Existing Policy Frameworks Research Articles

1.G. Scientific session: Forecasting dietary habits trends, human and planetary health

Abstract Extensive research has elucidated that dietary factors are pivotal in influencing both human health and the ecological stability of the planet. Suboptimal dietary patterns are implicated in over 10 million annual fatalities attributable to non-communicable diseases. Concurrently, the agricultural sector, a major component of food production, contributes significantly to environmental degradation. This sector is responsible for more than a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions and utilizes approximately 50% of the planet’s habitable land. Moreover, it accounts for over 70% of global freshwater consumption and is a primary contributor to marine ecosystem disruption through nutrient runoff leading to ocean eutrophication. Despite these critical linkages, current global trends related to dietary practices show little alignment with the improvements needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals set for 2030. The existing policy framework and interventions lag considerably in addressing these concerns. Historical and ongoing discussions have repeatedly highlighted these issues, yet the allocation of resources necessary to counteract the pervasive influence of industry-driven marketing promoting less healthful dietary choices remains markedly inadequate. There is an urgent need to intensify dialogues and enhance the conceptual framework regarding the role of diet in sustaining global health and environmental integrity among public health professionals. Such measures are crucial for facilitating a shift towards more sustainable and health-promoting dietary habits globally. The EUPHA Food and Nutrition Section, the Chronic Diseases Section, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, aim to propose a joint workshop to share innovative research and activities held in the context of diet and environment. The workshop aims to provide new findings and stimulate the debate about the projections for the future of human and planetary health. Key messages • Human health and environmental preservation require an adaptation of dietary habits globally: are we going in the right direction? • Current evidence suggests that there is an wide area of intervention to improve actual dietary habits, reduce the environmental impact, and improve human health.

The Impact of Intellectual Property Protection on Technological Innovation - A Literature Review Incorporating New Quality Productive Forces in the Chinese Economy

Abstract: This article explores the impact of intellectual property (IP) protection on technological innovation, particularly concerning Chinas recent emphasis on high-quality productivity. The paper reviews existing literature, discussing the differences in the effects of IP protection between developed and developing countries. This literature review shows that strengthened IP protection has a positive impact on technological innovation in China, but with a nonlinear relationship. The concept of new quality productive forces focuses on achieving high levels of quality and promoting disruptive technology innovation. Combining this concept, this article analyzes the influence of IP protection on its development and provides specific policy recommendations. Future studies should focus on empirical analysis to assess the actual effectiveness of IP protection within the existing policy framework. Appropriate evaluation systems are suggested to establish, and IP laws should be gradually improved so as to effectively facilitate Chinas technological innovation and industrial advancement.

Analysis of strengthening disaster risk financing within the framework of disaster management policy in Indonesia

This research analyzes disaster risk financing within the framework of the disaster management policy in Indonesia as the implementation of the Disaster Management Law, Number 24 of 2007, by examining recent issues, challenges, and opportunities in disaster financing. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the research systematically reviews various studies, reports, and existing regulations and policies to understand the current landscape comprehensively. Recent developments in disaster risk financing in Indonesia highlight the need for a nuanced exploration of the existing policy framework. Fiscal constraints, evolving risk landscapes, and the increasing frequency of disasters underscore the urgency of effective disaster risk financing strategies. Through a qualitative examination, this study identifies challenges while illuminating opportunities for innovation and improvement within the current policy framework. The contribution of this research extends to both theoretical and practical levels. Theoretically, it enriches the academic discourse on disaster risk financing by offering a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved. On a practical level, the findings derived from the examination provide actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners engaged in disaster management in Indonesia. The insights aim to inform the refinement of disaster management policies and practices, fostering resilience and adaptability in the face of evolving disaster scenarios.

Inclusion of people with disabilities in Chilean health policy: a policy analysis

BackgroundAround 18% of the population in Chile has disabilities. Evidence shows that this population has greater healthcare needs, yet they face barriers to accessing healthcare due to health system failures. This paper aims to assess the inclusion of people with disabilities in health policy documents and to explore the perceptions of key national stakeholders regarding the policy context, policy processes, and actors involved.MethodsA policy content analysis was conducted of 12 health policy documents using the EquiFrame framework, adapted to assess disability inclusion. Documents were reviewed and rated on their quality of commitment against 21 core concepts of human rights in the framework. Key national stakeholders (n = 15) were interviewed, and data were thematically analysed under the Walt and Gilson Policy Analysis Triangle, using NVivo R1.ResultsCore human rights concepts of disability were mentioned at least once in nearly all health policy documents (92%). However, 50% had poor policy commitments for disability. Across policies, Prevention of health conditions was the main human rights concept reflected, while Privacy of information was the least referenced concept. Participants described a fragmented disability movement and health policy, related to a dominant biomedical model of disability. It appeared that disability was not prioritized in the health policy agenda, due to ineffective mainstreaming of disability by the Government and the limited influence and engagement of civil society in policy processes. Moreover, the limited existing policy framework on disability inclusion is not being implemented effectively. This implementation gap was attributed to lack of financing, leadership, and human resources, coupled with low monitoring of disability inclusion.ConclusionsImprovements are needed in both the development and implementation of disability-inclusive health policies in Chile, to support the achievement of the right to healthcare for people with disabilities and ensuring that the health system truly “leaves no one behind”.

Sustainable Energy Usage for Africa: The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in Green Growth Practices to Mitigate CO2 Emissions

In line with Africa’s commitment to keeping up with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, achieving a sustainable future requires balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability. This study investigates the long-term impacts of foreign direct investment, economic growth, agricultural production, and energy consumption on CO2 emissions across 43 African nations from 1990 to 2021. Despite significant research on the individual effects of these factors, the combined influence on CO2 emissions remains underexplored. Addressing this gap, this study employs cross-sectional augmented distributed lag estimators (CS-DL and AMG) and updated estimation packages to effectively examine the relationships between variables. Our findings are as follows: firstly, economic growth and energy use was shown to have a significant positive influence on CO2 in the long term. Also, foreign direct investment significantly promotes CO2 emissions. Secondly, the causality test shows a unidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emissions and foreign direct investment. The test also revealed a bidirectional relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions, as well as between energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Again, a bidirectional causation was observed between agricultural production and CO2 emissions. Thirdly, the impulse response analysis shows that GDP will contribute more to emissions over the 10-year forecast period. This study also proposes policy implications to lessen CO2 across the continent and advocates for the judicious adoption of existing policy frameworks like the 2030 Agenda for environmental Sustainability.

Enabling Retired Trainers' Participation in Circular Economy Workforce in Kenya: Policy Frameworks and Recommendations for Enhanced Engagement

This study aimed to examine the participation of retired trainers in Kenya's circular economy workforce, evaluating existing policy frameworks and identifying the barriers and enablers influencing their engagement. Despite the global importance of circular economy principles, retired trainers in Kenya face challenges hindering their involvement in the circular economy workforce. Using a descriptive survey design, data was gathered from a target population of seventy-five retired trainers, with sixty-three responding. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, presented in tables and percentages while preserving anonymity. The findings recognize the potential contributions of retired trainers to circular economies in Kenya, but existing policies often need to address their specific needs and challenges, such as limited access to training, financial constraints, and age-related discrimination. By addressing the policy implications of retired trainers' engagement in circular economies, this research contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable development and inclusive growth, offering actionable insights and recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders. These recommendations empower them to foster a more inclusive and resilient circular economy workforce in Kenya.

Problems and Prospects of Tribal Women Entrepreneurs in Kalahandi District of Odisha

In many developing countries, women are typically expected to contribute to the financial stability of their families only when it’s absolutely necessary. The less affluent the family, the more reliant they are on the income earned by women. It is crucial to make efforts to increase job opportunities to empower impoverished women to generate income. Numerous initiatives and programs have been initiated to encourage self-employment among women. In this context, it is essential to emphasize the promotion of women’s entrepreneurship, regardless of their educational background. Various government agencies at the state and central levels, as well as non-governmental organizations, are actively involved in advancing entrepreneurship among women. The prevalence of women-owned businesses is on a sharp rise in nearly every country. In developed nations, women are widely recognized and hold prominent positions in the business world. However, women entrepreneurs in Odisha are encountering substantial challenges, including social and personal barriers, marketing obstacles, financial constraints, and production issues. Moreover, tribal women entrepreneurs face even more complex issues as times change. These additional challenges can be elaborated upon, including limited knowledge and experience, inadequate transportation infrastructure, liquidity and financial difficulties, low levels of education, a reluctance to take risks, a lack of self-confidence, a lack of ambition, family commitments, and financial constraints. Choosing the correct business opportunity for a venture can yield substantial rewards in the future. Initiating women-led businesses in tribal regions of Odisha can contribute to the enhancement of socio-economic conditions within these tribal areas. This paper aims to delve into the issue of fostering entrepreneurship among tribal women in Odisha and propose practical solutions to enhance the current state of tribal affairs. Additionally, it aims to align with the existing policy framework of the state for the betterment of the overall societal well-being.

‘Each child must be assigned a key person’: Context and interpretation of a statutory requirement in English Early Childhood Education and Care settings

AbstractThis article explores whether the statutory key person policy can mediate children’s experience of fragmentation due to a variety of transitions in the English Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) sector. I explore the policy enactment in the context of another statutory requirement, the staff:child ratio, and against the backdrop of a fragmented and neoliberal ECEC system. Data are from interviews with staff in three ECEC settings and publicly available Ofsted reports. I conclude that the contemporary understanding and practice of the key person policy is less likely to address all challenges of fragmentation experienced by children. The interplay of various patterns of attendance, complex staff rotas, and the requirement to stay in ratio impacts on the ability to offer continuity of care. I suggest ways to reduce the fragmentation experienced within the existing policy framework.

A holistic approach to introducing a light electric freight vehicle (LEFV) system in a historic urban environment: The case of Quito

In this paper we propose a comprehensive approach for introducing a first/last mile system based on Light Electric Freight Vehicles (LEFVs) in the historical centre of Quito (Ecuador). The approach includes four crucial steps for successful launching and establishment of a LEFVs system. The first step considers organizational aspects by proposing a number of alternative cooperative business models. In the second step, the LEFVs fleet mix problem is defined as a Multicriteria Decision Making Problem (MCDM) and solved by the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The third step includes the problem of optimal micro hub location as well as the problem of optimal routing of LEFVs. The micro hub location problem is modelled as a capacitated p-median problem and solved by an exact solution algorithm. The problem of optimal LEFVs routing is defined as the capacitated pickup and delivery with time windows addressed by a web-based optimization tool. The fourth step includes an assessment of the existing policy framework and proposing a set of additional legal instruments for facilitating the LEFVs market uptake. Based on the proposed four-step approach, the first/last mile system is currently being implemented in the historical centre of Quito. The initial results appear promising regarding the success of the new LEFVs first/last mile system.

The impact of generative artificial intelligence on socioeconomic inequalities and policy making.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to both exacerbate and ameliorate existing socioeconomic inequalities. In this article, we provide a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary overview of the potential impacts of generative AI on (mis)information and three information-intensive domains: work, education, and healthcare. Our goal is to highlight how generative AI could worsen existing inequalities while illuminating how AI may help mitigate pervasive social problems. In the information domain, generative AI can democratize content creation and access but may dramatically expand the production and proliferation of misinformation. In the workplace, it can boost productivity and create new jobs, but the benefits will likely be distributed unevenly. In education, it offers personalized learning, but may widen the digital divide. In healthcare, it might improve diagnostics and accessibility, but could deepen pre-existing inequalities. In each section, we cover a specific topic, evaluate existing research, identify critical gaps, and recommend research directions, including explicit trade-offs that complicate the derivation of a priori hypotheses. We conclude with a section highlighting the role of policymaking to maximize generative AI's potential to reduce inequalities while mitigating its harmful effects. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of existing policy frameworks in the European Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, observing that each fails to fully confront the socioeconomic challenges we have identified. We propose several concrete policies that could promote shared prosperity through the advancement of generative AI. This article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaborations to understand and address the complex challenges of generative AI.

Assessing the equilibrium of food supply and demand in China’s food security framework: a comprehensive evaluation, 1980–2017

The continuous upward trajectory observed in total grain production serves as a fundamental pillar for guaranteeing food security. Nevertheless, relying solely on the measurement of China’s overall food security status through total grain output is inherently biased and neglects to capture the comprehensive nature of food security. This study adopts a food supply and demand balance perspective and constructs an evaluation indicator system for food security based on indicators such as grain yield per unit area, per capita grain possession, grain inventory, and inventory ratio. The weight of each indicator in the food security system is calculated using the entropy value method, and a comprehensive evaluation of China’s food security level from 1980 to 2017 is conducted. The study revealed that China’s food supply and demand exhibited a discernible upward trajectory in development. Notably, the food supply demonstrated greater volatility, whereas the food demand remained relatively stable but experienced incremental growth. Between approximately 1985 and 1993, China’s food supply and demand subsystem briefly experienced a state of mild imbalance, followed by a state of moderate imbalance around 2003. These imbalances were primarily attributed to insufficient effective food supply. In terms of the equilibrium between supply and demand in the context of food security, China’s food supply and demand exhibit a predominantly balanced condition with a slight surplus, wherein the adequacy of food supply significantly influences food security. Furthermore, the provision of policy support serves as a robust assurance for food security, and China’s existing policy framework for food security demonstrates a constructive impact.

Full employment and working future

AbstractWorking Nation is not the radical break with the existing policy framework implied by Albanese’s pre-election rhetoric. However, restoring a meaningful definition of full employment as an objective of government policy is a step in the right direction.

Analyzing Policy Framework of Agrovoltaics Across the Water Energy and Food (WEF) Nexus in The Gambia

The projected increase in demand for food, water, and energy owing to systemic shocks has heightened the need for innovative solutions and integrated resource governance. The Agrovoltaics for Mali and Gambia (APV MaGa) Project, focuses on sustainable electricity production through agrovoltaics' triple land-use system and is leveraged with digital technologies. The project addresses The Gambia’s high food importation gap, growing dependency on fossil fuels for electricity generation, and high electricity tariffs. However, the nascence of agrovoltaics presents a new energy dimension that calls for increased coordination of sectoral policy and management, a domain of WEF nexus governance detached mainly from governance practice. Thus, a policy and institutional foresight of the potential implications of agrovoltaics’ integration is warranted, since Gambia’s decision-making for land, water, energy, and agriculture remains mainly sectoral. A qualitative research design was adopted, using a sample of twenty-eight key informative interviews, policy document analysis, and grey literature. Research findings show that the existing policy frameworks such as ‘Feed-in tariffs for excess RE, renewable energy funds, and capital subsidies can practically accommodate the frame of the agrovoltaics. However, clarification is required on the siting aspect of solar panels within the compartmentalized land policy structures. Institutionally, the Ministry of Energy’s nexus platform allows for technical coordination of agrovoltaics projects. However weak institutional harmonization, technical/financial incapacities, and overriding national interests due to sectoral bias present challenges. Therefore, harmonizing sectoral divergent policy provisions, interests, and prioritization of sustainability concerns will foster the pertinent integration of agrovoltaics for fast expansion.

Examining Critical Success Factors for Africa’s Sustainable Industrial Development with Special Reference to Zambian Manufacturing Sector – Challenges, Prospects & Opportunities

This study was intended to examine critical success factors for Africa’s industrial development with special reference to the Zambian manufacturing sector - challenges, prospects & opportunities. The study had three (3) research questions; what are critical success factors for Zambia’s industrial development? How efficacious are the existing policy frameworks and /or governmental undertakings to guarantee Zambia’s achievement of SDG # 9 by the year 2030? What are socio-economically viable and actionable policy imperatives to industrialize the country by the targeted year? The study used a qualitative interpretive paradigm in targeting middle and top management key informant policy makers in line government parastatals and association [(Zambia Development Agency (ZDA), the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC), the Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission (CEEC), the Lusaka South Multi-facility Zone (LSMZ), and the Zambia Association of Manufacturers (ZAM)] within the manufacturing sector in which 25 were interviewed comprehensively through convenient and purposive sampling techniques. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. The study established that technology, innovation, infrastructure, skills development, financing, R&D, and actualized favourable manufacturing policies were critical success factors to Zambia’s industrial development. These parametric variables and policies must be anchored on a well guided and pragmatic political will from the politicians with required technical know-how. Besides, the study found out that although the country has close to enough policy instruments and frameworks to guarantee meeting its SDG # 9 if implemented coherently, consistently, and timely, there is no coherent systematization, co-ordination, and prioritization in attending to critically important productive sector policies for achievement of intended industrial development outcomes as the said factors (variables) fall across sectors / ministries thereby creating disjoints, discord and fragmentation in development actions. On the other hand, the study discovered with concern that there were no properly streamlined and sectoral delineation policies for foreign investors’ investments as some of them were found to be investing in mundane activities such as running retail grocery shops, auto shops, and hardware; mending motor vehicle tires; operating casinos; moulding bricks / blocks; rearing livestock like chickens, pigs, goats; roasting maize on city streets.which economic activities are too basic to be done by an investor at the expense of local people. The study concluded that the country needed to implement and actualize its industrial development policies and programmes as contained in its national policy documents, SDGs and the constitution with a further caveat that the social, cultural and economic rights be enshrined in the republican constitution as a matter of urgency in order not to rationalize and make optionless socio-economic development by politicians who always want to venture into rent-seeking activities at the expense of sustainable national development. The study assuredly noted that if these policies could be implemented in correctly identified productive manufacturing sectors / industries, the nation would in no time overcome its alarming poverty, unemployment, debt mountain, and inequality levels, which have dogged it for generations now as Zambia has necessary raw materials such as minerals, land, forestry, wildlife, water, energetic youthful population, sunshine, forestry, etc. for cutting edge industrial development. Raw commodity trade does not guarantee sustainable development but bleaks the nation’s and its generations’ future, hence the imperative to circumvent this bliss by sustainable industrialization and value addition to the country’s products and services for increased value.

ROLE OF WOMEN IN FISHERIES SECTOR IN INDIA

The pivotal role of the women in the fisheries sector, highlight their multifaceted contribution to various stages of the industry. It delves in to the socio-economic impact of womens involvement, emphasizing their role in sustainable Practices, community development, and the challenges they face. Need for gender-inclusive polices to empower women in Fisheries and enhance the overall resilience and success of the sector. Additionally, it addresses challenges faced by women in the fisheries industry, such as limited access to recourses and gender- based decimation. By emphasizing the need for gender-inclusive Policies and empowering initiatives and sustainable future for women in the Indian fisheries sector. By employing a Qualitative and Quantitative research Approach, research examines the involvement of women across various segments of the fishery value chain, including harvesting, processing, and marketing. It investigates the socio-economic factors influencing women’s participation, the impact of their involvement on household livelihoods, and the existing policy frameworks supporting or hindering their empowerment. The findings aim to inform strategies for fostering gender-inclusive policies and initiatives to enhances the overall sustainability and resilience of the Indian fisheries sector. KEYWORDS: Empowerment, Gender equality, Livelihoods, sustainable fisheries, community development.

Shaping a federal strategy for chemical recycling: Moving toward sensible applications of emerging technologies in US plastic waste management

AbstractPlastic waste management requires a diverse portfolio of strategies to avoid the most damaging environmental and social impacts of the plastic lifecycle and meet current national and international policy goals. The limitations of existing mechanical recycling methods for processing plastic waste have motivated the development and commercialization of chemical recycling processes. The novelty and diversity of such pathways beg critical questions of how these emerging technologies will fit within existing policy frameworks and contribute to recycling, plastic pollution, and waste management policy objectives. This work provides technical background into mechanical and chemical recycling methods, and policy background into differing modern approaches to chemical recycling at various levels of governance. Finally, this work summarizes key conflicts and crafts recommendations for future policy action on chemical recycling in three main areas: (1) defining an objective and identifying sensible applications for chemical recycling technologies, (2) filling gaps in existing knowledge and upholding environmental justice protections, and (3) implementing a suite of policies to complement chemical recycling's role in plastic waste management strategy.

Police Use of Retrospective Facial Recognition Technology: A Step Change in Surveillance Capability Necessitating an Evolution of the Human Rights Law Framework

Retrospective facial recognition (RFR) marks a step change in police surveillance capability that has received surprisingly little attention to‐date. As the legal issues surrounding RFR are uncertain, and as legal challenge is likely, this article makes four key contributions. First, the surveillance capability made possible by RFR is set out. Second, human rights harms associated with RFR are examined, highlighting the ‘chilling effects’ of surveillance, and raising the possibility of compound human rights harm. Third, the assumption that the common law, coupled with police forces’ policy framework, may satisfy the ‘in accordance with the law’ test is challenged, and existing policy frameworks are evaluated. Fourth, the ‘necessity’ test is unpacked to better understand how evidence in favour of a RFR deployment could be presented, and how associated harm may be identified. This section asks whether the necessity test, as currently approached, is adequate in light of the emergence of RFR.

Reimagining public policy formulation and analysis: a comprehensive theoretical framework for public policy

This research paper delves into the intricate domain of policy science, focusing on the policy-making process itself. Existing theoretical frameworks in policy science often overlook essential nuances, particularly the role of political willingness causing non-linearity in the policy-making process. Three fundamental questions drive the research at hand. First, the research delves into the adequacy of existing policy frameworks in effectively elucidating the complexities of policymaking in the context of large democracies, with a particular focus on India. Second, it investigates the significant role of political willingness in shaping the trajectory of policymaking, particularly within democratic systems. Lastly, the research aims to construct a comprehensive framework capable of accommodating and explaining the non-linear dynamics introduced by the influence of political willingness throughout the policy-making process. Through an analysis of India's Data Protection Regulation formulation process, this paper attempts to map the existing gap and way forward. As an outcome of the case study analysis, the proposed framework introduces political willingness as a central element extending the policy formulation cycle and showcases its influence on agenda setting, policy formulation, adoption, implementation, and evaluation. This research contributes to the field of policy science by providing a comprehensive framework that accounts for the complexities of policymaking, especially in the Indian context. By acknowledging the pivotal role of political willingness, this framework seeks to bridge the gap in existing theoretical models, offering a more holistic understanding of policy formulation and analysis. This research lays the foundation for a paradigm shift in the study of policy science, addressing the challenges posed by evolving governance mechanisms and the rising influence of political agendas in the modern world.

A comprehensive assessment of transportation emissions in Nigeria: Trends, drivers, and impacts

This study presents an in-depth investigation into the complex dynamics surrounding transportation emissions in Nigeria against the backdrop of rapid urbanization, population growth, and economic development. Through an extensive analysis of historical trends and recent developments, the article elucidates the escalating challenges posed by emissions. Examining the drivers of transportation emissions, including population growth, economic development, and fuel choices, the study underscores the significant correlation between economic growth and emissions while scrutinizing their environmental and public health ramifications. It also explores the prevalent use of fuels in Nigeria's transportation sector, highlighting the imperative of transitioning to cleaner energy sources and leveraging technological innovations for emission reduction and sustainability. Evaluation of existing policy frameworks and regulatory mechanisms offers insights into their efficacy in emission mitigation, along with emphasizing Nigeria's commitments under international agreements like the Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goals. The socioeconomic impacts of transportation emissions, encompassing public health costs, economic losses from traffic congestion, and broader economic implications, are scrutinized. The study concludes with a compelling call to action for immediate policy reforms, sustainable transportation solutions, and international collaboration. As the world grapples with climate change and environmental degradation, this comprehensive assessment aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders, serving as a crucial resource for charting a sustainable course for Nigeria's transportation sector.

Historic Urban Landscape Recommendation in Indian Heritage Management Policies

ABSTRACT This research paper explores the significance of historic urban landscapes (HUL) in the context of Indian heritage management policies. It investigates the challenges faced in preserving and managing historic urban areas and provides recommendations to enhance the integration of HUL approaches within the existing policy framework. The study draws upon a comprehensive review of scholarly articles, reports, and policy documents related to heritage management in India. The findings emphasise the need for a holistic and inclusive approach that recognises the multifaceted nature of urban heritage and fosters sustainable development while preserving historical significance. The paper offers practical recommendations for policymakers and urban planners to incorporate HUL principles into Indian heritage management policies effectively.