Exit Lanes Research Articles

Cooperative Motion Optimization Based on Risk Degree under Automatic Driving Environment.

Appropriate traffic cooperation at intersections plays a crucial part in modern intelligent transportation systems. To enhance traffic efficiency at intersections, this paper establishes a cooperative motion optimization strategy that adjusts the trajectories of autonomous vehicles (AVs) based on risk degree. Initially, AVs are presumed to select any exit lanes, thereby optimizing spatial resources. Trajectories are generated for each possible lane. Subsequently, a motion optimization algorithm predicated on risk degree is introduced, which takes into account the trajectories and motion states of AVs. The risk degree serves to prevent collisions between conflicting AVs. A cooperative motion optimization strategy is then formulated, incorporating car-following behavior, traffic signals, and conflict resolution as constraints. Specifically, the movement of all vehicles at the intersection is modified to achieve safer and more efficient traffic flow. The strategy is validated through a simulation using SUMO. The results indicate a 20.51% and 11.59% improvement in traffic efficiency in two typical scenarios when compared to a First-Come-First-Serve approach. Moreover, numerical experiments reveal significant enhancements in the stability of optimized AV acceleration.

Signal control for overflow prevention at intersections using partial connected vehicle data

Various signal control methods assumed that the bottleneck capacity and traffic volume are known. However, both may be unknown in nonrecurrent congestion cases, such as traffic accidents. In this study, a signal control optimisation method is developed for overflow prevention considering unknown traffic volume and bottleneck dropped capacity. The proposed method predicts remaining space at the junction exits and arrival–departure curves using partial connected vehicle data. Subsequently, the signal control is reallocated using the model predictive control technique. The results of case study show that the model is valid to prevent overflow when the connected vehicle penetration rate exceeds 10%. The average delay of the proposed method is reduced by 48.56% and 24.49% compared with those of the adaptive signal control method considering the queue length of only the approach lanes and that considering the queue lengths of both the approach and exit lanes but without prediction, respectively.

SYSTEM DESIGN FOR CALCUALTING THE NUMBER AND DENSITY OF MOTORCYCLES IN PARKING AREA BASED ON BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION METHOD

There are still issues with a number of students parking their vehicles improperly in the parking spaces provided. This causes suboptimal parking capacity due to a lack of information about parking capacity. In recent years, at a certain library, vehicle detection has been implemented using a Gaussian mixture model algorithm using a Raspberry Pi. However, this library does not provide information about the density status of the parking area. Therefore, an information system was created to determine the level of density of the parking area based on the ratio of vehicles entering and exiting compared to the maximum capacity of the parking area. The system uses the Gaussian mixture model algorithm with the machine learning method of background subtraction MOG2, which can calculate the number of vehicles based on the difference between objects and the background of objects, using test data in the form of videos recorded using a camera positioned horizontally to the entrance and exit lanes of the parking area. This research resulted in an accuracy of 89.7% for Video1TA, precision of 93.2%, a crowded parking area density level, and a value of 129.12. Video2TA had a value of 101.08, precision of 100%, and accuracy of 90%, while Video3TA had an accuracy of 35%, precision of 56.7%, and a value of 49.48. The density levels of videos 2 and 3 are the same, indicating that the parking area is still empty. The test results show that the value can affect the system in detecting an object.

Psychological Factors Affecting Drive-by-Lane Behavior at Lane Offset Intersections: Analysis Based on Extended Theory of Planned Behavior in a Chinese Sample

Traffic conflict commonly occurs in intersections with offset lane lines because of mismatched choices of entrance and exit lanes. This conflict drives down overall traffic efficiency and can cause crashes. At such intersections, the driver’s lane choice behavior seriously affects the traffic system. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) was used in this study to excavate the impact mechanism of drive-by-lane behavior at offset intersections. A scale incorporating TPB constructs and additional variables (risk perception [RP], traffic environment [TE], optimization measures [OM], and driving style [DS]) was developed to collect empirical data with 557 valid samples in China. A structural equation model of drivers’ drive-by-lane behavior was established to explore the causal relationship between behavior and influencing factors, as well as the interrelationships between TPB variables. TE, behavior intention (BI), subjective norms (SN), and RP show the most significant effects on drive-by-lane behavior. DS, perceived behavior control, attitude (ATT), and OM have little impact on drive-by-lane behavior. BI, TE, RP, and DS have significant, direct effects on drive-by-lane behavior. The TE, OM, and DS variables significantly affect drive-by-lane behavior through mediators. RP, BI, and ATT mediate the influence of other variables as well as affecting drive-by-lane behavior. We put forward suggestions to improve driving behavior at offset intersections including changing external factors, education, and training. The direct and indirect relationships between the influencing factors and drive-by-lane behavior are discussed in this paper to provide technical and reference support for future research on managing irregular urban traffic intersections.

Modeling Vehicle Paths at Intersections: A Unified Approach Based on Entrance and Exit Lanes

Modeling Vehicle Paths at Intersections: A Unified Approach Based on Entrance and Exit Lanes

The Integrated optimization of intermittent lane intersection design and dynamic signal control: efficiency, safety, and fuel consumption

ABSTRACT Existing unconventional intersection designs can enhance the capacity of intersections to deal with repaid pressure on urban commuting, whereas they force vehicles to multi-stop and reorganize, resulting in safety risks and high fuel consumption. This paper proposes the Intermittent Lane Intersection (ILI) that combines the advantages of variable lane intersection and CTE (Combining the tandem control and exit lanes for left-turn control). An integrated optimization model is established to obtain the optimal geometric and signal control parameters, and a homothermic genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. Then, the application of ILI in different traffic demands of the Tianfu Third Street intersection is analyzed. Compared with the benchmark design (TI, CTE, and CTE with signal coordinated control), ILI can effectively reduce intersection delay, fuel consumption, and parking times. Additionally, ILI has great application superiority when the traffic arrival rate is [1500,1700] and the left-turn ratio is [0.40,0.60].

Modeling and analysis of vehicle path dispersion at signalized intersections using explainable backpropagation neural networks

The dispersion of vehicular paths is a common phenomenon in the inner area of signalized intersections due to heterogeneous driver behavior and interactions. This study aims to develop an explainable neural network-based model to describe the vehicle path dispersion by exploring the relationship between the path dispersion and external factors. A backpropagation neural network model was established to analyze the effects of external factors on the dispersion of through and left-turn paths based on real trajectory data collected from 20 intersections in Shanghai, China. Twelve influencing factors in varying geometric, traffic, signalization, and traffic management conditions were considered. The predictive power and transferability of the model were verified by applying the trained model on the four new intersections. The contributions of the influencing factors on the path dispersion were explored based on the neural interpretation diagram, relative importance of influencing factors, and sensitivity analysis to offer explanatory insights for the proposed model. The results show that the mean absolute percentage errors of the path dispersion models for the through and left-turn movements are only 14.67% and 17.65%, respectively. The through path dispersion is primarily influenced by the number of exit lanes, the offset degree between the approach and exit lanes, and the traffic saturation degree on the through lane. In contrast, the path dispersion of the left turn is mainly affected by the number of exit lanes, the left-turn angle, and the setting of guide lines.

Tingkat Kenyamanan Pengguna Lahan Parkir Roda Dua Di Lecture Building Fakultas Teknik Universitas Mulawarman

The Lecture Building of the Faculty of Engineering, Mulawaran University is located on Jalan Sambaliung and is a newly operating lecture building, this building provides parking space for two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Judging from the condition of the two-wheeled parking area, it looks uncomfortable because there are several entry and exit lanes that are quite narrow, so if the atmosphere is busy and there are two vehicles that meet from two opposite directions, they have to yield to each other. The method applied in this study is to use quantitative and qualitative methods by conducting a site survey to determine conditions in the field and distributing Likert-scale questionnaires to determine the user's comfort level.The results of the analysis obtained by the measurements in the parking area are many that are not in accordance with the Decree of the Director General of Land Transportation No. 272 ​​of 1996 concerning Technical Guidelines for the Implementation of Parking Facilities, there are only a few points that comply with the standards. Convenience in the parking area is somewhat uncomfortable even though the parking area capacity is sufficient and the parking area distance to the campus building is close, but some students stated that they had difficulty getting out, driving and placing their vehicles, the size of the circulation path was narrow, the security in the parking area was not good and there is no CCTV. The parking area is clean but at certain times it smells bad, there is lighting in the form of garden lights even though the lights are not bright and there are signs or markings even though some of the markings have faded.

A traffic queueing model for exit lanes for left-turn intersections

The unconventional design of exit-lanes for left-turn (EFL) has been confirmed to be an effective way to increase intersection capacity when left-turn demand is high. However, because of the unique feature of EFL control, there would be a strong oscillation in the left-turn queues at signalized intersections when the EFL strategy is used, which makes the analytical evaluation of the EFL strategy very difficult. In particular, the random nature of traffic demand would make it even harder to estimate the queues. To this end, in this paper, we propose a signal state-dependent queueing model to quantify the dynamic behavior of left-turn queues at signalized intersections under EFL control. The obtained results will contribute to establishing an analytical numerical framework that gives us the possibility to study the effect of various factors on the left-turn queues at the EFL intersections and provide insight into the unique queueing behavior that is most likely to manifest this strategy. We validated the proposed model using field data, and it shows a good agreement between the estimated results and the field results. In addition, the numerical experimental results show that the obtained performance measures are practically beneficial to provide a numerical tool to quantify the uncertainty in the queues of left-turn movements with EFL control and thus enrich the guidelines for further improving the use of EFL design.

Managing connected and automated vehicles with flexible routing at “lane-allocation-free” intersections

With the development of internet of vehicles and automated driving, individual-based trajectory control at intersections becomes possible. Trajectory planning and coordination for connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have been studied at isolated “signal-free” intersections and in “signal-free” corridors under the fully CAV environment in the literature. Most existing studies are based on the definition of approaching and exit lanes. The route a vehicle takes to pass through an intersection is determined by its movement. That is, only the origin and destination arms are included. This study proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to optimize vehicle trajectories at an isolated “signal-free” intersection without lane allocation, denoted as “lane-allocation-free” (LAF) control. Each lane can be used as both approaching and exit lanes for all vehicle movements including left-turn, through, and right-turn. A vehicle can take a flexible route by way of multiple arms to pass through the intersection. In this way, the spatial–temporal resources are expected to be fully utilized. The interactions between vehicle trajectories are modeled explicitly at the microscopic level. Vehicle routes and trajectories (i.e., car-following and lane-changing behaviors) at the intersection are optimized in one unified framework for system optimality in terms of total vehicle delay. Considering varying traffic conditions, the planning horizon is adaptively adjusted in the implementation of the proposed model to make a balance between solution feasibility and computational burden. Numerical studies validate the advantages of the LAF control in terms of both vehicle delay and throughput with different demand structures and temporal safety gaps.

Impact of E-Scooters on Road Safety: A Case Study in Lithuania

The rapidly growing popularity of electric scooters in recent years has allowed the road user to choose another alternative mode of transportation. On the one hand, it is an ecological means of transportation in the city, allowing you to quickly reach your destination; on the other hand, it is a vehicle that causes risk to road safety. Although this is a fairly new mode of transport, it is already of great concern for road safety authorities. E-scooter accidents are recorded with all road users – pedestrians, bicyclists, motor vehicles, other e-scooter riders, or even alone. In this article, the analysis made according to the accident data of 2019–2020 showed that the highest number of accidents occurred between e-scooters and vehicles. Most e-scooter accidents with motor vehicles occur in the intersection zone or during a vehicle turning manoeuvre to (or from) side streets and exit lanes. A descriptive statistical analysis showed that the proportions of the distribution of road accidents between accident participants changed significantly during the analysis period – the number of road accidents between e-scooters and bicycles increased, while the number of accidents between e-scooters and pedestrians decreased. The road accidents between e-scooters and other vulnerable road users are usually caused by sudden, unexpected manoeuvring of road users. Identification of accident schemes and locations is an additional tool for traffic organisation specialists and road safety professionals to prevent accidents, injuries, and fatalities.

Analysis on Lane Capacity for Expressway Toll Station Using Toll Data

Toll stations are bottlenecks in the traffic flow of expressways, and the evaluation of their capacity is essential for the operation of the expressway. Traditional capacity studies are mostly based on theoretical modelling of traffic engineering or simulation, with a focus on parameter tuning and idealized hypotheses, resulting in poor reliability. In view of the coexistence of electronic toll collection lanes and compound toll collection lanes at toll stations of expressways in China, the present study analyses the capacity of entrance and exit lanes of toll stations under mixed traffic conditions using a real toll data-driven approach. Firstly, the service time of a single vehicle during the saturation period was taken as the starting point for the capacity estimates. Secondly, the variation in service time for multiple categories of vehicles is modelled using lognormal distribution. Finally, the capacity of the two types of toll lanes at the designated toll station is determined. The important outcome of this study is the calculation of authentic capacity at the toll stations and the discussion of individual special toll lanes. Accordingly, it contributes to the development of appropriate policies to manage the operation of the toll plaza effectively.

Autonomous Intersection Management for Connected and Automated Vehicles: A Lane-Based Method

Most existing studies on autonomous intersection management (AIM) often focus on algorithms to accommodate conflicts among vehicles by assuming that the entrance lane and the exit lane of vehicles are exogenous inputs. This paper shows that allowing entrance lanes and exit lanes to be optimized can significantly improve traffic efficiency. In particular, this paper proposes “all-direction” lanes, where left-turn, through, and right-turn traffic is all allowed at the same lane. We develop two methods for optimizing entering time (i.e., when to enter the intersection) and route choice decisions (i.e., entrance lane and exit lane), including the sliding-time-window-based global optimum (GO-STW) and the first-come-first-served method with optimal route choices (FCFS-R). The developed lane-based methods can be formulated as mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problems, which can be solved using the CPLEX solver. A heuristic is further adopted to solve the MILP model in a timely manner, which illustrates the potential real-time applicability of the proposed method. Numerical analysis is conducted to examine performance and effectiveness of the proposed methods and heuristic. We found that the optimization of lane/route choices is often more critical than entering time.

Feudalistic Platooning: Subdivide Platoons, Unite Networks, and Conquer Efficiency and Reliability.

Cooperative intelligent transportation systems (C-ITSs) such as platooning rely on a robust and timely network that may not always be available in sufficient quality. Out of the box hybrid networks only partly eliminate shortcomings: mutual interference avoidance, data load balancing, and data dissemination must be sophisticated. Lacking network quality may lead to safety bottlenecks that require that the distance between the following vehicles be increased. However, increasing gaps result in efficiency loss and additionally compromise safety as the platoon is split into smaller parts by traffic: maneuvers, e.g., cut-in maneuvers bear safety risks, and consequently lower efficiency even further. However, platoons, especially if they are very long, can negatively affect the flow of traffic. This mainly applies on entry or exit lanes, on narrow lanes, or in intersection areas: automated and non-automated vehicles in traffic do affect each other and are interdependent. To account for varying network quality and enable the coexistence of non-automated and platooned traffic, we present in this paper a new concept of platooning that unites ad hoc—in form of IEEE 802.11p—and cellular communication: feudalistic platooning. Platooned vehicles are divided into smaller groups, inseparable by surrounding traffic, and are assigned roles that determine the communication flow between vehicles, other groups and platoons, and infrastructure. Critical vehicle data are redundantly sent while the ad hoc network is only used for this purpose. The remaining data are sent—relying on cellular infrastructure once it is available—directly between vehicles with or without the use of network involvement for scheduling. The presented approach was tested in simulations using Omnet++ and Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO).

Engineering Countermeasures for Left Turns at Signalized Intersections: A Review

Left turn crashes can impact the safety of the drivers due to the speed and angle at which they occur. Left turns are specifically reported to affect older drivers more than the other types of crashes. This paper provides a review of the existing engineering countermeasures that have been evaluated to improve driver safety at left turns. Twentyeight studies on left turn signal displays (protected left turns, flashing yellow arrow, and digital countdown timers), intersection geometry (offset left turn lanes, diverging diamond interchange, roundabouts, exit lanes for left turn, left turn bay extension, and contraflow left turn lanes), and driver warning systems (infrastructure warning systems, and in-vehicle warning systems) are reviewed. Eighteen studies were evaluated in the field, nine in laboratory environments, and one online. All countermeasures demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness. We found protected left turns, roundabouts, and warning systems to be the most effective engineering countermeasures. Advantages and disadvantages of each countermeasure and research shortcomings of the evaluation studies are discussed. Review findings may help practitioners and researchers guide more effective countermeasures for left turns for older drivers.

Analysis of the Traffic Parameters on a Section in the City of the National Road during Several Years of Operation

The study carried out an analysis of the vehicle traffic parameters on a national road in 2011-2016. The variability and uncertainty of results were evaluated. An analysis of traffic data recorded on the city's entry and exit lanes was carried out. The variations in traffic volume are of interest e.g. in dynamic traffic management systems and navigation services, examining the benefits of flexible work time and places and assessing the environmental effects of traffic congestion. Research has shown that the assumption that lanes perform equally is not always true. Traffic volume models should be periodically calibrated taking into account the shape of the daily profile, which may, for example, allow public transport timetables to be more responsive to the needs of travelers.

Optimal Trajectory Control for Left-Turn Vehicles at Exit Lane for Left-Turn Intersections

The exit lane for left-turn (EFL) intersection is a newly proposed unconventional intersection that can alleviate left-turn traffic congestion at intersections. The EFL design characteristic lies in that a part of exit lanes can be provisionally used as left-turn lanes to provide additional capacity for left-turn traffic. The inappropriate lane selection of human drivers decreases the effectiveness of such design. This paper establishes an optimal trajectory planning model for left-turn vehicles at EFL intersections under the automated driving environment. The longitudinal acceleration and lane changing variables are optimized simultaneously. The optimization model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear model, which ensures the computational efficiency. The effectiveness of the proposed model is explored under various traffic, geometric, and signal control conditions. The results show that the model can provide a suitable control strategy for left-turn vehicles. On average, traffic delay can be reduced by 47.3%. The proposed model has a promising control effect under high volume conditions. Moreover, the proposed model performs stably under the various length of the mixed-usage area.

Preliminary safety assessment of Polish interchanges

Interchanges are a key and the most complex element of a road infrastructure. The safety and functionality of interchanges determine the traffic conditions and safety of the entire road network. This applies particularly to motorways and expressways, for which they are the only way to access and exchange traffic. A big problem in Poland is the lack of comprehensive tools for designers at individual stages of the design process. This applies to guidelines or other documents regarding the location, choice of interchanges type and selection of design pa-rameters. This does not provide sufficient material for designing safe and functional interchanges. This situation results in numerous hazards that occur on existing interchanges and errors that are still being made at all stages of the design process. Consequently, there is a risk of accidents in the area of interchanges, which often have serious consequences. The purpose of the research presented in the article is to identify main groups of hazards on the interchanges and to classify them based on field tests and audits of project documentation. The prepared classification uses the results of analyzing data on road accidents. As part of the research, a database was built that includes in-formation on road accidents and traffic, as well as data on all existing interchanges on motorways and express-ways in Poland. These data includes: interchange type, length of exit and entry lanes, total interchanges length, type of cross-section on main roads and ramps. The number and type of ramps occurring at a given interchange as well as the type of intersections, if any, were also taken into account. Based on the assessment, the level of safety was determined for individual types of interchanges. Then, the impact of selected road and traffic factors on safety was presented. The critical elements of interchanges are entries, exits, weaving sections and intersections. Assumptions were also adopted for the classification of identified haz-ards. A comprehensive safety assessment for interchanges allowed the development of assumptions for their design guidelines. On the basis of database exploration and field research, the main problems and hazards regarding the functioning of interchanges were identified.

Modeling the Operation of Left-Turn Vehicles at Exit Lanes for Left-Turn Intersections

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the operation of left-turn vehicles under the impact of exit lanes for left-turn (EFL) control. A microscopic traffic flow model was proposed, in which a multiv...

The layout improvements of motorcycle parking facilities in hospital

Parking space is one of the facilities that must be considered in all types of public facilities buildings, one of which is a hospital. But unfortunately many hospitals make parking facilities tend to be careless and cause the parking space to become narrow, causing congestion in the entry and exit lanes, so that it can damage vehicle property. This research focuses on parking facilities for 2-wheeled vehicles in one of the largest hospitals in the Medan city area. The facilities of this hospital are classified as very severe. As for some of the problems contained in the parking lot are parking conditions that are always over (too full), very narrow parking lanes, and irregular parking conditions (causing severe congestion at certain hours). The final result of this study is to get the number of parking slots that must be provided and make a layout parking improvements.