factors: hypertension, abdominal obesity, raised triglycerides, raised blood glucose, and reduced HDL-cholesterol. We examined the association of metabolic syndrome with work exit type while controlling for socio-demographic and occupational factors. Methods The sample included 55,817 Dutch workers aged 40-65 years from the Lifelines Cohort Study and Biobank. We used data from five measurement waves with a mean follow-up time of 4.1 years. Metabolic syndrome was measured at baseline and based on physical examinations, blood markers, and medication use. Follow-up work exit types were self-reported and included unemployment, work disability, early and regular retirement. Competing risk regression analysis was used. Preliminary Results Metabolic syndrome increased the risk of work disability (adjusted SHR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.42, 2.02) and unemployment (adjusted SHR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.22), and was not associated with early and regular retirement. Conclusions Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of work disability and unemployment. More awareness about and prevention of metabolic syndrome is needed among general practitioners and occupational physicians. Early detection of metabolic syndrome as a risk factor preceding chronic diseases might prevent premature work exit in middle- and late-career. Key messages • Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of work disability and unemployment among middle-aged and older workers. • More metabolic syndrome awareness and prevention might help to extend healthy working years.

Developing a Dashboard: Preliminary Steps and What We Learned

Within public programs, dashboards can serve an effective tool to monitor outcomes and support data-driven decision-making (Groomes et al., 2012). The New Jersey Commission for the Blind and Visually Impaired (CBVI) seeks to develop a dashboard to measure and track outcomes across various Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) and Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 (WIOA) performance measures. To inform development of the dashboard, this study examined data on exit type, exit reason, and employment outcomes for consumers exiting the program. Results indicated differences in Competitive Integrated Employment (CIE) outcomes by region, race, and gender. Additionally, other exit reasons, such as no longer interested in services and unable to locate or contact are shared.

Evacuation trials from a double-deck electric train unit: Experimental data and sensitivity analysis

Passenger trains represent a challenging environment in emergencies, with specific evacuation conditions resulting from the typical layout and interior design inherent to public transportation vehicles. This paper describes a dataset obtained in a full-scale controlled experiment emulating the emergency evacuation of a double-deck electric unit railcar carried out in Prague in 2018. 15 evacuation trials involving 91 participants were conducted under various evacuation scenarios considering different compositions of passenger crowd, exit widths, and exit types (egress to a high platform, to an open rail line using stairs, and a 750 mm jump without any supporting equipment). The study’s main goals were to collect experimental data on the movement conditions in the railcar and to study the impact of various boundary conditions on evacuation process and total evacuation time. Movement characteristics (exit flows, speeds) and human behaviour (pre-movement activities, exiting behaviours) were also analysed. The data obtained was used to validate and adjust a Pathfinder model to capture important aspects of evacuation from the railcar. Furthermore, a series of simulations using this model was performed to provide sensitivity analysis of the influence of crowd composition, exit width, and exit type on total evacuation time. As a key finding, we can conclude that for the case of a standard exit path (platform or stairs) the width of the main exit had the greatest impact on total evacuation time, however, crowd composition played the prevailing role in evacuation scenarios involving a jump.

Type of Successful Cross-Border VC Exit: The Influence of Venture Age, US VCs, and Market Potential

We investigate the influence of venture age, influence of US VCs in syndicates, and market potential on the type of successful VC exit (trade sale and IPO) from cross-border venture investments. We theorize that VCs’ exit behavior would be motivated by returns from a specific exit as well as longer term benefits from the exit via accretion to their reputation, which leads to improved deal flow and lower search costs in the future. We also investigate how US VCs’ strength in the syndicate and market potential of the region influences venture timing and the exit type. We test our hypotheses in a sample of 995 exits outside the US by VC syndicates with US VCs as one of the partners. Our analysis controls for a variety of country, VC firm, VC fund, and portfolio firm (venture) level influences, as well as tests for potential selection bias. We find that venture age has a positive effect on the choice of TS as an exit option over IPO. Further, the strength of the US VC firms in the syndicate moderates this relationship toward favoring an IPO exit. Finally, we find support for the notion that VCs are more willing to wait for an IPO exit in fast-growing and high potential Asia Pacific region to build their reputation in the market than in the mature and slow-growth European market.

Foster care, permanency, and risk of prison entry.

(1) Examine associations of foster care exit type (e.g., reunification with birth family, adoption, guardianship/permanent relative placement, or emancipation from care) with risk of entry into state prison; (2) Examine racial disparities in those associations. With data on over 10,000 Wisconsin youth who entered foster care in mid- to late-childhood, we present imprisonment rates in young adulthood by race, sex, and foster care exit type. Proportional hazards models with a robust set of covariates compared prison entry rates among the most common exit types-reunification, aging out, and guardianship/permanent relative placement. Nearly 13% of the sample experienced imprisonment in young adulthood. Compared with emancipated youth, hazard of imprisonment was 1.58-1.96 times higher among reunified youth. Differences were largely unexplained by observed individual, family, or foster care characteristics. Imprisonment rates were similar for emancipated youth and youth exiting to guardianship/permanent relative placement. Hazard of imprisonment for reunified Black youth was twice that of reunified white youth, but racial differences in prison entry were statistically non-significant among emancipated youth. Efforts to reduce incarceration risk for all youth in foster care are needed. Reunified youth may benefit from services and supports currently provided primarily to emancipated youth.

Which Cat to Bell? Investment Duration, Exit Type, and Returns in Venture Investments

India is one of the fastest-growing markets for venture capital (VC) investments. In this article, the authors use data from 1,190 VC investments and exits in India from 2000 to 2017 to analyze investment duration, exit type, returns, and the correlation between them. Their results show that (i) investment duration in India was 4.55 years; (ii) M&amp;A was the most common route of exit for VC investors; and (iii) the mean return (IRR) to investors was 13.25%. The investment duration is the time interval between investment and exit. The more investors in a venture, the lower the investment duration. Exit type is also correlated with returns. Although average returns are higher when the exit is through public markets, it is more consistent when the exit is through a buyback or M&amp;A. Returns are higher when the quantum of funding and funding rounds are optimal beyond which both hurt returns. Start-ups with four to six investors generated the highest returns. <b>TOPICS:</b>Real assets/alternative investments/private equity, emerging markets, performance measurement <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ The investment duration is the time interval between investment and exit. The more investors in a venture, the lower the investment duration. ▪ There is a dependence between the sector of the start-up and exit type. Similarly, there is a relationship between exit type and returns. Although average returns are higher when the exit is through public markets, it is more consistent when the exit is through a buyback or an M&amp;A. ▪ Returns are higher when the quantum of funding and the number of funding rounds are optimal, beyond which both negatively impact returns. Start-ups with four to six investors generated the highest returns.

Analysis of spatio-temporal distribution characteristics and fog forming conditions of Zhejiang coast in recent ten years

Based on the hydrometeorological observation data of Zhejiang coastal observation station from 2009 to 2018, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and fogging conditions of sea fog along the coast of Zhejiang Province were analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the average annual fog day along the coast of Zhejiang Province is 112 days according to the situation that the sea fog occurs as long as there is one station along the coast of Zhejiang Province. The fog season is from March to June and the sea fog occurs in the middle of the night and early in the morning. The spatial distribution of sea fog along the coast of Zhejiang Province is more in the middle of the two ends and the average annual fog days of each station are in the range of 19.2-82.0 days. Under the condition of fog, most of the relative humidity in Zhejiang coastal area is greater than or equal to 90%, the average temperature difference between gas and water is-0.5 - 2.1°C, and the direction of fog wind is mainly eastward. More than 93.6% of the sea fog occurs under the condition that the wind force is less than or equal to level 5. There are four main types of weather situation affecting the occurrence of sea fog in coastal areas of Zhejiang Province, including inverted trough type, low pressure sea exit type, weak cold air type and high-pressure sea entry type. When the continuous sea fog process occurs, the weather situation usually goes through the high-pressure sea entry type, the inverted trough type and the low pressure sea exit type. The wind direction will change with the variation of weather situation and the wind force will be less than or equal to 4 levels. When the wind is greater than level 5, the wind changes from west to southwest, and the sea fog tends to dissipate. Thick fog or strong fog occurs mainly in the middle of the night, early in the morning and around the evening.

IPO as a VC-Funds Type of Exit

The key characteristic of private equity finance is that investors hold their investments only for a limited period of time. The key goal of VC funds is to grow the company to a point where it can be sold at a price that far exceeds the amount of capital invested. This process is called an exit or divestment. There are three basic types of exits: going public, being acquired by a larger corporation, a sale to a third-party investor.It is a widely believed and accepted proposition in private equity literature that the initial public offering of a private equity portfolio company is the most successful and profitable exit opportunity. However, according to the few sources of literature, public offerings are not the preferred divestment type for venture capital firms. Going public is one of the most critical decisions in the lifecycle of a firm. This is not easy, as the process is very comprehensive and complex. Hence, a lot of considerations should be taken into account. Because every investee firm is different, a development plan to achieve a successful exit takes into consideration a number of macroeconomic and microeconomic factors. Moreover, several advantages and disadvantages of exit through an IPO could be indicated. The objective of this paper is to show the success and profitability of going public by VC funds. The VC’s exit type as a way of cashing out on its investment in a portfolio company is a consequence of the exit strategy, which means the plan for generating profits for owners and investors of a company. While an IPO is the most spectacular and visible form of exit, it is not the most common one, as historically in the US it was, but still in Europe it has not been yet. There will be both literature and statistical data coming from different studies and reports used in this research.

Entrepreneurial Exit Type and Pattern: an Agency, RBV and SEW account

Given the importance of entrepreneurial exit as one of the most critical events that occur at the very end of the entrepreneurial process, this paper investigates the various exit routes founders m...

Exit Outcomes for Probation-Supervised Youth in Foster Care: An Examination of Past Child Protection Involvement.

Research on youth in foster care has focused on those placed for reasons of maltreatment rather than delinquency, yet most states provide foster care services to youth under probation supervision. This analysis generated knowledge about youth in probation-supervised foster care (PSFC) in California by examining the relationship between past child protective services (CPS) involvement and exit type. CPS records were extracted to identify 17-year-old youths in PSFC between 2008 and 2012 ( N = 11,188). The relationship between allegations of maltreatment and exit type was assessed using regression models. Of the PSFC youth, 64.6% had previous allegations of maltreatment and a quarter had been reported at least 6 times. Youth with a history of placement in CPS foster care were more likely to age out relative to achieving permanency in comparison to PSFC youth with no maltreatment history (relative risk ratio = 2.20; 95% confidence interval [1.90, 2.55]). As the number of reports increased, the likelihood of exiting care by aging out increased relative to achieving permanency ( p < .001). The findings suggest a majority of PSFC youth had maltreatment histories, the overlap between CPS and probation was constant, and maltreatment records may characterize youth in PSFC at risk of negative exits from care.

Voluntary Withdrawals, Forced Resignations, Collective Retirements or Just Bad Fortune? A Competing Risks Analysis of Ministerial Turnover in the German Länder (1990-2010)

This paper explores the determinants of ministerial duration within the German Länder between 1990 and 2010. In arguing that different terminal events ceasing ministerial tenures should be analyzed separately, it distinguishes four exit types: voluntary, forced, collective (ministers leaving office because their whole party does so) and exits that are neither volitional acts of the minister nor politically induced. Depending on the exit type, competing-risks Cox-models show different effects for one and the same variable on the hazard for ministerial turnover. Seniority in high-level politics for example helps not to be forced out of office while it has no effect on voluntary or collective exits. Heading an important ministry on the other hand increases the chances to rise to other positions in high politics or private business, but does not impact the other two hazards. The analysis furthermore shows that the principal-agent-logic known from Westminster systems with the prime minister being largely sovereign in hiring and firing cabinet members must be adapted to the German context of frequent coalition governments. In coalition governments, only ministers from the same party as the prime minister exhibit higher hazards for forced exits, while ministers from other coalition partners are much safer in that regard.

Simulation Study of Truck Traffic at Single-Lane Roundabouts with and without Slip Lanes

As transportation planners and engineers design useful and effective roundabouts, these professionals are challenged by the need to accommodate safely truck traffic and high truck volumes in particular. Delay is a major challenge with truck traffic, especially with returning left-turning trucks. The delay performance of single-lane roundabouts with an adjacent slip lane for right turns was considered under various truck traffic percentages and two slip lane exit types (free flow and yield). A microsimulation assessment compared four percentages of right-turn truck traffic: 0% (no trucks), 5%, 45%, and 80%. Results indicate that the average delay of a roundabout with a slip lane under various truck traffic percentages is a nonlinear relationship with slip lane volumes and is sensitive to changes in truck traffic percentages before oversaturation is reached. As expected, results indicate that a free-flow slip lane exit type significantly reduces total average delay in roundabouts compared with having no slip lane with truck traffic. Yield slip lane exit types also reduced total average delay from truck traffic in roundabouts, but to a lesser degree than free-flow slip lane exit types. At higher truck traffic volumes, overall average roundabout delay decreased 15% (estimated VISSIM 95% confidence interval of reduction estimated between —16% and —2%) with a free-flow slip lane exit type. Finally, returning left-turn trucks increased total roundabout average delay significantly, by 64%.

What Drives Self-Employment Survival for Women and Men? Evidence from Canada

This paper investigates the determinants of self-employment survival among women and men using the Canadian Survey of Labour and Income Dynam- ics. Survival is analyzed in the context of a single outcome (exiting self-employment) and in the context of multiple outcomes or competing risks (i.e. self-employment exit due to failure, versus non-failure exits). The largest detriment to survival for women is number of children. Whereas children improve survival rates for men. Non- participation in the labor force prior to starting a self-employment spell increases the probability of failure for women, but not men. Consistent with the liquidity constraint hypothesis, women who have personal wealth are less likely to exit self-employment. For women, this wealth effect does not depend on exit type. However, for men, the availability of personal wealth reduces the probability of exiting self-employment due to failure, but increases the probability of non-failure exits.

Determinants of Going-Private Decisions in Japan

This paper investigates determinants of going-private decisions by comparing companies that have gone private with those that have not. The results from comparisons with matched control companies and logit analysis indicate that reduction of agency costs and dissolution of undervaluation are main motives for going private. In exit type deals, we also find that buyout funds provide risk money for companies for which the improvement of agency costs and the degree of undervaluation are expected to be small. Furthermore, results indicate that buyout funds provide risk money to managers seeking to implement going-private decisions but lacking adequate financial capacity.

Post-Cabinet Careers of Regional Ministers in Germany, 1990–2011

The study of ministerial careers in Germany is rather new. So far it has been mainly restricted to the federal level and to the career pathways up until cabinet exit. This article, by contrast, concentrates on the post-cabinet careers of regional ministers. Drawing from the scarce literature we first sketch out career patterns of regional ministers prior to and during their time in the regional cabinet. The main focus, though, is on the post-cabinet biographies of all regional ministers in the sixteen German Länder since unification. Our empirical analysis reveals the regional cabinet as the career apex for most ministers. Looking at those ministers who do move up the political ladder after leaving the cabinet shows a clear preference for the national over the European level and the executive office over the legislative mandate. Variation in post-cabinet careers seems not only to be influenced by party, Land and ministerial office (Prime Minister vs normal minister) but also by the causes and circumstances of exit from the cabinet (exit type). These empirical results represent a first step into a new research field – lying waste since Blondel's early attempt in 1991 – and will hopefully provide a starting point for more comprehensive and comparative analysis.

Modeling hedge fund lifetimes: A dependent competing risks framework with latent exit types

Due to the voluntary nature of hedge funds reporting to databases, hedge funds may stop reporting and exit a database not only because of failure, but also as a result of success and reaching the optimal size of assets under management. The existing hedge fund databases do not seem to provide reliable and unambiguous information on the reasons of hedge fund exits. In this paper, we consider that the causes of hedge fund exits are latent, and develop a competing risks model with two exit specific hazard functions, one for each cause of exit. We further allow both exit specific hazard functions to depend on unobserved heterogeneity terms that can be mutually dependent. In this way, we investigate the interdependence between the exit specific hazard functions, and explore their determinants. We show that even without observability on causes of exit, the two sets of coefficients, one for each cause of exit, can be estimated. We find an evidence of strong dependence between the unobserved heterogeneities. We also find that the estimated coefficients of the observed covariates are generally similar whether unobserved heterogeneities or the dependence between them is taken into account or not. However, the estimated exit specific hazard functions are significantly different, due to the standard negative duration dependence in the case of omitted heterogeneity. • A dependent competing risks model in which the exit types are latent is proposed. • The two sets of coefficients are estimated even without observability on exit types. • There are differences in the effects of the covariates depending upon the exit type. • The two risks are dependent since frailties are significantly negatively correlated. • The time and the cause of hedge fund exit are predicted.

Exit of Last Resort? Empirical Evidence on the Returns and Drivers of Secondary Buyouts as Private Equity Exit Channel

Despite an increasing importance of secondary buyouts in the private equity market, little is known about the perspective of the seller and his motives for choosing this exit type. Do private equity firms have a clear pecking order regarding the exit channels for their portfolio companies? Is a secondary buyout only an ’exit of last resort’? And furthermore, have company or market related factors an influence on the decision to pursue a secondary buyout? This article’s aim is to answer these research questions. Based on a proprietary dataset of 1,112 leveraged buyouts exited in North America or Europe between 1995 and 2008, the authors empirically analyze the return potential of different exit channels including public, private and financial exits. They find that based on the realized returns, there is no clear pecking order of exit types. Secondary buyouts, i.e. financial exits, deliver returns that are equally attractive to the ones achieved through public exits. In addition, the authors empirically assess the relationship between the likelihood to choose a financial exit and company as well as market related factors. They show that portfolio companies with a higher lending capacity are more likely to be exited via a secondary buyout. Furthermore, the liquidity of debt markets and the amount of undrawn capital commitments to the private equity industry increase the probability of a secondary buyout. Overall, the authors conclude that private equity firms engage in market arbitrage between debt and equity as well as private and public equity markets.