Existing Survey Research Research Articles

How and why does religion matter for the integration of Muslim minorities? Differentiating religiosity from religious orientations among Turkish Muslims in Germany

ABSTRACT The high level of religiosity of immigrants in general and Muslims in particular is often conceived of as a barrier to integration in European public and scholarly debates. However, existing survey research on the relation between religion and integration was limited to measures of religiosity and has yielded contradictory findings. For a broad range of outcomes spanning the domains of structural, social and cultural integration, there are studies showing positive, negative or no associations with immigrants’ religiosity. Arguing that religious cognitions are independent of religiosity, we examine whether the way immigrants reason about religion explains additional variation in immigrant integration. Drawing on original survey data of Turkish-origin Muslims in Germany (N = 500), we examine how religious literalism, symbolism and theological exclusivism relate to a broad range of integration outcomes (educational attainment, labour market participation, intergroup contact, civic and political participation, volunteering, sense of belonging to Germany and social distance), over and above levels of religiosity. Factor analyses reveal that a symbolic approach to religion (i.e. emphasizing the need to take the historical context into account when interpreting religious texts) is conceptually distinct from literalism and exclusivism and can explain variation beyond religiosity, particularly in the domain of civic integration.

Increasing disclosure of school-related gender-based violence: lessons from a systematic review of data collection methods and existing survey research

BackgroundSchool-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) includes sexual, physical or psychological violence occurring in and around schools often perpetrated by teachers or peers. In this review, we focus on studies comparing how data collection methodologies affect children’s disclosures of SRGBV.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review, searching nine databases for studies from high, middle and low-income countries using search terms related to violence, disclosure and data collection methodology. Records were initially screened by abstract and then full-texts were retrieved and data from eligible reports extracted. In this paper, we draw on results from this larger systematic review highlighting studies conducted with children which either collected data in schools or asked about violence in schools. We also describe methods compared and results of studies that were not conducted in schools, but that included children and young people. Finally, we describe how multi-country nationally representative surveys conducted in at least one low and middle-income country measure children’s experiences of SRGBV.ResultsWe screened 28,780 records, of which fourteen are included in this article. Only four studies compared data collection methodologies in schools or about violence in schools. These showed a 0 to more than 500-percent variation in the prevalence of violence measured using different data collection methodologies. An additional ten studies which were not conducted in schools, examined disclosure of violence in children and young people that was not specifically school-related. We assessed five multi-country national surveys that measured SRGBV. This limited evidence suggests that methods allowing increased anonymity (e.g. audio computer assisted self-interview, online surveys) may result in higher disclosure of violence, including SRGBV, than face-to-face interviewing. No studies included reported on safety, experiences of young people, or the costs of different methods. Multi-country national surveys used self-completion methods if completed in schools or face-to-face interviewing if completed in households, to measure SRGBV.ConclusionEvidence on the impact of data collection method on SRGBV disclosure is limited, however current prevalence of SRGBV in international surveys used to monitor SDG progress may be underestimated due to data collection methods used. Further research on SRGBV should aim to test the effects of data collection methodology on the disclosure of violence. Efforts to improve the measurement of SRGBV is central to understanding the epidemiology, monitoring changes, and developing school and community-based programs as well as policies to prevent and respond to SRGBV.

Surveying Public Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care in the United States: Systematic Review

This paper reviews nationally representative public opinion surveys on artificial intelligence (AI) in the United States, with a focus on areas related to health care. The potential health applications of AI continue to gain attention owing to their promise as well as challenges. For AI to fulfill its potential, it must not only be adopted by physicians and health providers but also by patients and other members of the public. This study reviews the existing survey research on the United States' public attitudes toward AI in health care and reveals the challenges and opportunities for more effective and inclusive engagement on the use of AI in health settings. We conducted a systematic review of public opinion surveys, reports, and peer-reviewed journal articles published on Web of Science, PubMed, and Roper iPoll between January 2010 and January 2022. We include studies that are nationally representative US public opinion surveys and include at least one or more questions about attitudes toward AI in health care contexts. Two members of the research team independently screened the included studies. The reviewers screened study titles, abstracts, and methods for Web of Science and PubMed search results. For the Roper iPoll search results, individual survey items were assessed for relevance to the AI health focus, and survey details were screened to determine a nationally representative US sample. We reported the descriptive statistics available for the relevant survey questions. In addition, we performed secondary analyses on 4 data sets to further explore the findings on attitudes across different demographic groups. This review includes 11 nationally representative surveys. The search identified 175 records, 39 of which were assessed for inclusion. Surveys include questions related to familiarity and experience with AI; applications, benefits, and risks of AI in health care settings; the use of AI in disease diagnosis, treatment, and robotic caregiving; and related issues of data privacy and surveillance. Although most Americans have heard of AI, they are less aware of its specific health applications. Americans anticipate that medicine is likely to benefit from advances in AI; however, the anticipated benefits vary depending on the type of application. Specific application goals, such as disease prediction, diagnosis, and treatment, matter for the attitudes toward AI in health care among Americans. Most Americans reported wanting control over their personal health data. The willingness to share personal health information largely depends on the institutional actor collecting the data and the intended use. Americans in general report seeing health care as an area in which AI applications could be particularly beneficial. However, they have substantial levels of concern regarding specific applications, especially those in which AI is involved in decision-making and regarding the privacy of health information.

Feasibility of mailed biomarker data collection among U.S. young adults: Saliva-based cotinine and self-reported nicotine use

BackgroundNationally representative self-report studies are the standard for data on the prevalence of substance use. Newly emerging biomarker assessments can add objective measurements of exposure. However, biomarker assessment has typically depended on in-person sample collection. The current study examined whether young adults in a national sample would be willing and able to provide a saliva sample via mail, and the correspondence of cotinine in the saliva sample with self-reported vaping and smoking. MethodsData collection for the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Vaping Supplement was from September to November 2020. Eligible participants (N = 4358) were selected from a nationally-representative sample of US 12th-grade students in MTF in spring 2019. The MTF Vaping Supplement surveyed individuals nationally about one year after the 12th grade MTF survey (in 2020, mean age = 19.6 years; N = 1244). Survey weights accounted for design and attrition. ResultsOf those surveyed, 66.2% consented to provide a saliva sample and, of those, 73.8% mailed a sample. There were no significant differences in providing a saliva sample across any demographic characteristic, but those who reported nicotine use were less likely to provide a sample. Cotinine cut-off measures of > 3 ng/mL and > 10 ng/mL had good correspondence with self-reported measures. ConclusionsResults support the feasibility of collecting saliva via the mail in a national sample and the validity of data collected in this way. These findings support future research innovations to expand existing survey research protocols to include biomarker data collection in representative samples of young adults.

The state of functioning transport, freight forwarding and logistics companies and their responses to the pandemic crisis

The article attempts to present, on the basis of the existing survey research (questionnaires and interviews), subject literature, internet data as well as personal experiences and observations of the author (an employee of an international transport and logistics company), the general data regarding the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the functioning of transport, freight forwarding and logistics companies (referred to as TFL companies) and, additionally, the responses of these companies to the pandemic crisis. The choice of this subject was made on the general assumption that the influence of the coronavirus pandemic on the functioning of TFL companies has not been uniform. And although, unquestionably, its most perceptible, negative and destructive force predominates, the existence of a positive impact, as a factor that accelerates and revives company development, is not impossible.

Current surveys may underestimate climate change skepticism evidence from list experiments in Germany and the USA.

Strong public support is a prerequisite for ambitious and thus costly climate change mitigation policy, and strong public concern over climate change is a prerequisite for policy support. Why, then, do most public opinion surveys indicate rather high levels of concern and rather strong policy support, while de facto mitigation efforts in most countries remain far from ambitious? One possibility is that survey measures for public concern fail to fully reveal the true attitudes of citizens due to social desirability bias. In this paper, we implemented list-experiments in representative surveys in Germany and the United States (N = 3620 and 3640 respectively) to assess such potential bias. We find evidence that people systematically misreport, that is, understate their disbelief in human caused climate change. This misreporting is particularly strong amongst politically relevant subgroups. Individuals in the top 20% of the income distribution in the United States and supporters of conservative parties in Germany exhibit significantly higher climate change skepticism according to the list experiment, relative to conventional measures. While this does not definitively mean that climate skepticism is a widespread phenomenon in these countries, it does suggest that future research should reconsider how climate change concern is measured, and what subgroups of the population are more susceptible to misreporting and why. Our findings imply that public support for ambitious climate policy may be weaker than existing survey research suggests.

Men’s Vasectomy Knowledge, Attitudes, and Information-Seeking Behaviors in the Southern United States: Results From an Exploratory Survey

Vasectomy is one of the few options men have to manage their reproductive capacity and take on a more equitable role in pregnancy prevention. While the method is underused throughout the United States, the southern states have a lower prevalence rate compared to the rest of the country. Existing survey research does not assess what men know or think about the procedure as a means of understanding why this is the case. We created and conducted an exploratory survey to assess men’s knowledge, attitudes, and information-seeking behaviors about vasectomy in the Southern United States. We used targeted Facebook advertising to recruit men ages 25–70 years living in 7 southern states to complete an online survey (n = 397). Using regression analyses, we identify that participants who had a vasectomy knew more about the procedure than participants who had not. Participants who had not had a vasectomy had less positive attitudes about the procedure across all six attitude subscales compared to participants with vasectomies. We highlight potential avenues for future research to understand why this may be the case. Finally, the majority of participants knew someone who had had a vasectomy. This suggests that men disclose having a vasectomy to others. The interpersonal dynamics around vasectomy decision-making and disclosure remain unknown and a viable area for future research. Findings from this exploratory survey may be used by public health officials interested in implementing campaigns to increase knowledge about vasectomy and reduce stigma, which may encourage more positive attitudes about the procedure.

Still left out: healthcare stratification under the Affordable Care Act

ABSTRACTThe 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) increased healthcare access for many Americans. But, its exclusion of most noncitizens and imperfect state-level implementation stratified coverage by documentation status, place, income level, race, and ethnicity across the U.S.A. Drawing from the sociological literature on boundaries, this paper argues that these demographic boundaries facilitate de jure and de facto stratification for immigrants and low-income Americans of various ethnoracial backgrounds. Using existing survey research regarding national ACA implementation and a qualitative study of ACA implementation in Boston, MA, this paper shows how such stratification may worsen existing disparities in healthcare coverage and access among the U.S. population. Implications regarding President Donald Trump and conservative lawmakers’ plans to repeal the ACA are also discussed. The paper contributes to researchers’ understanding of how public policies produce boundaries by place, documentation status, race, ethnicity, and income that facilitate inequality.

Comparing dividend puzzle solutions by Polish, Canadian, Norwegian and American executives

This study compares firms’ dividend policy antecedents in four countries. The author surveys managers of 230 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange that paid dividends over the 2001-12 period and compares the findings to survey reports from the USA, Canada, and Norway. The main antecedents of dividend policy in these countries are the level of current earnings, their stability over time, the level of expected earnings and the pattern of past dividends. The last factor is of little importance for Polish managers, as the history of dividend payouts in Polish-listed companies is brief. The establishment of factors that shape the dividend policy in public companies has crucial importance in global financial markets. Investors make cash transfers to markets that ensure a high return on invested capital. Orders from foreign investors generate almost 50% of the turnover on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Therefore, in their decisions on the division of earnings, Polish companies should be guided by similar considerations as those displayed by companies in developed economies that seek to attract foreign investors. The study expands on the existing survey research on dividends and provides new evidence from managers of companies in Poland.

The dynamic nature of interrogation.

Building on a substantial body of literature examining interrogation methods employed by police investigators and their relationship to suspect behaviors, we analyzed a sample of audio and video interrogation recordings of individuals suspected of serious violent crimes. Existing survey research has focused on the tactics reportedly used, at what rate, and under what conditions; observational studies detail which methods are actually employed. With a few notable exceptions, these foundational studies were static examinations of interrogation methods that documented the absence or presence of various approaches. In the present study, we cast interrogation as a dynamic phenomenon and code the recordings in 5-min intervals to examine how interrogation methods and suspect cooperation change over time. Employing the interrogation taxonomy framework, particularly 4 discrete domains-rapport and relationship building, emotion provocation, presentation of evidence, and confrontation/competition-we found that the emphasis of the domains varied across interrogations and were significantly different when suspects confessed versus when they denied involvement. In regression models, suspect cooperation was positively influenced by the rapport and relationship building domain, though it was negatively impacted by presentation of evidence and confrontation/competition. Moreover, we found that the negative effects of confrontation/competition on suspect cooperation lasted for up to 15 min. The implications of the findings for practice and future research include the benefits of a rapport-based approach, the deleterious effects of accusatorial methods, and the importance of studying when, not just if, certain interrogation techniques are employed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Judicial Institutionalization and Business Elite Trust in the Post-Communist Courts

The existing survey research in post-communist societies focuses disproportionately on the mass citizenry and largely ignores questions about elite support for judicial institutions. This study examines business elite’s confidence in the post-communist legal systems and assesses the effects of judicial institutionalization on their perceptions. It argues that as post-communist constitutional courts develop, their institutionalization helps generate positive elite perceptions of the country’s legal system. This study tests hypotheses regarding business elite confidence in the legal system with the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey data. The results show that the level of constitutional court institutionalization is an important determinant of business elite’s perceptions of the legal system. During the 1999-2005 period, businesspersons in countries with highly institutionalized constitutional courts are on average 23.5% more likely to express high level of confidence in their legal systems relative to businesspersons in countries where constitutional courts are weakly institutionalized.

광물자원 조사 및 광상분야 연구 추이 분석 : 한국지질자원연구원 수행과제를 중심으로

이 연구는 1976년부터 2013년까지 총 38년간 광물자원조사 및 광상분야의 연구추이분석과 연구생산성 제고를 위해 수행되었다. 광물자원조사 및 광상분야는 지난 38년간 281과제, 674.1억원('13 현재가 환산, 1,070.7억원)이 집행되었다. 연구비는 1976년 1.08억원에서 2013년 64.2억원으로 59.4배 증가하였고, 2013년 현재가치로 환산하여 1976년 6.57억원에서 64.2억원으로 9.8배가 증가하였다. 세부분야별로는 조사 90과제(32%), 성인 기초연구 54과제(19%), 탐사 48과제(17%), DB정보화 37과제(13%), 광물광상 25과제(9%), 기타 27과제(10%)이었다. 38년간의 광물자원조사 및 광상분야 연구추이분석을 기반할 때, 연구생산성 제고를 위해서는 조사기술의 반복적 활용과 더불어 조사관련 기술개발이 강화되어야 할 것이다. This study was carried out to raise research productivity through the analysis on the research projects and to find trends of mineral resources survey and mineral deposits of the KIGAM for 38 years since the fiscal year of 1976 to 2013. The KIGAM in the projects for mineral resources survey and mineral deposits expended 67.41 billion won for last 38 years, which is 107.07 billion won calculated using the present value in 2013 at discount rate of 5%. R&D expenditure in mineral resources survey and mineral deposits of KIGAM increased approximately 59.4 times from 108 million won in 1976 to 6,420 million won in 2013, and about 9.8 times from 657 million won in 1976, as calculated using the present value in 2013. The percentage of research projects in mineral resources survey by research sub-areas was as follows: survey, 32%(90 projects); origin of ore deposits and basic research, 19%(54 projects); exploration for ore deposits, 17%(48 projects); database and information, 13%(37 projects); mineralogy and ore analysis, 9%(25 projects); and etc., 10%(27 projects). Based on analysis of research trends over the last 38 years, to raise research productivity, the existing survey research techniques with repeated use and related technology development should be enhanced.

E-Governance in Australian Local Government

Local government in Australia is under pressure to modernize its structures in the new public management environment, as well as respond to increasing demands from its local electorates for better delivery of services and greater levels of participation in the democratic process. This article analyzes local government’s response to these pressures through its use of information communication technologies (ICT) to execute its broad range of tasks. I begin by discussing e-governance in the light of Chadwick and May’s (2003) three basic models of interaction between the state and its citizens: managerial, consultative, and participatory. Using data collected from an analysis of 658 local government Web sites in Australia together with existing survey research, I analyze the extent to which local government sites fit into the three models. The article then concludes with a discussion of the issues and problems faced by local government in its attempt to develop e-governance, as both an extension of its administrative as well as democratic functions.

Synthesis of Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Technology Surveys

This paper documents and synthesizes the major qualitative survey efforts within the United States relating to stakeholder design, use, and perspectives of onboard truck safety technologies. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) have conducted a survey synthesis and meta-analysis to consolidate, analyze, and identify gaps in existing survey research on safety technologies. Over the past several years, there has been an increasing interest in onboard truck safety technologies. At different times, entities such as FMCSA, FHWA, American Trucking Associations (ATA), and ATRI have undertaken different survey projects to document and understand onboard safety technology applications. While a wide variety of data has been collected by these projects, there has been little effort to aggregate data across projects. The current synthesis includes analysis of more than 11 survey, interview, and focus group instruments, representing 558 respondents and 56 unique questions. Preliminary results indicate that while existing research addresses many issues related to carrier purchase and use of technologies, there is a considerable gap in research addressing driver attitudes, experiences, and preferences. Satellite or cellular communication between terminal and vehicle and Global Positioning System are the technologies most commonly used by carriers. Most carriers that have a safety technology installed on their fleets have already realized the desired safety benefits, often intangible from a quantitative perspective. Cost and lack of clear data about benefits are the two biggest factors preventing wider installation of safety technologies.

Synthesis of Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Technology Surveys: What Has Been Learned?

This paper documents and synthesizes the major qualitative survey efforts within the United States relating to stakeholder design, use, and perspectives of onboard truck safety technologies. The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) have conducted a survey synthesis and metaanalysis to consolidate, analyze, and identify gaps in existing survey research on safety technologies. Over the past several years, there has been an increasing interest in onboard truck safety technologies. At different times, entities such as FMCSA, FHWA, American Trucking Associations (ATA), and ATRI have undertaken different survey projects to document and understand onboard safety technology applications. While a wide variety of data has been collected by these projects, there has been little effort to aggregate data across projects. The current synthesis includes analysis of more than 11 survey, interview, and focus group instruments, representing 558 respondents and 56 unique questions. Preliminary results indicate that while existing research addresses many issues related to carrier purchase and use of technologies, there is a considerable gap in research addressing driver attitudes, experiences, and preferences. Satellite or cellular communication between terminal and vehicle and Global Positioning System are the technologies most commonly used by carriers. Most carriers that have a safety technology installed on their fleets have already realized the desired safety benefits, often intangible from a quantitative perspective. Cost and lack of clear data about benefits are the two biggest factors preventing wider installation of safety technologies.

Comparing Union and Nonunion Establishments in Britain

Existing survey research in Britain has shown that there are notable differences between the characteristics of union and nonunion establishments. But at the same time case study research has indicated that the characteristics and employment practices of nonunion organizations vary quite widely. In order to try to reconcile these findings, this paper presents an analysis of some data contained in the 1990 national Workplace Industrial Relations Survey. The findings reveal that a sizeable minority of nonunion establisments have similar characteristics to unionized establishments which, in turn, make them particularly vulnerable to union organizing efforts and help account for the fact that it is these nonunion establishments which are most strongly opposed to a possible union presence. The implications of these findings for future research are then discussed.

Citizens' Images of Nuclear War: Content and Consequences

An exploratory study was conducted to examine the contents of ordinary citizens' conceptions of nuclear war and the possible consequences of those mental conceptions or images for political activity. Previous data suggested the feasibility of measuring cognitive images and their emotional concomitants in surveys of the general public. Existing survey research also suggested that cognitive images of nuclear war and their affective concomitants might precipitate political action. Existing laboratory data suggested specifically that the images' concreteness and their availability to memory might precipitate action. The content of nuclear war images was mainly abstract and secondarily concrete. Both abstract and concrete content included primarily physical destruction, as well as death, disease, and injury. References in a 1954 survey to the quality of life after an attack have been replaced in the current survey with comments about sheer survival. Antinuclear activity indeed was significantly related to the concreteness of people's nuclear war images, beyond the effects of antinuclear attitudes and general levels of political activity. The emotionality and availability of images did not predict antinuclear activity. Both image contents and their behavioral consequences cut across demographic lines, such as sex, race, social class, and political ideology; only age and education bore modest relation to images and action. Images of nuclear war appear to be highly consensual. When they are especially concrete, they can motivate antinuclear activity.

Discussion of DAAM: The Demand for Alternative Accounting Measurements

In general, we find the research project reported on in the DAAM paper by Benston and Krasney (B & K) to be reasonably well formulated and executed. In particular, as a piece of survey research, their study possesses several facets which place it a cut above much of the existing survey research in accounting. Also, we believe that their may make a potentially relevant contribution to the current debate over the relative pros and cons of current value accounting (CVA). However, like most research in accounting, the study is not without a few technical flaws which may, to some degree, limit the credibility of its results. Furthermore, the authors are far too optimistic regarding the generalizability of their findings. Finally, in our view, a few of their interpretations of the fail to give adequate recognition to plausible, alternative interpretations. B & K, in their conclusion, recognize that their results technically represent only the views and experiences of the actual respondents. Unfortunately, they then attempt to mitigate the impact of the preceding qualification by stating that nonetheless, we are reasonably confident that the responses are indicative of the preferences of a broader population of 'sophisticated investors.' We are not convinced, based on the contents of their paper, that their can be accepted as representative of a wider class of sophisticated investors. As stated by B & K, the study's samples were not random. They recognize that this lack of randomness presents a technical limitation to the generalizability of their results. Given their interest in surveying DPs, we can appreciate their need to select insurance companies with direct placement activities. However, the selection process used by * Michigan State University; t McGill University.