Exit Option Research Articles

Effect of Multidisciplinary structure of New Education Policy on Achievement Motivation among Undergraduate Students in India

The New Education Policy 2020 was finally implemented after a 34-year delay. This study work is fascinated by the New Education Policy 2020, Multidisciplinary aspect has brought many changes in the curriculum of the Undergraduates and especially how it influences their Achievement Motivation and how much they have adopted the new education policy over time. The researcher used two variables: NEP Multidisciplinary Structure as the Independent Variable and Achievement Motivation as the Dependent Variable. The sample included 142 undergraduates. After applying the AMS scale to measure the students' achievement motivation, interview questions were arranged to support the results, and it was discovered that there were no significant differences in the achievement motivation of first- and second-year students. Overall, the results are supported by the interview responses, as they show that, while students appreciate the Multidisciplinary aspect of NEP and prefer undergraduate degrees with multiple exit options, they are having a difficult time adapting, it also indicated that the institutions are unable of offering the appropriate atmosphere and facilities that students require in order to adapt to the interdisciplinary nature of NEP. This might be because the NEP multidisciplinary feature is new for the institutions as well, and they, too, need some time to polish it in their curriculum. As this is a very new approach in the educational field, additional observations and research are needed to assess the amount of growth and adaptability over time.

Multiplayer game dynamics and their applications into simplicial complexes with memory effect

Abstract We investigate the evolutionary dynamics of the multiplayer, snowdrift-like game based on memory effects, in which cooperators and defectors interact with another type of player named as exiter. To avoid being exploited by defectors, the conservative exiters tend to drop out of a game and merely share quite minor returns. Results on the well-mixed populations indicate that the existence of exiters is less conducive to cooperation. Whereas, in networks with simplicial complexes, the memory effect can effectively inhibit evolution of defection and promote cooperation. Other outcomes with respect to the evolution of exiters and defectors, including the co-existence of all three types of players in the network and the favor of exiter, can be obtained by tuning the payoff to exit and the proportion of 1-simplices and 2-simplices. The current results provide insight into how mutual cooperation emerges in real networked populations, influenced by the memory-based exit options.

New Reforms in Indian Higher Education: Rethinking the Education Model

The National Education Policy (NEP)-2020 will bring flexibility to the curriculum through a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach, a new assessment process, resource empowerment, multiple exit options, and encouraging internationalization. Adopting an open curriculum with transdisciplinary course patterns, including flexibility in electives, has led to progress in skill development, holistic development, community engagement, technological integration, environmental education, and value-based education. Ranking and accreditation will have a significant impact on the quality of education and research. It is necessary to frame an education policy that will give better results in creativity, development of critical thinking, decision-making skills, and problem-solving abilities. The new reforms aim to enhance the quality and effectiveness of future-ready higher education institutions in India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to present various reforms in the Indian higher education system, its regulatory structure, and teaching pedagogy.

The Exit Option: Agency and Divorce in Late Eighteenth-Century America

The Exit Option: Agency and Divorce in Late Eighteenth-Century America

The political economy of currency unions

How can monetary and fiscal policy sustain a currency union when member states have an exit option? This paper derives an interest rate rule that features state-dependent country weights with which the central bank can prevent a break-up. A simulation reveals that this policy rule lacks firepower and can only extend the lifetime of the union for a while. While monetary policy is more potent in unions with more member states or setups with local currency pricing, it is still true that even a simple fiscal union with lump-sum transfers is better suited to prevent a break-up. Environments with lower risk sharing, the ZLB or wage rigidity make monetary policy even less effective.

Registered Nurses in Policy: The Betwixt and Between of Self-Employment and Contracting

Nursing offers multiple career choices in a variety of settings, both clinical and non-clinical. A very small number of registered nurses choose to become self-employed, continuing to work as nurses in non-clinical environments, such as policy. This study aimed to explore the experiences of registered nurses transitioning into, and practising as, solo self-employed contractors within the practice area of professional advice and policy. Thirteen registered nurses participated in this ethnographic qualitative study. Data were collected in 2018, with a specific focus on exploring the transitional elements of nurses as they moved from traditional nursing employment models to being self-employed as contractors, working from home. The findings identified various reasons for this change to self-employment, including as an exit option from a challenging employment situation, feeling ‘burned out’, or searching for a healthier lifestyle. Amid their move to a new way of working they experienced challenges in managing finances and navigating the complex dynamics of profession, home, and their own gendered subjectivities. This novel research offers an insight into the experiences of registered nurses who, at watershed moments in their careers, recognised their agency and chose to shift to solo self-employment, ultimately persisting in a liminal, or transitioning relationship between belonging to nursing and business, home and work. Te reo Māori translation Ngā Tapuhi Rēhita i roto i ngā Kaupapa Here: Te noho i waenga pū i te mahi whaiaro me te mahi kirimana Ngā Ariā Matua He maha ngā whiringa ara mahi i te ao tapuhi, i te huhua o ngā horopaki, ahakoa taurima tūroro, ahakoa mahi kē. Tērā te rōpū tapuhi rēhita iti kia kōwhiri i te ara mahi whaiaro, kia mahi tonu hei tapuhi i ngā horopaki i waho i te taurima tūroro, pēnei i ngā mahi kaupapa here. Ko te whāinga o tēnei tirohanga he tūhura i ngā wheako o ngā tapuhi rēhita e whakawhiti ana ki te ao mahi o te kirimana mahi whaiaro takitahi, i roto i te wāhanga mahi o te whakamaherehere ngaio me ngā kaupapa here. Tekau mā toru ngā tapuhi rēhita i whai wāhi mai ki tēnei tirohanga kounga momo iwi. I kohia he raraunga i te tau 2018 me te arotahi pū ki te tūhura i ngā āhuatanga whakawhiti o ngā tapuhi, i a rātou e anga kē atu ana i ngā ritenga whiwhinga mahi tuku iho o mua, kia mahi hei kaikirimana mahi takitahi, mahi i te kāinga. Kei ngā kitenga i tohua ētahi take mō tēnei huringa ki te mahi whaiaro, tae atu ki te rapunga putanga ki waho i tētahi wāhi mahi uaua, te whakaaro ‘kua whati te tuarā’, te rapunga ara mahi hauora kē atu rānei. I roto i ā rātou ahunga ki ēnei tikanga mahi hou, i tūpono rātou ki ngā uauatanga whakahaere moni, whakatere hoki i te ao umanga, ao o te kāinga, me te kawe anō i ō rātou tuakiri ira tangata. Tā tēnei rangahau hou he tāpae māramatanga mō ngā wheako o ētahi tapuhi rēhita i kōwhiri i te ara mana motuhake whaiaro, i tētahi pekanga nui o te huarahi, arā, kia hīkoi i te ara mahi whaiaro takitahi, me te noho i tētahi ao whakawhiti i waenga i te mahi tapuhi, i te pakihi, i te kāinga me te mahi. Ngā kupu matua mana motuhake, mātai momo iwi, tū ā-whakawhiti, mahi whaiaro, tapuhi, kaupapa here, whakawhitinga

Competitive federalism, individual autonomy, and citizen sovereignty

AbstractThe paper examines the theory of competitive federalism, focusing specifically on Hayek's and Buchanan's significant contributions to this theory. Looking at the rivalry between sub‐units in federal systems and drawing an analogy between market competition and intergovernmental competition, the theory of competitive federalism stresses the critical role viable exit options play as operating force in both arenas. The principal claim argued for in this paper is that by exclusively focusing on exit in its territorial dimension, the theory of competitive federalism obfuscates the fact that “exit” can mean two critically different things in federal systems. It can mean exiting from the territory over which a government exercises its assigned authority, and it can mean exiting from a polity in the sense of giving up one's membership status in the respective community. The paper discusses the nature, the significance, and the implications of the difference between these two kinds of exit.

An investigation into the influence of context effects on crowd exit selection under gender difference in indoor evacuation.

Exit selection is crucial in indoor emergency evacuation. Domestic and foreign scholars have found that exit choice behavior is influenced by three factors: environmental factors, social interactions, and individual internal factors. Previous studies have shown that in addition to a single environmental factor affecting exit decisions, the influence of other available exit options in the context can ultimately lead to a reversal of exit decisions -The context effect. However, the impact of context effects on exit decisions in emergency situations has not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, this article identifies three basic independent variables: context effects, crowd flows, and gender differences, to study the exit decisions of different gender groups facing different crowd flows, as well as how context effects affect existing exit decisions. In this paper, we used virtual reality technology to construct an indoor fire scene and designed a total of 15 virtual experiments with different crowd distribution or context effects. 131 participants were divided into two groups, male and female, and their exit decisions were observed under different crowd flows and contextual effects. The research results show that: 1) Both men and women have an innate preference to avoid crowded exits, and the proportion of following crowd evacuation significantly decreases when there are crowded crowds in the scene; 2) The exit decisions of female participants are more influenced by the crowd, while men tend to be more influenced by context effects when evacuating independently; 3) The context effects on exit decisions in emergency situations is statistically significant, and this performance is more significant in the male population. Further analysis reveals that similarity effects have a more significant impact on exit decisions than attraction effects. These findings provide deeper insights into the exit choice behavior of the population and may contribute to the design of safe exits in indoor buildings. In addition, this article emphasizes the importance of context effects and provides a foundation for future research.

Treatment exit options for non-infectious uveitis registry: participant characteristics at 3 years

PurposeThe Treatment exit Options For non-infectious Uveitis (TOFU) registry documents disease courses for non-anterior non-infectious uveitis entities with and without treatment to generate more evidence for clinical management recommendations including...

An innovative and meaningful scaffolded curriculum approach to Environmental Health education in Western Australia

There has been a critical shortage of qualified Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) both globally and in Australia that has plagued the profession for decades. At Edith Cowan University (ECU), Perth, Western Australia, an undergraduate degree in Environmental Health (EH) was developed in 2006, however, viability was problematic, and the course was under threat of closure. In 2016 both the EH and occupational safety and health (OSH) majors were due for re-accreditation and since there was significant overlap between the two courses both majors were revised and combined into one (Occupational and Environmental Health and Safety). This new qualification has subsequently been accredited by Environmental Health Australia (EHA), as well as the Australian OHS Education Accreditation Board (AOHSEAB) and the British Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH). The new dual accredited course has had excellent graduate outcomes and provides graduates with the flexibility to move between traditional OHS and EH roles. In some smaller local governments, and in industry, ECU graduates have been employed to work in both roles. The curriculum was developed in consultation with industry and has an embedded year-long diploma course that consists of eight units (subjects/courses) that prepare graduates to work in a support role to EHOs. The Diploma of Environmental Health course is a scaffolded course that is embedded in the degree, and it has been recognized by the State Government as a qualification leading to appointment as authorized officers under the Public Health Act 2016 (WA). The diploma is more than a pathway course as it is a stand-alone qualification that leads to gainful employment. Most students now enroll in the diploma, initially and gain employment as a Technical Officer, and then progress on to complete the EH degree on a part-time basis while employed in the profession. The diploma is also an exit option for students who struggle with the academic requirements of some of the more traditionally difficult units such as physics, chemistry, and statistics and the EH degree is now a viable university course with excellent graduate employment outcomes.

Does perceived inequality promote abstention and protest voting? A study of the 2022 Italian general election

ABSTRACT We focus on the role of perceived economic inequality as a possible antecedent of abstention and protest voting in the 2022 Italian general election. In particular, we hypothesize that citizens’ perceived economic inequality (and the perception that it will grow), reinforced by the negative emotions the perception trigger, may undermine citizens’ trust in institutions. We also investigate whether the erosion of trust is associated with abstention (as an exit option) and protest voting, operationalized as voting for Fratelli d’Italia (FdI), i.e. the only party that did not support the Draghi government (as a voting voice option). We analysed data from the two waves of an online election survey conducted by ITANES (the Italian National Election Study) on a quota sample of the Italian adult population and tested a moderated – mediated model aimed at predicting the association between perceived inequality when eliciting negative emotions, and the probability of voting for FdI or not casting a valid vote. The mediating variable was institutional distrust and the moderating variable was (lack of) political interest. The analyses confirmed that perceived economic inequality does play a role in promoting abstention and protest voting.

Granting leaders priority exit options promotes and jeopardizes cooperation in social dilemmas

Cooperation in human interactions often involves voluntary participation rather than obligatory requirements. This paper investigates the impact of voluntary exit strategies on cooperation within scale-free networks, employing spatial prisoner’s dilemma games as the framework. We analyze three distinct exit strategies: leader priority exit, fringe priority exit, and random exit, across varying dilemma strengths. Our findings reveal that in scenarios of weak dilemma strength, leader priority exit significantly diminishes cooperation, particularly when only a small subset of players is granted exit rights. In contrast, under strong dilemma strength conditions, both leader priority and random exits serve to unexpectedly bolster cooperation. This enhancement is primarily facilitated by high-degree nodes opting out, thereby enabling low-degree nodes to establish stable cooperation. Furthermore, our study underscores the pivotal role of network structure. In assortative networks, random exit emerges as the most effective strategy in promoting cooperation. On the other hand, disassortative networks exhibit a substantial increase in cooperation levels when employing leader priority exit. These results highlight the intricate interplay between exit strategies, dilemma strength, and network topology, offering critical insights for promoting cooperation in varied social contexts.

The valuation of exit option in a lignite mine using Monte Carlo simulation

The valuation of exit option in a lignite mine using Monte Carlo simulation

Are change of direction speed and agility different abilities from time and coordinative perspectives?

This study aimed to test whether agility and change of direction speed (COD) are independent capacities using the same movement pattern (1) in terms of the completion time and (2) the entropy. Seventeen semi-professional female football players participated in the study. The agility task consisted of a Y-shaped (45° COD) task with three possible exit options (center, right and left) performed pre-planned or in reaction to the movement of two testers (i.e., blocking exit gates). Players’ acceleration was measured using an inertial measurement unit. Entropy was calculated from the acceleration signal and completion time was extracted using a magnet-based timing system. Significantly greater times and lower entropy (p<0.001) were found during agility runs to pre-planned COD runs. Furthermore, weak to moderate correlations were found between COD and agility for both completion time (r = 0.29, p<0.001) and entropy (r = 0.53, p<0.001, r2 = 28.1%). These results highlight that COD speed and agility are independent capacities and skills, and as such, should be tested and trained as distinct, separate qualities. Modifying task constraints including a reactive stimulus (i.e., cognitive factors), is essential for increasing task complexity by altering the biomechanical and coordinative aspects of the action.

일본 정부 간 관계론에 대한 비판적 고찰:기존 연구의 검토와 잃어버린 논점

The purpose of this study is to proceed a critical review of the main approaches to center-local relations and intergovernmental relations in Japanese local governments that have been discussed so far, and to suggest overlooked arguments that have not been discussed in these approaches.
 The main contents are as follows. First, we examine the meaning of theories of intergovernmental relations in Japan. Second, we provide a perspective for analyzing the main approaches. The main analytical factors are intergovernmental intermediary route, intergovernmental administrative resources, and explanatory variables of intergovernmental relations. Third, based on this analytical perspective, we analyze the main approaches on intergovernmental relations in Japan and those characteristics. The main characteristics of current approaches tend to emphasize the administrative route, law-finance resources, the institution as an explanatory variable, and the degree of control of the central government. Fourth. we analyze the form of central government intervention, autonomy from the socioeconomic environment and autonomy from the central government, movability and exit option, and the size of the local government in terms of the exclusively focused on intergovernmental relations in Japan.

Disentangling the normative justification of basic income from the structure of the capitalist wage relation and the culture of the work ethic

This article contributes to the literature on basic income and work by articulating the case for disentangling the normative justification of basic income from the structural and temporal imperatives of the capitalist wage relation and the work ethic. It begins with a survey of the major normative justifications of basic income and their respective orientations towards capitalist development and labour markets. Next it presents an argument against tying the justification of basic income to posited labour supply responses based on predicted technological change, the extant empirical evidence from pilots or technical policy simulations. It then addresses the politico-cultural barrier to basic income presented by the wage relation and the work ethic, and critically evaluates the ‘exit option’ argument for basic income. The article concludes that asserting a right to an ad vitam basic income is an ethically justified and politically astute step towards a necessary decentring of (capitalist) work in basic income scholarship and advocacy.

Investment in two alternative projects with multiple switches and the exit option

This paper uses an analytical framework to examine a firm’s investment and switching strategy under uncertainty. The context is the possibility to launch and operate two distinct projects, one at a time, with exposure to a stochastic exogenous price. We allow for multiple switches between the two projects, along with abandonment options from each. These possibilities fundamentally influence the operational strategy. We show that under some conditions, a dichotomous waiting region may arise at the investment stage. In this case we have an inaction region, for a range of prices in a certain bounded interval, where the firm does not invest and waits to have more information about the price evolution. This region vanishes for a high level of uncertainty. Additionally, the firm may operate with a negative instantaneous profit. We prove that investment in this region is never optimal. Numerical examples enable comparative statics, while extension to allow for time-to-build is included.

Re imaging of Engineering Education Model to re-invent Next Gen engineers

Abstract: Today, there is a need to re imagine engineering education wherein the graduates should possess sound engineering knowledge and be globally employable with leadership qualities, ethical attitude, lifelong learning and social sensitivity. To make TCET an institute of national relevance; a lot of strategic shifts have been carried out over the years from its journey of an affiliated institute to being autonomous currently. We have planned, executed and monitored Choice Based Credit Grading System with Holistic Student Development (HSD) model as per AICTE model curriculum with the objective of making the budding engineers globally competent, locally relevant and skill oriented. The model has been designed taking inputs from reputed institutions abroad, feedback from stakeholders and a lot of brainstorming among experienced faculty members. The results of deploying this model on TCET students are promising and thus we propose the same to the outside world. The paper presents the efforts laid down over the years and the model in detail. We further propose a model with pointers from National Education Policy 2020 focussing Holistic and Multidisciplinary education, multiple exit options, Academic Bank of credit and option to obtain Degree with research alongwith experiential learning. We shall measure the proposed model on parameters as quality offerings, diversity and freedom of choice in offerings. Currently the measurements are presented in the form of survey results from stakeholders as the ones undergoing autonomy, batches prior to autonomy and the faculty members. Keywords: Holistic Student Development, AICTE model curriculum, National Education Policy 2020, Internship, Flexibility in choice of electives

Can an early exit mechanism attract more pledges in equity-based crowdfunding? Evidence from China

This paper aims to explore the impact of the early exit mechanism on equity-based crowdfunding performance. We conducted the empirical test using the method of propensity score matching on the data from a Chinese crowdfunding platform. The results demonstrate that the adoption of early exit options hurts the funding performance. This negative impact is mainly derived from the value-added investors’ dislike for such an exit mechanism. In contrast, small investors have no apparent preference for projects with or without early exit options.

How Not to Do UN Peacekeeping

Abstract Looking back over the past seventy-five years of UN peacekeeping, the most enduring question has been: Is peacekeeping effective? Historically, most peacekeeping operations have been. However, peacekeeping is currently suffering from a significant trust deficit. One important factor that differentiates contemporary peacekeeping operations with a stabilization mandate from the historic record is the absence of a viable political or peace process. When security is not directed to serve a peace process, it produces a stabilization dilemma: the more effectively a peace operation protects and achieves stability, the less incentive there is for ruling political elites to find long-term political solutions. This dilemma generates several perverse effects, including prolonging the conflict, trapping operations in place with no exit options, increasing the resilience of armed groups, and embedding peacekeeping in the local political economy. The article identifies five factors that help prevent the stabilization dilemma and influence the effectiveness of peace operations.