Existence Of Trade Research Articles

Mengenali perspektif historis dan modern accounting

Historical and modern perspectives in the field of accounting reflect developments and changes in the way we understand, use and organize financial information over the centuries.This study aims to find out how the development of accounting either from history and modern. The method used is the literatur review. The history of accounting begins with the existence of trade which is growing day by day so that better and more organized records are needed until the Paciolis’s Ledger appear, then in the 19th century double entry accounting has developed a lot. In the 20th century recording began using computer and when the world recession, modern accounting and accounting principles using the double entry aplicaton which lightened the workload of the finance department. Modern accounting was created because of old accounting, meaning that the two synergize and perfect each other until an effective and efficient accounting system is formed.

The concept of Marketing in Dharma Shastra

The existence of trade and commerce has been existing in the ancient India, where people have been using various concepts of marketing and these have been mainly used for the service and welfare of the people. For a proper business administration to take place there existed several rules and regulations as per Dharma sastra, which have been revised by the various kings as per the necessities and requirements. There is an empirical need to revisit such ancient historical state-crafts, as these may help us re-build our current architecture of trade and commerce for a sustainable and better relations with the people and nations.

An Assessment of Samuelson’s Ricardo-Sraffa Trade Model

This article assesses Samuelson’s attempt to introduce Sraffa’s framework of “production of commodities by means of commodities” to the neoclassical-Ricardo trade model. We slightly modify Samuelson’s model to consider, on the one hand, more commodities than countries and, on the other hand, a positive rate of interest and full international (finance) capital mobility. In the first case, comparative advantage is unable to predict the direction of trade. In the second case, the principle does not warrant the existence of trade. In conclusion, a closer look at the neoclassical-Ricardian trade model through the lenses of Sraffa casts more doubts than certainties of the comparative advantage theory.

МОДЕЛІ НАДАННЯ ПОСЛУГ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ТА СПЕЦИФІКА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ В УМОВАХ МІНЛИВОГО СЬОГОДЕННЯ

The significant role of services in modern world trade, international migration of labor and capital, science and technology, information space, creates the need to research services' modes of supply and the impact of the pandemic on the specifics of these modes’ usage. The article is focused on the refinement and improvement of existing services' modes of supply and theoretical aspects of the international trade in services operations; identification of future trends in the service sector and the use of existing supply models. Four trade in services modes of supply depending on the need to move the supplier or consumer are distinguished: cross-border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence and presence of natural persons. It was found that the existence of trade in services modes of supply is due to the specifics of international trade in services, such as the need for direct contact between supplier and consumer, greater protection by the state compared to trade in goods, impossibility of some services types selling in international markets, regulation by domestic legislation of individual countries etc. Identification of a fifth trade in services mode of supply in which the consumer and supplier move to a third country to trade in services is proposed. It is established that creating of a commercial presence is the most used model. The future growth of services’ trade in the cross-border regime is substantiated as a consequence of the necessity to operate service enterprises during the pandemic and in the post-quarantine period. The increase of tourism services sales in the cross-border mode of supply due to the active introduction of virtual reality technologies and the development of virtual tourism is forecasted. The transition of construction services to cross-border supply due to active development of modular construction and use of the latest technologies such as 3D printers and artificial intelligence is predicted. However, it is emphasized that it is impossible to completely exclude the physical movement of the supplier or consumer in the provision of certain types of services, even with the advancement of technology. The presented study results can be used as a basis for further research into models of trade in services and development of effective services trade policies during quarantine and post-quarantine period.

Why Indonesia Should Keep Joining in Trade and Investment Agreements?

There have been some concerns over the existence of trade and investment agreements. They have been doubted because of the poverty and inequality issues in some regions across the globe. The rise of the spirit of national interest of their members has also exacerbated the situation. Hence, these two miserable facts may end up with a question whether Indonesia should keep joining trade and investment agreements. This article is aimed to examine if Indonesia should continue its participation in trade and investment agreements. Employing a normative legal research, this article put three parameters, analysing the continuity of Indonesia’s participation, namely the benefits of international trade and foreign direct investment, the rationale of trade and investment agreements, and how trade and investment agreements (that involve Indonesia) have positively affected Indonesia’s development. This article then claims that Indonesia should keep joining trade and investment agreements for realising its targets on economic growth and development.

Nature of Trade in Eastern India:The scenario in the latter half of early medieval period (9th century A.D.-12th century A.D.)

This paper deals with trade, trade-routes and commerce of the eastern region of India in the latter half of the early medieval period i.e. 9th to 12th century A.D. The modern states of Bihar, Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Assam and modern Bangladesh have been incorporated in the thrust area. A brief literary review have been done, sources have been highlighted, the political scenario have been discussed and a thorough review of the different views of historians regarding trading activities in this period have been sought out, before entering into the main domain. The region in the period under review have received the least attention as a subject for research, may be due to paucity of primary sources and also may be due to the prevalent predominant theory of decline and feudalization of trade and commerce, which has hindered the progress of the study of the nature of trade in the concerned thrust area. In this paper, both literary and archaeological sources, specially epigraphical sources have contributed to the maximum, providing the paper the needed resources for an informative get up. Both internal and external, overland and overseas trading activities and inter state and inter national trade routes have also been taken into account. The main objective of this paper has been to deduce the existence of trade against a feudal backdrop. Key words: eastern India, early medieval period, trade, commerce, cowries, dramma, puraI„nIŸa  This paper

The Standstill of Rules of Origin for Services: Towards a ‘Substantial Transformation’ Approach

While rules of origin (ROOs) for goods have been thoroughly discussed, similar rules for services remain nascent and have attracted insufficient scholarly attention to date. Despite their crucial role in determining the existence of trade in services and granting preferential treatment, current ROOs for services bear serious limitations as they are tied to the defectious approach of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This article aims to examine the main strands of thought on this topic over the past two decades to illustrate the necessity of a new approach. It starts by affirming the importance of ROOs for services in the context of new patterns of trade. Next, it demonstrates how the GATS-based approach has brought progress in both rule-making practice and academic research to a standstill. By revisiting the ‘substantial transformation’ criterion, it then reveals the possibility of importing certain concepts from the sphere of goods to that of services and suggesting that some hints for the discussion should be found in other fields of law. Finally, it comes up with the recommendation that origin rules for services should be designed bottom-up and sector-specific.

A general equilibrium model with vertically differentiated industries, skilled labour and trade

We present a simple general equilibrium model where one industry is oligopolistic and vertically differentiated. The manufacturing of products of a higher quality requires the employment of a larger amount of skilled labour. Given an underlying skills distribution, the model determines profits, wages and aggregate income and welfare. Results show that increasing skills endowments typically benefits the whole economy due to product quality increases and quality-adjusted price decreases. When trade opening leads to exports of the quality good, aggregate welfare increases but unskilled wage earners lose. The effects of labour taxation depend crucially on the existence of trade.

Managed Trade, Trade Liberalisation and Local Pollution

Abstract The current paper addresses the relationship between trade and endogenous pollution levels, with a focus different from the previous literature. The mechanism linking pollution and trade here is that trade policy provides the home government with a credible threat that helps motivate domestic firms to adopt cleaner technologies. This credible threat comes from the fact that the government has a greater incentive to protect a clean industry than to protect a very polluting one. In that sense, the existence of trade helps reduce domestic pollution compared to what would prevail in a situation of autarky. On the other hand, a commitment to free trade would be counterproductive: it removes the government’s ability to credibly threaten lower levels of protection. In fact we show that any trade liberalization hurts the welfare of the home country. In terms of world welfare, moderate trade liberalization is helpful, but only as long as it does not affect the technology choices of the firms. Because committing to lower ‘bounded’ tariffs limits a government’s ability to enforce strict environmental standards, a country that has agreed to tighter tariff limits under the World Trade Organization would, other things equal, be a more likely “pollution haven” than a country with weaker WTO commitments.

Headquarter Services and Revealed Factor Abundance

This paper analyzes how usual measures of revealed factor abundance (RFA), based on trade in merchandise, are affected by the existence of trade in services of intangible assets; trade that is mainly associated with multinational firms. It presents empirical estimates of both usual measures of RFA and new measures that take account of trade in headquarter services for the United States, a country that has a substantial surplus in the recorded components of such trade. It is found that the usual measures underestimate the abundance of highly skilled labor and technological knowledge, and overestimate the abundance of physical capital.

A statistical study of variation in surgical dressings.

Summary A number of the B.P.C. characters and tests for surgical dressings are examined in a statistical manner. It is shown that the satisfactory practice of the trade is imperfectly described by the existing specifications. This is attributed to the lack of measures of variation satisfying statistical requirements, to the existence of trade customs not apparent from the specifications themselves and in one case to the use of traditional but ambiguous methods of determination, and in others to the employment of terms which on examination can mean different things to different people. It is proposed that specifications in which the fact of variation is important should all have attached to them a measure of this variation. In general, the mean and standard deviation should be used. The numerical values for these should be fixed so that the existing dressings are described and not so as to compel modifications which on other grounds are not required. Where trade custom or the literature is ambiguous, definite references to, or descriptions of methods of examination should be more freely employed.