Existing Waste Management System Research Articles

Waste Matters: A Comprehensive Exploration of Solid Waste Management in Krishnanagar City for Sustainable Solutions

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a term used to address the management of waste and garbage. Given the communal living of human beings, the generation of a substantial amount of waste has transformed Solid Waste Management into a global concern. Defined as non-liquid waste material devoid of utility for human beings, solid waste stems from diverse sources such as domestic households, commercial enterprises, industrial operations, medical facilities, and institutional activities. In India, solid waste significantly contributes to environmental degradation, with improper management posing potential hazards. Over time, India has employed various techniques for Solid Waste Management. However, traditional methods, once effective, are now deemed less efficient and contribute to environmental harm due to population growth and shifts in the types of generated waste. Consequently, newer, more effective techniques have been introduced for SWM, aiming to minimize environmental impact. Krishnanagar city, much like other urban areas, grapples with solid waste management challenges, leading to a continual rise in waste production. Consequently, it becomes imperative to handle municipal waste in a systematic, cost-effective, and secure manner. This study reviews the current state of SWM in Krishnanagar city, offering a comprehensive overview. Through an analysis of all functional aspects related to SWM, the study draws conclusions and provides recommendations to enhance the existing waste management system in Krishnanagar city. The revisions made emphasize clarity, coherence, and relevance, ensuring the information is presented in a more refined and plagiarism-free manner.

Review of the Existing Organic Waste Management Situation in Kerala

In India, the rapid economic development has resulted in a change in the lifestyle of urban dwellers, which has changed the composition of the waste generated. Due to the high volume of waste generated, the collection, transportation, and disposal stream requires a highly efficient system. It requires knowledge of what the wastes are comprised of, how they need to be collected and disposed of, and the participation of citizens, local governments, and private entrepreneurs. With the vision to transform Kerala into a garbagefree state and achieve full-scale environmental health, Kerala has notified the principle of 3Rs in the State Policy on Solid Waste Management. As per Suchitwa Mission annual report 2019-2020, in the year 2019-2020 Kerala has generated 10,044 TPD of Municipal Solid Waste. With a population growth rate of approximately 10.24%, Kerala could generate 16,565 TPD of waste in 2036. This increase in waste generation could put substantial pressure on the existing waste management system of Kerala. Thus, there is a greater need to investigate alternative waste management options and expand the capacity of the waste management system in Kerala. Landfills have also been widely unsuccessful in the state of Kerala. According to the Suchitwa mission' s latest data, Kerala has 51 notified dumpsites of which only 31 are in operation and 14 dumpsites have a volume≤ 800 m3. Additionally few dumpsites are very close to human settlements and located close to each other. In the current article a detailed review of the waste generation, composition, organic waste treatment and disposal methods are made, and gaps in the present waste management practice are outlined. The identified gaps are examined to fulfill the defined requirements in the solid waste management law of the respective state and the comprehensive rules laid down by the Government of India (Gol) in its Solid Waste Management Rules 2016.

The concept of a closed resource cycle using an innovative information system for the development of bioenergy

RELEVANCE. The impossibility of using existing information systems, such as territorial waste management schemes (TSOs) to form a balance of supply and demand. TSOs do not allow us to identify the volume of demand and supply for processing technologies, and equipment manufacturers are not focused on understanding the balance of demand across the country. Technological development in terms of creating new facilities for energy waste processing requires justification of prospects for investment.THE PURPOSE. Develop the concept of a closed resource cycle using information flows aimed at identifying participants in the process. The desired tool should provide an understanding of the need for the production of bioenergy equipment, the potential for demand for R&D, as well as the formation of state programs to support the creation of enterprises for the processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the production of bioenergy equipment.METHODS. The development of the concept of a closed resource cycle is characterized by the design of the concept, which includes the methods of divergence, transformation, and convergence.RESULTS. The paper describes the relevance of the topic associated with the impossibility of using existing information systems such as territorial waste management schemes (TSMS) to form a balance of supply and demand for processing technologies. Potential participants in the formation of a closed resource cycle throughout the life cycle of a waste processing project are identified, with the role of participants and the links between them, as well as the characteristics of the information flow of each participant, identified. A concept is proposed based on the formation of an information system in which each participant can maximize their needs for resources and effect.CONCLUSION. The proposed system makes it possible to improve the existing waste management system, ensures the return of generated waste to the resource cycle. systems - the balance of generated and recycled waste. The main difference between the proposed system and the federal state information system for accounting and control of waste management of classes I and II is the principle of operation - the system is based on the source of waste generation, ensuring the balance of generating and processed waste.

Efficient solid waste inspection through drone‐based aerial imagery and TinyML vision model

AbstractSolid waste management is a significant challenge in the development of smart cities. Existing approaches for solid waste monitoring are often time‐consuming and resource intensive. Therefore, this study proposes a novel approach to solid waste monitoring that utilizes drone technology. The proposed method enables the efficient identification and classification of waste objects in the garbage discovered by the drone. This system can inspect every part of a smart city from a remote location, allowing for the timely and effective management of solid waste. Thus, the proposed system can be easily integrated in the existing waste management system for smart city. The drone‐based solid waste monitoring system comprises a drone equipped with a computer vision model for resource‐constrained devices and a software application that operates the drone and analyzes the captured image or video. The system utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) to upload the collected data to the cloud, making it easily accessible whenever necessary. The proposed drone‐based solid waste monitoring system is a promising solution for the efficient and cost‐effective management of solid waste in smart cities. The system's innovative use of drone technology and IoT provides a scalable and adaptable solution that can be customized to meet the needs of any city.

Moving from Linear to Circular Economy in Saudi Arabia: Life-Cycle Assessment on Plastic Waste Management

The discovery of plastic caused a true transformation in human lives and it is used in many essential applications. Despite its significance, humanity struggles to control plastic waste and stop its infiltration into the natural environment. This study aims to review the existing waste management system in Saudi Arabia and evaluate environmental impacts of different plastic waste management scenarios by conducting a life-cycle assessment (LCA). This study covered five scenarios: landfill, incineration with energy recovery, mechanical recycling with incineration of residuals, pyrolysis with incineration of residuals, and combined mechanical recycling and pyrolysis with incineration of residuals. For all scenarios in this study, the CML-IA Baseline method was used, utilizing OpenLCA software. Sources of data for this study were obtained from the Ecoinvent 3.9.1 database and from published peer-reviewed reports. The LCA study revealed that the combined mechanical recycling and pyrolysis with incineration of residuals scenario has the lowest environmental impact. Additionally, the combined scenario can accept a broader range of plastic waste, which improves the overall waste management system towards shifting to circular economy. Therefore, to meet the various recycling requirements, it is recommended to establish a portfolio of plastic waste management techniques in Saudi Arabia to produce high-quality recycled products. It is also recommended to utilize renewable energy for electricity generation in Saudi Arabia, since it was shown in this study that it has a significant positive environmental impact across all impact categories.

Domestic Waste Management Study of Community Based in Kupang City

This research aims to find the existing waste management system and create a development model of waste technology management. Besides, this study will focus specifically on the variables that influence participatory community-based waste management technology. This study uses descriptive analysis crosstab and chi-square. The data collected using distributing questionnaires and interviews with respondents randomly. The results of this study are mostly waste generated by society and less managed well. The integration of variable dimensions of public participation can cultivate people’s willingness to reduce waste generation. Community participation can increase recycling and composting activities that waste going into a landfill can be reduced. Variable work and income results have a relationship with the waste that the people in Kupang did sorting. Simultaneously, the variables age, gender, education, type of housing, and the number of people do not have a significant relationship with waste sorting. Not all respondents addressed the garbage by the janitor, so most of them deal with their waste by burning and dispose of vacant land.

Biomedical waste plastic: bacteria, disinfection and recycling technologies-a comprehensive review.

Plastic recycling reduces the wastage of potentially useful materials as well as the consumption of virgin materials, thereby lowering the energy consumption, air pollution by incineration, soil and water pollution by landfilling. Plastics used in the biomedical sector have played a significant role. Reducing the transmission of the virus while protecting the human life in particular the frontline workers. Enormous volumes of plastics in biomedical waste have been observed during the outbreak of the pandemic COVID-19. This has resulted from the extensive use of personal protective equipment such as masks, gloves, face shields, bottles, sanitizers, gowns, and other medical plastics which has created challenges to the existing waste management system in the developing countries. The current review focuses on the biomedical waste and its classification, disinfection, and recycling technology of different types of plastics waste generated in the sector and their corresponding approaches toward end-of-life option and value addition. This review provides a broader overview of the process to reduce the volume of plastics from biomedical waste directly entering the landfill while providing a knowledge step toward the conversion of “waste” to “wealth.” An average of 25% of the recyclable plastics are present in biomedical waste. All the processes discussed in this article accounts for cleaner techniques and a sustainable approach to the treatment of biomedical waste.

РЕСАЙКЛІНГ: ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКИЙ ДОСВІД ТА ЙОГО РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ В УКРАЇНІ

Recycling is an effective method in the fight against waste and its secondary processing, which is beneficial from the point of economic and ecological components view. The article analyzes the main types of sorted waste that can be used as raw materials for secondary processing, and based on the research data of Yale University, the main European countries that are currently leaders in secondary processing are identified. The analysis schedule of the waste processing system in Europe is given. Analysis of European countries showed that Switzerland, which is the "greenest" country according to most data and indicators, can be considered a model. Based on these statements, several key components of the waste management system in Switzerland were analyzed, the participation and influence of state and regional authorities on the activities of communities for waste collection and disposal were analyzed, and examples of the control system for the implementation of these processes were also studied. The work highlights the most important components of the recycling successful implementation in the country and developed recommendations for transferring experience to the current situation in Ukraine in order to solve problems with raw materials and increase responsibility for waste. These recommendations are focused not only on aspects of improving the overall waste management system but also on the principles of customer-oriented marketing, where waste is a raw material for businesses engaged in entrepreneurial activities in the field of secondary processing. Based on the experience of the studied countries, it is also proposed to implement in Ukraine the effective components of the waste management system proven by practice, such as the development of a convenient navigation system for citizens, which will help to easily learn how to sort, what conditions and rules, where to find a collection point for certain waste. (based on the example of the existing waste management system in Switzerland). The data obtained in the work can be useful both for scientists and for those who work in fields related to recycling, waste management or waste management, community development, or enterprises that benefit them.

Upravljanje otpadom u tekstilnoj industriji

In the management system of large companies, environmental protection is increasingly becoming one of the more important subsystems in terms of the generation of industrial waste. In order to manage the impact a factory's production process on the environment as efficiently as possible, it is necessary to control certain quality parameters of emissions into the environment, and activities to minimize the impact of emissions and pollution, from the moment the raw materials arrive until the product leaves the warehouse as a finished product. By analyzing the technological process, the method of waste management is defined, i.e. the types, composition and quantities of waste generated in the textile plants are determined. By constantly analyzing the existing waste management system, the currently implemented measures and possible shortcomings and omissions are constantly reviewed, on the basis of which measures to improve waste management are proposed. The paper describes the impact of waste management in the textile industry on the environment, i.e. examples of the management flow of industrially generated hazardous and non-hazardous waste - characterization of industrial waste, disposal methods and proposals for their reduction.

Sustainable supply chain network design for municipal solid waste management: A case study

Design and planning of waste transfer stations, treatment facilities, and landfills are essential components of municipal solid waste management. The source separation process reduces waste separation costs and improves the quality of recycled products by preventing the generation of mixed waste and assisting the waste recycling process. The purpose of this paper is to present a multi-period, multi-objective model for designing an integrated and sustainable supply chain network for municipal solid waste management that considers source separation and employs a reward-penalty mechanism. The objective functions include minimizing the system's total cost, greenhouse gas emissions, and adverse environmental impacts on residential areas. The proposed model is illustrated through a case study in Kermanshah, Iran. Three scenarios including the optimal solution of the proposed model considering the landfill location as a decision variable, the optimal solution of the proposed model with the current landfill location fixed, and the existing waste management system are introduced and compared. The results indicate that when the proposed system is used instead of the previous two scenarios, waste management costs are reduced by 12.4% and 66.6%, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 0.5%, and increased by 3.3%. Environmental impacts are increased by 16.5% and reduced by 8.9%, respectively. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effect of varying the waste impurity percentage on supply chain performance, as source separation is believed to reduce system costs.

Construction of a spatial–temporal metabolic path for hazardous waste management based on the fusion of reported data and web text data

This study employs mining and fusion of the waste reported data and web text data to construct a spatial–temporal metabolic path for hazardous waste management. According to the reported data, the generation and inventory of organic solvent waste account for a large proportion of hazardous waste; thus, they were selected as the representative waste in the construction of metabolic paths from the generation to the final disposal during 2016 to 2019. Web text data were obtained by a web crawler to identify where waste was produced, stored, and disposed. Based on the matching logic, the reported data and web text data were fused to realize the spatio-temporal expression for the logical metabolic path. The results showed that the generation of organic solvent waste displayed rapid growth, increasing from 17,922 to 22,005 tons between 2016 and 2019. The number of waste production enterprises also showed growth, with most of them disconnected downstream, accounting for an average of 43.84% of the total metabolic paths. The number of metabolic paths representing the complete waste disposal decreased significantly by 23.02% during this period. Most of the waste was transferred outside the Chengdu metropolitan area for final disposal, accounting for an average of 14.90% of the total waste generation. In addition, the contributions to organic solvent waste were identified; the automobile and electronic device manufacturing industries were the major sources. These results provided insight into hazardous waste management, making a call for improvement in the existing management system. • A spatial–temporally metabolic path regarding hazardous waste is constructed. • The path is constructed through the fusion and mining of waste reported data and web text data. • The managerial issues related to the existing waste management system are identified. • Policy implications for hazardous waste management system optimization are proposed.

SYSTEMATIC WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR EMPOWERMENT OF AMBULU VILLAGE COMMUNITY

Waste is something that is always present in our daily lives. All the activities will inevitably result in the waste and so is going on in the village of Ambulu, District of Losari, Cirebon. The problem of this research is the process of waste management, which can’t be categorised as good because the process is done by discharge management is not in the appropriate place and dispoce it using the combustion process.
 The purpose of this study was to determine the existing waste management system in the village of Ambulu, District of Losari,Cirebon. The method used on this research is a qualitative study design with observational descriptive. It conducted by field surveys, focus group discussions with participant, open inteviews, and literature study. Participants used in this study is representative of the Environment Agency, the village head, village councils, youth clubs and organizations in the village. The study states that waste management still in the unfavorable category, this is due to many factors : the lack of land for the contruction of temporary shelters, facilities and infrastructures are not good enough and the level of public awareness is still low about the importance to manage waste properly. The advice can be given is to socialize, to schedule regular clean up to clen the village and create a budget for land acquisition, which will be used for temporary shelter.

Влияние особенностей нормативно-правового регулирования на управление отходами в странах Северной Европы

The article discusses the problem of waste management relevant for the Russian Federation and its Arctic regions on the example of a number of Arctic states – the countries of Northern Europe. The existing waste management system, features of the relevant regulatory framework and competition development in this area are considered. The legislative framework of waste management in the northern countries is heavily influenced by the European Union directives and international law. The northern countries have much in common, including cultural and legislative traditions, however there are significant differences between them.
 In most northern countries, existing laws and other regulations to some extent limit competition in waste management. It imposes obligations, but at the same time provides broad waste management rights. Within the current legislative framework, there are opportunities to increase competition in the field of waste management. However, the existing regulatory framework may not be sufficient to improve the market structure or create new waste markets.

The influence of organizational and economic methods of household waste management on the volumes and structure of its formation: the experience of the Netherlands

In the context of global consumption growth, the amount of household waste is increasing, the management of which should be based on the choice of those methods that ensure the growth of its processing and do not increase the financial burden on the population. This study examines the most common methods of organizing the management of solid domestic waste and the formation of tariffs for its disposal in the Netherlands. The effect of the applied method on the composition of the generated waste and the degree of separation of their components is analyzed. The cost of handling each ton of waste using each of the three most common methods is calculated. The different influence of the method of payment for household waste management on the volume of mixed waste generation per capita and the volume of waste generation in general has been proven. The largest volumes of mixed waste were generated in those municipalities that introduced an annual fee per inhabitant. The smallest are when using payment by the volume of the garbage bag. Depending on the method used in determining the payment for household waste management, the financial burden per tenant is calculated. In municipalities that have implemented a fixed fee for waste disposal per inhabitant, the load was 1.04 % of the annual income of the person, and when paying depending on the volume of garbage bags, 4.65 %. It is established that the existing waste management system in the Netherlands has ensured a high level of organization of separate collection of household waste. As a result of the study, no direct relationship was found between the method of calculating payment for waste disposal and the generation of mixed waste. It is concluded that the effectiveness of the implementation of the household waste management policy depends on the level of public awareness of the negative consequences of its impact on the environment

Infectious medical waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic in public hospitals of West Guji zone, southern Ethiopia

IntroductionCOVID-19 has swept through the world in a very short period; large volumes of medical waste are being generated in response to the pandemic. Hence, it is imperative to plan and develop evidence-based additional waste management systems. ObjectiveTo assess infectious medical waste management system during the COVID-19 pandemic in public hospitals of the West Guji zone, southern Ethiopia, 2020. MethodsInstitution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from November 05-25/2020. To determine infectious medical waste generation rate, different color plastic buckets and bags was distributed to each ward of the hospitals. Then, its quantity was measured by using a calibrated weighing balance for seven consecutive days. An interviewer-administered questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to collect data related to the existing waste management system, and the knowledge, attitude and practice of waste handlers. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 25 and presented in tables, figures and texts as appropriate. ResultThe average infectious medical waste generation rate was determined to be 2.1 kg/bed/day and/or 0.57kg/patient/day. Besides, there was limited segregation of infectious medical waste at the point of generation. Mixed medical waste was collected and transported by using open plastic bin and burned in a brick incinerator or/and dumped in an open field. Moreover, about 42%, 44.6% and 64.8% of the waste handlers had adequate knowledge; a positive attitude and adequate practice respectively. ConclusionThe average infectious medical waste generation rate is above the threshold value (0.2kg/bed/day) set by the WHO. Besides, its management was limited. There was also a gap in the knowledge and attitude of waste handlers towards infectious medical waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cloud based Forecast of Municipal Solid Waste Growth using AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average Model: A Case Study for Bengaluru

Forecasting the quantity of waste growth in upcoming years is very much required for assessing the existing waste management system. In this research work, time series forecast model, ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average), is used to predict future waste growth from 2021 to 2028 for Bengaluru, largest city in Karnataka. Eight years old historical solid waste dataset from 2012 to 2020 is used to make predictions. This dataset is preprocessed and only time bounded variables like days, month, year and waste quantity in tons are used in this research work to obtain accurate prediction. The model is implemented in python in Google Colab free cloud’s Jupyter notebook. As ARIMA is time bounded, forecast made by the model is accurate and performance of the model is evaluated using metrics such as Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Coefficient of Determination (R2). Outcomes revealed that ARIMA (0, 1, 2) model with the lowermost RMSE (753.5742), MAD (577.4601), and MAPE (11.6484) values and the maximum R2 (0.9788) value has a greater forecast performance. The outcomes attained from the model also showed that the total volume of yearly solid waste to be produced will rise from about 50,300 tons in 2021 to 75,600 tons in 2028.

ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ СИСТЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ ТВЕРДИМИ ПОБУТОВИМИ ВІДХОДАМИ У КРЕМЕНЧУЦЬКІЙ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНІЙ ГРОМАДІ

Purpose. Many years of experience in the operation of landfills for solid waste has contributed to the development of a number of measures aimed at preventing their adverse effects on the environment. In the case of separate waste collection, up to 70–80 % of useful resources can be removed from their total amount. Removal of valuable components will have a positive effect on reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of, reduce the negative impact on the environment, and offset the costs of procurement of secondary raw materials. Methodology. In order to reduce the level of danger of the landfill, the problem of solid waste management in the Kremenchuk territorial community was studied. The current directions of improvement of the waste collection and utilization system are considered. To determine the components of waste that should be sorted, studies of the morphological composition of solid waste, as well as analyzed the possibilities of their processing in Ukraine. Results. A system of primary sorting and removal of useful components at the stage of waste collection is proposed. A set of technological solutions for optimizing the waste treatment system is recommended. Based on the research, it is concluded that the existing waste management system in Kremenchuk should be supplemented by separate collection of hazardous and organic waste, to introduce separate waste collection in the private sector. The proposed optimization of the waste management system will reduce the load on the landfill; reduce the negative impact on all components of the environment. It is also proposed to expand the infrastructure of the landfill by building the following facilities: a municipal center for sorting solid waste, a sorting station, a complex for composting organic waste. Originality. Thanks to the proposed integrated approach to waste management, which is a combination of mechanical separation and biological treatment of waste, it will be possible to reduce the amount of leachate and biogas, reduce the load on the landfill, and reduce the negative impact of waste on soils and groundwater. Practical value. Creating an effective waste management system will help improve the state of environmental and sanitary-epidemiological safety in the community. References 11, tables 3, figures 2.

Carbon footprint reduction potential of waste management strategies in tourism

Tourism is one of the major economic factors contributing to growth and jobs worldwide. The number of international travellers has increased more than 50-fold in the past 70 years. However, the contribution of tourism to (municipal) waste generation is also large and is increasing, accompanied by an increase in some environmental and socio-economic impacts. An average value of 1.67 kg waste is now generated per tourist (Obersteiner et al., 2017). Waste prevention and recycling should therefore be major objectives in tourist waste management by municipal authorities.Within the EU H2020-funded project “URBANWASTE – Urban Strategies for Waste Management in Tourist Cities”, eco-innovative waste prevention and management strategies were implemented in 10 pilot cities with high levels of tourism, in order to reduce urban waste production and improve municipal waste management. This study examined the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions savings for three selected waste prevention and treatment options: food waste prevention, reductions in single use plastic and increased separate collection and recycling of waste. Benefits were expressed per kg waste prevented or diverted higher up the waste hierarchy and per 1000 tourists.The measures achieved potential GHG emission savings of between 4 and 189 kg CO2-eq. per 1000 tourists, depending on local conditions such as the existing waste management system. Measures tackling food waste reduction and separate collection had low emissions associated with the measure itself, whereas for assessed measures reducing the use of single use plastics by providing reusable alternatives, emissions associated with the measures were relatively high. This was due to the emissions associated with the production of the alternative reusable products. Influencing factors reducing the carbon footprint of waste management in tourism other than the kind of waste focused on were the existing waste management system (especially for biowaste) as well as the practicability and scalability of measures under the divers regional circumstances.

Features of Production and Consumption Waste Management in Russia

The analysis of legislative issues of regulation of the sphere of production and consumption waste management is carried out. The problems and shortcomings that reduce the effectiveness of the mechanisms for managing production and consumption waste provided for by current legislation are identified. Features of production and consumption waste management are studied on the basis of analysis of the existing waste management system in the Russian Federation and research of advanced foreign experience. The analysis of the dynamics of the share of waste in the field of mining is carried out. The reasons for the high share of waste generation in the extractive industry are substantiated. It is proved that the steady growth of unauthorized landfills indicates the insufficiency of existing measures and the provisions that need to strengthen existing measures are presented. The main directions that can be considered a priority for the development of the domestic waste management industry are highlighted.

Extraction of Bio Polymers from Crustacean Shells and its Application in Refinery Wastewater Treatment

The fisheries sector is one of the most ancient and important sectors in the world and plays a significant role in providing the nutrition and socio-economic development of the country. The fish processing industry produces huge quantities of wastewater, encompassing significant amounts of contaminants in the form of soluble, colloidal, and particulate matters. The disposal of shellfish waste is a serious issue, and the effluents discharged from seafood-processing plants contain high amounts of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), dissolved solids, suspended solids, and turbidity. The existing waste management system lacks a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method. The current research focus on the extraction of a biopolymer chitosan from crab shells by ecofriendly methods and its application in refinery wastewater treatment. The chemical structure and crystallinity of the extracted chitosan was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses. Surface morphology and elemental composition were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). Thermal properties were detected using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The extracted chitosan was successfully employed in the batch treatment of refinery effluent by varying the experimental parameters (refinery effluent solution pH, contact time, dosage of chitosan, and stirring speed) and the optimizations of the processing conditions were established.