Existence Of Leakage Research Articles

Application of the Six Sigma Method to Minimize Leaking in Pillow Pack Cooking Oil Packaging at PT. ABC

PT. ABC is a company that has a cooking oil production business. In order to remain competitive with similar companies, the quality of the product must be maintained and improved. One of the problems of PT. ABC is the existence of leakage in the pillow pack packaging. The Six Sigma method can be used to identify the triggers for the leaking. This community service activity provides suggestions for improving the pillow pack cooking oil packaging process so that the amount of leaking can be reduced. Proposals are prepared by identifying the packaging process with reference to the Six Sigma method assisted by several statistical tools (check sheets, stratification, Pareto diagrams as well as fishbone diagrams). It was found that the highest leakage occurred on the horizontal side of the pillow pack (55%). On the basis of these findings, the proposed improvements lead to making a machine repair schedule at certain hours and then carrying out maintenance on the filling machine.

Geographical Distribution of Economic Impact: Sporting Events in Small Cities

Abstract: There are limitations in determining the economic impact of sporting events that need to be considered. One of these is represented by first-round leakages. This work focuses on explaining first-round leakages in the economic impact of sporting events on small cities. Seeking to identify this type of leakage, we estimated the spatial distribution of the economic impact of two small-sized events organized in a town with a population of 24,248 inhabitants. The results showed a first-round leakage exceeding €300,000 and identified higher average attendee expenditure in a more developed city adjacent to the host city. Moreover, an exploratory analysis concerning the influence of leakage in final spending was performed. Finally, the elements that would increase the probability of leakage were studied. Overall, the current case study highlighted the importance of considering the existence of leakage.

Particulate matters filtration by a filter medium with pin holes: modeling and experimental verification

Air filtration systems have difficulty avoiding problems of leakage and breakage of the filter medium, which aggravates the emission of dust particles. In this study, a numerical calculation model is established to study the dust-laden air filtration performance of a filter medium with pin holes. The calculation model is verified using experiments and by comparing the values of the filtration resistance and efficiency. The results demonstrated that, with the existence of leakage, the filtration efficiency decreased with time, decreased with an increase in the leakage ratio, and increased first and then decreased with an improvement in the filter medium accuracy. An extremely high filter medium accuracy was not conducive to improve the filtration efficiency, but it obviously increased the filtration resistance. The larger the leakage ratio, Lr, the smaller the optimal filter accuracy, eF,opt, and the maximum filtration efficiency, eT,max. The functional relationships between eF,opt, eT,max and Lr, as well as QT, were obtained. With an increase in the leakage ratio, the filtration resistance and its rising rate decreased. The system quality factor decreased with the increase of the leakage ratio and increased with the increase of the filter quality factor.

Presenting a conceptual model of leakage management system in urban water supply network from two preventive and operational perspectives (Case study of Tokyo and Tehran metropolises)

The existence of leakage in the urban water supply network can be considered one of the main challenges in the country’s water industry. The purpose of this study is a comparative comparison of water leakage management patterns in Tokyo and Tehran. In this study, the existing documents in the field of water leakage management in both cities were collected, classified, and evaluated. A comparison at the level of preventive measures showed that the city of Tokyo has a conceptual model (with an effective water ratio of more than 98%) with «corrective» subdivisions including old network management and providing solutions for maintenance and repair of the current network and also subdivisions including «technology development» and «education.» However, in Tehran, due to financial constraints, the preventive approach (PM11) is entirely passive, and emergency maintenance (EM2) units usually enter into operation after the incident. Operational comparisons showed that the Tokyo Water Leakage Control System consists of two main parts: “continuous monitoring” and “measures commensurate with the type of challenge” and is based on strategic policies. In Tehran, the movement towards using new technologies to control leakage in urban water supply networks has been significant; However, these measures are not based on a plan and have created unbalanced growth in this regard.

Implementation and design gas leakage detection system using ATMega8 microcontroller

In Indonesia and many countries for economic reasons and green energy LPG is widely used for cooking. This paper show implementation and design gas leakage detection system. The main objective of the project to build a gas LPG leakage detector using an LPG gas sensor and micro-controller. It developed a security system by providing an early Warning System to give a sign if there is a smell of gas around Home. If this system has been the existence of leakage and smell of LPG gas, then the system will give a sign of alarm or buzzer where if there is leakage of gas that smelling the LPG system will work and the early warning alarm of the system. That the presence of gas leakage signals on the sensors to work, the MQ-6 is the gas Sensor used to detect leakage gas LPG. The tool is designed to detect gas leaks that are then legible on the LCD screen and alarm, and in certain circumstances, the buzzer will sound. This MQ-6 sensor test is performed by measuring the sensor output with the Atmega8 microcontroller when the LPG gas is detected and then writes it on the LCD screen. This test was conducted to determine the contribution of the MQ-6 sensor. It becomes essential to protect gas leakage from damage and accident.

Two-stage leak detection in vacuum bags for the production of fibre-reinforced composite components

The increasing application of fibre-reinforced composite components in aviation results in new problems in production when compared to the conventional production of components from aluminium alloys. For instance, the existence of leakages in the vacuum bag can substantially impact the component quality. A significant increase of both time and cost, and even the rejection of the entire component are caused. Commercially available methods are suitable for identifying leakages in vacuum bags; however, their application is predominantly associated with high outlay in labour and time, and, thus, high costs. Market analysis and comparison of different available leakage detection technologies conducted in the course of the advanced detection of leakages project with our collaborative partner Airbus Operations GmbH Stade has shown that the combination of run-time based leakage detection and infrared thermography is the most promising concept for quick, reliable, and automated identification of leakages in vacuum bags for large components. In combination, both technologies are able to compensate for their respective detection limits, and significantly reduce the time required. In addition to the analysis and assessment of different technologies for leakage detection, the investigations presented also include the development of run-time based leakage detection using sensors integrated into the vacuum bag. Furthermore, the linking, further development, and automation of leakage detection using infrared thermography are described.

Do Sustainable Forest Managements Affect Forest Conservation?

This study examined the effect of sustainable forest management schemes on forest conservation using remote sensing data on forest change. We applied fixed effect models focusing on two major sustainable forest management schemes: the Forest Stewardship Council and the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification. The regression results showed that, contrary to findings from previous research, expansion of the sustainable forest management area was uncorrelated with forest loss when the fixed effects of country and time were controlled. Our findings were robust to different types of forest definition and to country groups restricted by OECD or non-OECD membership. Our estimations suggested that sustainable forest management increased forest loss in non-certified forest areas, indicating the existence of leakage of forest loss from certified to non-certified forest areas. These findings imply that leakage effects should be considered when implementing forest management or protected forest schemes.

Portuguese

Among environmental subjects the necessity of rational practices and water savings is important in the containporaneous society. In the public schools the inadequate use of the water is frequent, as well as the existence of leakages in the hydraulical installations and the use of non-economic hydraulic equipments. This paper aims at evaluating the water consumption and perception index by the users concerning this natural resource in school. Specifically, factors were investigated in twelve public schools of the Minas Gerais State, located in the Triângulo Mineiro region. Through questionnaires, direct interviews and comments it was characterized the form as the water is used in the schools. Information was obtained for the calculation of water use perception index concerning its rational use, according to Ywashima (2005) methodology. It was observed some inconsistency between consumption indicator and perception index in the year 2011, possibly because of wrong data of monthly water consumption (error on hydrometer reading) and existence of leakages not detectable or error in the number of students in schools. In general, the water users have the knowledge of the attitudes to be employed to promote the water savings. Some actions for the rational use of water are proposed. Keywords: water consumption index, water rational use, perception index, public schools, Triângulo mineiro.

The effect of head rotation on efficiency of ventilation and cuff pressure using the PLMA in pediatric patients

BackgroundThis study examined whether changing the head position from neutral to side can affect expiratory tidal volume (TV) and cuff pressure when the appropriate sizes of a Proseal™ Laryngeal Mask Airway (PLMA)-depending on the body weight -are used in pediatric patients during pressure controlled ventilation (PCV).MethodsSeventy-seven children (5-30 kg) were divided into three groups according to their body weight, PLMA#1.5 (group I, n = 24), #2 (group II, n = 26), and #2.5 (group III, n = 27). After anesthesia induction, a PLMA was placed with a cuff-pressure of 60 cmH2O. The TV and existence of leakage at the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 20 cmH2O, and the appropriate PIP for TV 10 ml/kg were examined. Upon head rotation to the left side, the TV, PIP, cuff pressure changes, and the appropriate PIP to achieve a TV 10 ml/kg were evaluated.ResultsHead rotation of 45 degrees to the left side during PCV caused a significant increase in cuff pressure and a decrease in TV, and there was no definite leakage. Changes in PIP and TV were similar in the three groups. The cuff pressure increased but there was no significant difference between the three groups.ConclusionsAlthough cuff pressure and TV of the PLMA were changed significantly after turning the head from the neutral position to the side, a re-adjustment of the cuff pressure and PIP to maintain a TV of 10 ml/kg can make the placed PLMA useful and successful in pediatric patients under general anesthesia.

Water-flow variation and pharmacoepidemiology of tetracycline hydrochloride administration via drinking water in swine finishing farms

To evaluate variation of drinking-water flow rates in swine finishing barns and the relationship between drinker flow rate and plasma tetracycline concentrations in pigs housed in different pens. Cross-sectional (phase 1) and cohort (phase 2) studies. 13 swine finishing farms (100 barns with 7,122 drinkers) in phase 1 and 100 finishing-stage pigs on 2 finishing farms (1 barn/farm) in phase 2. In phase 1, farms were evaluated for water-flow variation, taking into account the following variables: position of drinkers within the barn, type of drinker (swing or mounted), pig medication status, existence of designated sick pen, and existence of leakage from the waterline. In phase 2, blood samples were collected from 50 pigs/barn (40 healthy and 10 sick pigs) in 2 farms at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after initiation of water-administered tetracycline HCl (estimated dosage, 22 mg/kg [10 mg/lb]). Plasma tetracycline concentrations were measured via ultraperformance liquid chromatography. Mean farm drinker flow rates ranged from 1.44 to 2.77 L/min. Significant differences in flow rates existed according to drinker type and whether tetracycline was included in the water. Mean drinker flow rates and plasma tetracycline concentrations were significantly different between the 2 farms but were not different between healthy and sick pigs. The plasma tetracycline concentrations were typically < 0.3 microg/mL. Many factors affected drinker flow rates and therefore the amount of medication pigs might have received. Medication of pigs with tetracycline through water as performed in this study had questionable therapeutic value.

Superconducting magnet for a traveling wave maser

A superconducting magnet has been developed to supply the magnetic field necessary to operate a 4 Gc traveling wave ruby maser. The field required by the maser is about 3000 oersteds uniform throughout the volume of the ruby to one part in a thousand. The field is directed across a gap of about 0.8 inches whose cross section is 5 inches by 0.5 inches. A close approach to the ideal magnetic circuit has been achieved by placing superconducting shields adjacent to the pole pieces. Circulating currents are set up in the shields which prevent the existence of leakage and fringing flux. Since there is no loss mechanism in the shields, the currents persist and the air-gap field remains everywhere uniform. With the absence of leakage and fringing flux, the size and weight of the magnetic circuit is considerably reduced. Superconducting coils allow the use of a persistent current to generate the field. A heater element encased in a glass sleeve is used to initiate the persistent current. The switching procedure is simple and involves no moving parts in the cryostat.