Existence Of Other Species Research Articles

Metabolic Allometric Scaling of Multicellular Organisms as a Product of Evolutionary Development and Optimization of Food Chains

Production of energy is a foundation of life. The metabolic rate of organisms (amount of energy produced per unit time) generally increases slower than organisms’ mass, which has important implications for life organization. This phenomenon, when considered across different taxa, is called interspecific allometric scaling. Its origin has puzzled scientists for many decades, and still is considered unknown. In this paper, we posit that natural selection, as determined by evolutionary pressures, leads to distribution of resources, and accordingly energy, within a food chain, which is optimal from the perspective of stability of the food chain, when each species has sufficient amount of resources for continuous reproduction, but not too much to jeopardize existence of other species. Metabolic allometric scaling (MAS) is then a quantitative representation of this optimal distribution. Taking locomotion and the primary mechanism for distribution of energy, we developed a biomechanical model to find energy expenditures, considering limb length, skeleton mass and speed. Using the interspecific allometric exponents for these three measures and substituting them into the locomotion-derived model for energy expenditure, we calculated allometric exponents for mammals, reptiles, fish, and birds, and compared these values with allometric exponents derived from experimental observations. The calculated allometric exponents were nearly identical to experimentally observed exponents for mammals, and very close for fish, reptiles and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of birds. The main result of the study is that the MAS is a function of a mechanism of optimal energy distribution between the species of a food chain. This optimized sharing of common resources provides stability of a food chain for a given habitat and is guided by evolutionary pressures and natural selection.

Revalidation of Passalites Gloger, 1841 for the Amazon brown brocket deer P.nemorivagus (Cuvier, 1817) (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae).

Mazamanemorivaga (Cuvier, 1817) is a gray brocket deer that inhabits the Amazon region. An assessment of previous studies revealed inconsistencies in its current taxonomic classification, suggesting the need for an update in its genus classification. A taxonomic repositioning of this species is proposed through the collection of a specimen from its type locality (French Guiana) with subsequent morphological (coloring pattern, body measurements, and craniometry), cytogenetics (G Band, C Band, conventional Giemsa, Ag-NOR staining, and BAC probe mapping), and molecular phylogenetic analysis (mitochondrial genes Cyt B of 920 bp, COI I of 658 bp, D-loop 610 bp), and comparisons with other specimens of the same taxon, as well as other Neotropical deer species. The morphological and cytogenetic differences between this and other Neotropical Cervidae confirm the taxon as a unique and valid species. The phylogenetic analysis evidenced the basal position of the M.nemorivaga specimens within the Blastocerina clade. This shows early diversification and wide divergence from the other species, suggesting that the taxon should be transferred to a different genus. A taxonomic update of the genus name is proposed through the validation of Passalites Gloger, 1841, with Passalitesnemorivagus (Cuvier, 1817) as the type species. Future research should focus on evaluating the potential existence of other species within the genus Passalites, as suggested in the literature.

A novel procedure in combination of genomic sequencing, flow cytometry and routine culturing for confirmation of beer spoilage caused by Pediococcus damnosus in viable but nonculturable state

Spoilage bacteria had been shown to form viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state maintaining food spoilage capability. In this study, a novel procedure was used to confirm a beer spoilage case caused by a Pediococcus damnosus strain in the VBNC state. Firstly, flow cytometry, routine culturing and PMA-PCR methods were used to identify approximately 103 cells/ml VBNC cells in the spoiled beer sample based on the difference between CFU and viable cell numbers. Secondly, genomic sequencing showed all acquired scaffolds were identical to the genome of P. damnosus with no existence of other species or isolates. In addition, VBNC cells were obtained in both simulation conditions, including beer low temperature storage and subculturing. MRS agar supplemented with catalase was found to resuscitate VBNC cells. Normal, VBNC and resuscitated cells showed similar level of beer spoilage capability. As concluded, a novel procedure, in combination of genomic sequencing, flow cytometry and routine culturing was used to confirm VBNC cells in spoiled beer sample, providing direct evidence on the beer spoilage caused by VBNC P. damnosus cells, and will aid in further study on VBNC state in food industry so that more evidence on food safety problem caused by VBNC microbes will be shown.

Role of sediment in determining the vulnerability of three littoral cladoceran species to odonate larvae predation

ABSTRACT Small cladocerans, found abundantly on surfaces of macrophytes and sediments in the littoral zone, are important prey not only for small fish but also for various invertebrates such as larvae of odonates in freshwater habitats. However, no study has documented how habitat substrates affect their behavior and vulnerability to predators and predation. We conducted laboratory experiments to examine the movement of 3 littoral cladoceran species, Chydorus sphaericus, Alona sp., and Ilyocryptus spinifer, to determine if their vulnerabilities to predation by odonate larvae changed depending on the presence or absence of bottom sediment. We observed that when sediment was present, Ilyocryptus crawled in and ceased movement. However, in the containers without sediment, they continuously swam or crawled. Similarly, Chydorus also reduced frequency of movement in a container with sediment, but Alona movement did not change regardless of the presence or absence of sediment. In the predation experiments with 2 or 3 prey species, Ilyocryptus was the most vulnerable to predation by odonate larvae in the containers without sediment but least vulnerable in those with sediment. The vulnerability of Chydorus to the odonate larvae was as low as that of Ilyocryptus in the containers with sediment. Alona was less preyed upon by odonates in containers with sediment but highly vulnerable to predation when containers had sediment with Chydorus and Ilyocryptus. These results indicate that behavior and vulnerability to predation of littoral cladocerans are species-specific and change depending on the presence of sediment and the existence of other species.

Modified Forms of Cytosine in Eukaryotes: DNA (De)methylation and Beyond.

5-Methylcytosine (5mC) is an epigenetic mark known to contribute to the regulation of gene expression in a wide range of biological systems. Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) dioxygenases oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine in metazoans and fungi. Moreover, two recent reports imply the existence of other species of modified cytosine in unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Here we provide an overview of the spectrum of cytosine modifications and their roles in demethylation of DNA and regulation of gene expression in different eukaryotic organisms.

Genotypic diversity of Streptococcus suis and the S. suis-like bacterium Streptococcus ruminantium in ruminants

Although Streptococcus suis has attracted public attention as a major swine and human pathogen, this bacterium has also been isolated from other animals, including ruminants. However, recent taxonomic studies revealed the existence of other species that were previously identified as S. suis, and some of these isolates were reclassified as the novel species Streptococcus ruminantium. In Japan, biochemically identified S. suis is frequently isolated from diseased ruminants; however, such isolates have not yet been identified accurately, and their aetiological importance in ruminants is unclear. Therefore, to understand the importance of S. suis and S. suis-like bacteria in ruminants, we reclassified S. suis isolates from ruminants according to the updated classification and investigated their genetic diversity. Although both S. suis and S. ruminantium were isolated from healthy and diseased ruminants, most of the isolates from diseased animals were S. ruminantium, implying that S. ruminantium is more likely to be associated with ruminant disease than S. suis. However, the ruminant S. suis and S. ruminantium isolates from diseased animals were classified into diverse genotypes rather than belonging to certain clonal groups. Genome sequence analysis of 20 S. ruminantium isolates provided information about the antibiotic resistance, potential virulence, and serological diversity of this species. We further developed an S. ruminantium-specific PCR assay to aid in the identification of this bacterium. The information obtained and the method established in this study will contribute to the accurate diagnosis of ruminant streptococcal infections.

Merluccius tasmanicus Matallanas & Lloris 2006 is a junior synonym of M. australis (Hutton 1872) (Gadiformes: Merluciidae) based on morphological and molecular data.

The high intraspecific variation among and the conservative external morphology of Merluccius spp. have resulted in serious identification difficulties. Four hundred and twenty fresh and preserved specimens of Merluccius were analyzed, including the type series of Merluccius australis, M. tasmanicus and M. hubbsi; specimens of M. hubbsi from Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and individuals of M. australis from Argentina and New Zealand were examined. The nomenclatural status of the type specimens of M. australis is discussed and the designation of a lectotype and a paralectotype is proposed. The comparative study of morphology, meristic, traditional and landmark-based morphometry, both external and internal, and through DNA-based Barcoding molecular tools demonstrates that Merluccius tasmanicus is a junior synonym of Merluccius australis. Meristic and morphometric characters of types of M. tasmanicus completely overlap those of M. australis, whereas M. hubbsi show fewer scales along the lateral line, total vertebrae, second dorsal and anal-fin rays. A trend of a longer snout and wider head in M. australis and M. tasmanicus, and larger eyes and longer pelvic fins, in M. hubbsi was observed. While discriminant characters were found in the internal elements (hyomandibula, urohyal and sagitta otolith) between M. hubbsi and M. australis, none were observed between M. australis and those reported for M. tasmanicus. DNA barcoding analyses found no evidence of the existence of other species of Merluccius besides M. hubbsi and M. australis.

Aplicação da Termografia Infravermelha para Determinar os Padrões de Temperatura da Bolsa Escrotal de Catetos (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758)

Collared peccaries possess an important ecological function because they belong to the trophic chain as part of the diet of great felines. Therefore, the populational decrease of collared peccaries, as well as the possibility of their local extinction can interfere on the local biodiversity, since the presence of those animals can assure the existence of other species. So, the aim of this study was to test the use of infrared thermography in the evaluation of the scrotal temperature of collared peccary, listing seminal and scrotal thermography parameters, aiming the achievement of a precise and rapid technique of reproducer selection. To do this, we used 12 adult male to do the semen collection, then data of their scrotal thermography was obtained. However, the data showed that there was observed no relationship between the seminal quality pattern and the thermography. Furthermore, the animals presented a scrotal thermography pattern (31.5 °C) different from other mammalians. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to perform more studies with more animals and also using animals with testicular alteration to certify the use of thermography as a tool of reproducer selection of collared peccary. Abstract Collared peccaries possess an important ecological function because they belong to the trophic chain as part of the diet of great felines. Therefore, the populational decrease of collared peccaries, as well as the possibility of their local extinction can interfere on the local biodiversity, since the presence of those animals can assure the existence of other species. So, the aim of this study was to test the use of infrared thermography in the evaluation of the scrotal temperature of collared peccary, listing seminal and scrotal thermography parameters, aiming the achievement of a precise and rapid technique of reproducer selection. To do this, we used 12 adult male to do the semen collection, then data of their scrotal thermography was obtained. However, the data showed that there was observed no relationship between the seminal quality pattern and the thermography. Furthermore, the animals presented a scrotal thermography pattern (31.5 °C) different from other mammalians. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to perform more studies with more animals and also using animals with testicular alteration to certify the use of thermography as a tool of reproducer selection of collared peccary.

Revisiting the head–head dinuclear 1-methyluracil complex of cisplatin: New insights into its solution behavior

The head–head dinuclear complex hh-cis-[Pt(NH3)2(1-MeU-N3,O4)2Pt(NH3)2] (NO3)2 (1-MeU=1-methyluracil anion) is known for 30years, yet its solution behavior has not been studied in great detail. It is the precursor of a blue, mixed-valence Pt tetramer with average Pt oxidation state of +2.25, cis-[{Pt(NH3)2(1-MeU-N3,O4)}4]5+, which crystallizes from an acidified aqueous solution of the hh-dimer in the presence of air or an oxidizing agent. As we show in this paper by use of 1H NMR spectroscopy, the hh-dimer undergoes partial dissociation into its starting components cis-Pt(NH3)2(1-MeU-N3)2 and cis-[Pt(NH3)2(H2O)2]2+ when dissolved in water (neutral pH), and rearranges to other complexes. ESI-MS reveals formation of several new species, including of a trinuclear Pt complex, as well as a compound which has undergone partial loss of NH3 ligands. Release of NH3 and formation of NH4+ is independently confirmed in a qualitative test. The visible spectra of aged, deep blue solutions of the hh-dimer unambiguously prove the existence of other species than just the tetranuclear Pt(2.25) compound which contribute to the intense color, with relative amounts being in the low percent-range. These observations, taken together, strongly suggest that “platinum pyrimidine blues” as formed from aquated cisplatin and N1-blocked pyrimidine nucleobases can adopt structures alternative to the “dimer-of-dimer” principle realized in the well known Pt(2.25) structure. The existence of other structures than dimer and “dimer-of-dimer” poses the question whether the widely accepted view that the antitumor activity of these “blues” solely is due to the release of cis-(NH3)2Pt entities, holds up.

The Economist as Shaman: Revisioning Our Role for a Sustainable, Provisioning Economy

In this paper I take a wide perspective on what the role of an economist might be in an anthropological sense, taking a step back and considering what an economist might be for in a general sense, rather than in the sense of a capitalist society in the early 21st century. I suggest that the role of an economist is one of an intermediary between people and the resources they need for survival, a role that in less rationalist societies might have been performed by a priest or shaman. In the era of climate change this role may be expressed in terms of the moral consequences of certain forms of consumption, such as eating meat or using airplanes for travel. At a deeper level, the economist may be well-placed to negotiate the nominal space between humans and other species, especially in situations where our survival requires the death of some species. What does this conception of economists as intermediaries imply for our role in an era where over-consumption is threatening our survival as a species and our lifestyles are threatening the existence of other species, as well as our own? I propose three central responsibilities for an economist in a sustainable society: supporting a process of re-embedding the economy in the environment; negotiating a respectful — even reverential — relationship between humans and non-human species; ensuring a means of acquiring resources that minimizes the entropic impact of the human community.

Geomicrobiology of Pyrite (FeS2) Dissolution: Case Study at Iron Mountain, California

Geomicrobiology of pyrite weathering at Iron Mountain, CA, was investigated by molecular biological, surface chemical, surface structural, and solution chemical methods in both laboratory and field-based studies. Research focused at sites both within and peripheral to the ore-body. The acid-generating areas we have examined thus far at Iron Mountain (solution pH <1.0, temperature> 35 C) were populated by species other than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans . 16S rDNA bacterial sequence analysis and domain- and specieslevel oligonucleotide probe-based investigations confirmed the presence of planktonic Leptospirillum ferrooxidans and indicated the existence of other species apparently related to other newly described acidophilic chemolithotrophs. T. ferrooxidans was confined to relatively moderate environments (pH 2-3, 20-30 C) that were peripheral to the orebody. Dissolution rate measurements indicated that, per cell, attached and planktonic species contributed comparably in acid release. Surface colonization experiments in the laboratory and field indicated that attachment was specific to sulfides instead of to silicates, occurred in crystallographically preferred orientations, and, after cell division, resulted in a monolayer of cells at a maximum density of 8 X 106 cells cm2. In situ geochemical characterization throughout the year revealed that the microbial community that controlled acid generation varied and could be correlated with seasonal and spatial fluctuations in geochemical conditions.

Influence of intestinal flora upon the growth of Pseudomonas (author's transl)

Since the seventies, gram-negative bacilli, especially, Pseudomonas, have become increasingly responsible for causing infectious diseases. In most cases, the infection due to Pseudomonas falls under the category of mixed infection, in as much as not only Pseudomonas, but also intestinal flora, above all E.Coli, is responsible as the causative agent. Consequently, in addition to the conventional bacteriological approach, i. e., the studies of the given species of bacillus in isolation, the so-called clinico-bacteriological approach, i. e., the studies of interactions between different species of bacilli, must be taken into consideration. The present study was undertaken to clarify Pseudomonas infection by observing the growth of Pseudomonas under altered environmental conditions. The following results were obtained.1) Under aerobic conditions, changes in the environments such as the existence of other species of bacilli, changes in pH and the presence of glucoid or bile acids did not affect the growth of Pseudomonas.2) Under anaerobic conditions, the existence of E. Coli restricted the growth of Pseudomonas, provided that glucoid was added.

Metal-metal bond Equilibria in aqueous solution. II. Zinc hydroxotetracarbonylferrates(−II)

The reaction of tetracarbonylferrate(-II) anion with Zn 2+ was studied potentiometrically in the neutral and alkaline ranges of pH. On the basis of equilibrium measurements of hydrogen ion concentrations at 20° C and a total normality of 1.0 (NaClO 4, the existence of a number of species is indicated, including polynuclear mixed hydroxocomplexes. The constant K 2 = 1.1 x 10 5 M −1 is obtained for the equilibrium ZnFe(CO) 4 + Fe(CO) 4 2−. The existence of other species is indicated: Zn 4[Fe(CO) 4] 4 (OH) 4 4−, Zn 2Fe(CO) 4(OH) 3 −, Zn 4 [Fe(CO) 4] 3 − and Zn 2Fe(CO) 4(OH) 2. This strong tendency to the information of mixed hydroxocomplexes is explained by the ability of the tetracarbonylferrate anion to keep zinc dissolved at pH's above neutrality, without occupying all of its co-ordinating sites.

Hog in Sloth, Fox in Stealth: Man and Beast in Moral Thinking

Human beings find themselves sharing the world with a great variety of other animals. Besides using them in various ways, we think about them and compare ourselves with them, and it is hard to envisage the difference it would make to our understanding of ourselves if they were not there. For one thing we should not have the concept of the human species, and that human beings should be thought of, however theoretically, as all belonging to one species is of momentous importance for morality. The existence of other species might be significant in that way, however, even if we did not pay much attention to them and even if more particular thoughts about or observations of them did not form part of the fabric of our moral thinking. It is with some particular ways in which other species enter our moral thinking and our thinking about morals that I intend to concern myself. There are three of these that I shall discuss: first, the use of animal characters in moral tales, secondly the description of human characteristics in terms of real or supposed analogies with the characteristics of beasts; and thirdly much more briefly the application to human beings of behaviour patterns established in studies of other animals.

Hog in Sloth, Fox in Stealth: Man and Beast in Moral Thinking

Human beings find themselves sharing the world with a great variety of other animals. Besides using them in various ways, we think about them and compare ourselves with them, and it is hard to envisage the difference it would make to our understanding of ourselves if they were not there. For one thing we should not have the concept of the human species, and that human beings should be thought of, however theoretically, as all belonging to one species is of momentous importance for morality. The existence of other species might be significant in that way, however, even if we did not pay much attention to them and even if more particular thoughts about or observations of them did not form part of the fabric of our moral thinking. It is with some particular ways in which other species enter our moral thinking and our thinking about morals that I intend to concern myself. There are three of these that I shall discuss: first, the use of animal characters in moral tales, secondly the description of human characteristics in terms of real or supposed analogies with the characteristics of beasts; and thirdly much more briefly the application to human beings of behaviour patterns established in studies of other animals.

Revision of Xylocalyx Balf. f. (Scrophulariaceae)

Xylocalyx Balf.f. is a very small genus limited in distribution to the island of Socotra and north-east tropical Africa. It was originally described as monospecific and endemic in Socotra, but further collections from the island and the mainland of Africa show the existence of other species. The type-species from Socotra, X. asper Balf.f., was described by Balfour from his own gatherings, B.C.S. * III and B.C.S. 697. When first published (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 12: 84 (1883)) he gave a description of the genus, and stated there was only one species, quoting the number B.C.S. I II. This

The Behavior of Toxoplasma with Notes on Its Taxonomic Status

Because toxoplasmosis is now known to be a common human infection, and sometimes a very serious one, it is receiving an increasing amount of study. The organism itself, however, has had surprisingly little careful attention. This is evidenced by the striking differences in the way in which the subject is treated by authors of many of the standard texts in parasitology and protozoology. There is general agreement that Toxoplasma is probably a protozoan, but little as to what kind of a protozoan it may be. Kudo (1950), for example, put Toxoplasma with the BABESIIDAE, one of 3 families in the order HAEMOSPORIDIA. Since the other 3 genera of the family are all parasitic in the erythrocytes of vertebrates, and two of the three are known to be tick-transmitted, this disposition of Toxoplasma seems at least illogical. Belding (1952) remarked (p. 240) Flagella have been observed in a few specimens, thus, by implication at least, suggesting that the genus should be placed with the MASTIGOPHORA, since true flagella do not occur at any stage of the sporozoan lifecycle. He nevertheless included it with Unclassified Sporozoa. Toxoplasma receives similar treatment in most other currently used texts in protozoology and parasitology. In some, the authors are even more non-committal, placing the parasite under a heading such as Parasites Of Doubtful Nature. Chandler (1949) went a little farther than most in stating is uncertain whether it is a protozoan or a fungus, although it is more probably the There are still authors who omit it altogether. Very lately the suggestion has again been made that the real affinities of this parasite may be with the SARCOSPORIDIA. Biocca (1949) remarked on the fact that, although Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis have certain characteristics in common, they are easily distinguishable. Piekarski (1950) took essentially the same position, but Muhlpfordt (1951) has apparently shown that the Sabin-Feldman dye test gives positive results both with toxoplasmosis and sarcosporidiosis. It has long been recognized that many human cases diagnosed as the latter condition were really the former. The problem was considered in some detail by Kean and Grocott (1945), and Biocca (1949) went so far as to claim that probably half the reported human cases of sarcosporidiosis were in fact toxoplasmosis. The case is further complicated by the existence of other species of parasites

Estudos citológicos no gênero Arachis

Tôdas as variedades de amendoim estudadas até o presente têm 2n = 40 cromossômios e pertencem à espécie A. hypogxa L. e à A. nambiquarx Hoehne. O autor do presente trabalho confirma essas contagens e revela a existência de espécies com 2n = 20 cromossômios, a saber : A. prostrata Benth (?), A. marginata Gardn., A. marginata Gardn. var. submarginata Hoehne, A. Diogoi Hoehne f. typica Hoehne, A. Diogoi Hoehne sub-espécie major Hoehne e A. villosulicarpa Hoehne. Além disso, o número 2n = 20 foi encontrado em mais uma espécie não identificada e 2n=40 em plantas de 7 grupos diferentes, cuja identificação também ainda não foi feita. Uma quimera cromossômica foi constatada em raiz de A. hypogsea, parte com 40 e parte com 80 cromossômios. O amendoim cultivado, à luz desta investigação e das provas genéticas constatadas por vários autores, deve ser encarado como tetraplóide e deve ter surgido espontâneamente no próprio centro de origem das formas diplóides (Estado de Mato Grosso).

THE DISTRIBUTION AND REPRODUCTION OF SAGITTA ELEGANS ON GEORGES BANK IN RELATION TO THE HYDROGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS

1. The quantitative distribution, size, and stages of maturity of Sagitta elegans in the waters of Georges Bank have been determined from plankton hauls made on a network of stations occupied during 11 cruises from September 1939, to June 1941. 2. The area of relatively homogeneous water overlying the central portion of Georges Bank was found to change in extent from cruise to cruise, but to be sharply delineated from the surrounding stratified water masses, and has been designated as the "Mixed Area." 3. The abundance of S. elegans varied in individual hauls from a maximum of 165 specimens per cubic meter to zero, but averaged more than 10/m.3 at stations within the Mixed Area. The deeper hauls were numerically richer than the shallow hauls at more than half the stations. The existence of a diurnal vertical migration was revealed in certain cases, but varied greatly from cruise to cruise. 4. In horizontal distribution the greatest concentrations of S. elegans were found within the central homogeneous water mass of the Bank and a close agreement was disclosed between the contours of abundance and the boundary line of the Mixed Area. A center of abundance for this species existed on the Bank throughout the year. 5. The modal length of the mature sagittae increased from 16 mm. in September, when the water temperature was the highest, to 23 mm. in March, when the temperature was at the minimum for the year. Some specimens as long as 30 mm. were encountered. 6. The chief period of reproduction for S. elegans on Georges Bank centered in April in 1940 and in May in 1941. Following these periods very large numbers of small, immature individuals appeared. Evidence is presented that a distinct, second generation was produced during the late summer or autumn. 7. S. serratodentata and S. enflata, which were taken chiefly in the September cruise, occurred entirely outside the margin of the Mixed Area. Comparison is made with a similar case of reciprocal distribution found for two species of copepods: Calanus finmarchicus, which was excluded from the Mixed Area, and Pseudocalanus minutus, which was chiefly abundant within the Area. 8. Our observations support the suggestion of Redfield and Beale that S. elegans tends to accumulate on Georges Bank because of the relative absence of dislocating currents. However, reasons are advanced for believing that other characteristics of the Mixed Area water should be scrutinized as being particularly favorable for the growth and reproduction of S. elegans, and particularly unfavorable for the existence of other species of plankton. 9. The persistence of the population of S. elegans on Georges Bank throughout the year is a valuable index of the degree of permanence of the homogeneous bank water. The species recommends itself as an indicator for tracing movements of the Mixed Area water in future studies.