Existence Of Gender Discrimination Research Articles

Scoping Review: Dampak Kesehatan dan Sosial dari Pernikahan Dini pada Perempuan di Negara Berkembang

Early marriage is a form of violence and violations of children's rights, this is because the practice of early marriage occurs at the age of <18 years which triggers violence such as sexual violence. Early marriage occurs in many developing countries such as Africa, India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Nepal and Indonesia. This study aims to examine the previous literature to collect data on “The Impact of Early Marriage on Women from Health and Social Aspects in Developing Countries”. This study employed a scoping review method with the Arskey and O'Malley framework. A systematic review was carried out using online databases, namely PubMed, Willey, ProQuest, and using Gray Literature with predetermined keywords, then the articles were filtered based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. There were 25 articles that met the criteria. This study identified that early marriage had a serious impact on women's health and social life such as the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases, cervical cancer, preeclampsia and complications during pregnancy and childbirth, as well as mental health disorders such as stress and anxiety. The impact of the social aspects found in the literature review was the existence of gender discrimination, dropping out of school, domestic violence, and low autonomy in decision making. In addition, in the review of the article, it was found that the factors that influence the practice of early marriage experienced by women were education, economy, culture, parents and marriage by accident (MBA). The existence of complications during pregnancy and childbirth is the impact of early marriage that is often experienced by women. In addition, gender discrimination is often felt by women who marry at the age of <18 years in various developing countries.

Female R&D teams and patents as quality signals in innovative firms

ABSTRACT Innovative firms use patents to signal the quality of their R&D teams in evaluation processes affected by asymmetric information. Examples of these processes occur when applying for finance from external sources or when searching for collaboration partners for innovation projects. In this paper we provide evidence that, in these cases, firms' external agents undervalue patents of female R&D teams as compared to patents of male R&D teams. We investigate this issue using data of Spanish innovating firms from PITEC, spanning 2005–2014, a panel database that follows the structure of the European Community Innovation Surveys (CIS). We interpret our results as consistent with an evaluation bias against female researchers, making them to be subject to a greater scrutiny as compared to their male counterparts, and thereby suggesting the existence of gender discrimination in R&D.

Gender Attribute in Sentencing to Life Imprisonment in Russian Criminal Law

The article is devoted to the problematic issues of implementing the principle of equality of citizens in the regulations of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on life imprisonment. In particular, the authors consider the existence of gender discrimination against men in Part 2 of Article 57 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which includes a legislative ban on sentencing all women to life imprisonment. A comprehensive study of this aspect is conducted. The rules of law that confirm the principle of equality of citizens and prohibit discrimination are analyzed. Researchers’ opinions on the presence (absence) of discrimination against men are revealed. The legal position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights with regard to the rule of not sentencing women to life imprisonment, which violates the principle of equality of citizens, and prohibition of discrimination is considered. The authors’ position concerning the problem of the actual application of life imprisonment to men aged 18–64 years and ways to solve it are offered.

Perceptions, concepts, attitudes and values of Mexican medicine students about gender: a descriptive study

Background. Morbidity and mortality patterns are not the same for women and men. In health service attendance women’s troubles might be minimized. Objective. To analyze some capacities regarding gender approach that are generated in the medical education process. Materials and Methods. An observational, analytic, cross-sectional research was made in a University located in Southeast Mexico. Semi-structured interviews were applied to students, men and women, belonging to both second and eighth semester, until all analysis categories were filled in. Results. Although students did not perceive it as a public health problem, they accepted the existence of gender discrimination and physical and psychological violence against women. The answers of the eighth semester students showed no conceptual construction that could help them in handling this problem in the medical practice. Discussion. There were failures in identifying morbidity differences between women and men.

THE JDE CONTINUES TO SERVE THE PROFESSION

As the JDE enters into its second decade of both electronic and print publishing, I am proud to present an excellent selection of articles included in the June, 2015 version of our journal. In the first article of the issue, Bridging The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship: An Empirical Analysis, Elvin Afandi and Majid Kermani explore the role of inequality in individual and country attributes between men and women in bridging the gender entrepreneurship gap. Using Oaxaca-type decomposition and its extensions, they analyze gender differences with respect to individual and country characteristics in explaining the entrepreneurship gender gap as well as return differentials. However, they leave the door open for the existence of gender discrimination. Samuel Dawa and Rebecca Namatovu examine the influence of social networks on the growth aspirations of female entrepreneurs. In their article, Social Networks and Growth of Female-Owned Ventures: A Sub-Saharan Perspective, the authors find a relationship between belonging to a social network and growth. However, they also point out that the challenges facing female entrepreneurs in this context negate the influence of social networks on growth. They also make the point that the metrics used to measure entrepreneurship related constructs are biased not only against women but even the developing country context. The next two articles pertain to China’s entrepreneurship movement. Birton Cowden, Jintong Tang, Jun Yang and Yuli Zhang use the Institution-Based View of Entrepreneurship to argue that the varying institutions within the subnational regions influence the innovativeness of new ventures. In Exploring Innovative New Ventures in China and the United States, the authors find that this variation in innovativeness of new ventures is more salient in the Chinese setting than the United States setting because of the unevenness of institutional transitions within Chinese subnational regions. Their results provide useful implications on the appropriateness of making comparisons at a country level. Social Networks, Cognition and Risk Recognition in New Ventures: Evidence from China applies cognitive information-processing theory and develops a theoretical framework that explores the interactive influences of entrepreneurs’ social networks and their Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship Vol. 20, No. 2 (2015) 1501002 (2 pages) © World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S1084946715010025

Education and agricultural inputs use by female farmers in Zimbabwe

abstract There is ample empirical evidence that suggests the existence of gender discrimination when it comes to access to and subsequent use of productivity-enhancing farm inputs, especially those provided via market institutions, such as chemical fertilisers and hired labour. This discrimination is often found to be in favour of male farmers or male-headed households. Against this background, this focus contributes to building an understanding of the role of female education as a possible intervention that could mitigate such gendered agricultural input use disparities. A bivariate probit model on chemical fertiliser and hired labour use by households is estimated, using data collected in 2007 in rural Zimbabwe. This estimation strategy allows for interdependency between the input use decisions. Our results suggest that education significantly raises the probability of female farmers' use of both chemical fertilisers and hired labour. Interestingly, this impact is found to be higher for female- headed households in communal areas as opposed to female-headed households in resettlement areas where beneficiaries of Zimbabwe's Fast-track Land Reform Programme reside. This finding confirms the need to promote the education of women, particularly rural women, as part of interventions aimed at empowering female farmers, in the process countering and ending gender-based discrimination in accessing farm inputs.

GENDER EARNINGS DIFFERENTIALS AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN CHINA, 1988–97

Gender earnings differentials in urban China by region and their changes during the first decade of economic reform are examined. It is found that the female–male earnings ratio increased during the early stage of reform. The male earnings premium, overall, showed an increasing trend in the later stage of reform. Decomposition of the gender earnings differential reveals that a relatively lower percentage of the differential could be explained by gender differences in productive characteristics in the fast growing regions and in regions with a rapid pace of reform. The cross‐sectional results highlight the possible existence of gender discrimination, particularly in the later stages of economic reform and development. Both market competition and the effects of wage decentralization play a role in shaping the gender earnings differentials. Gender earnings differentials varied by region and over time, generally in tandem with the pace of economic reform and development. The decomposition of the over time changes in the earnings gap indicated that improvement in the productive characteristics of females during the reform period constantly enhanced the earnings of females relative to those of males. The changes over time in the return to female characteristics, however, work to counter any narrowing of the gender earnings gap.

The problems of female students at Jimma University, Ethiopia, with some suggested solutions

Background: Education is perhaps the single essential measure to ensure a full participation of women in development. Women's participation in all fields of the world has become significant. Objective: This study was conducted to identify gender related problems of female students in Jimma University (JU). Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study undertaken using quantitative and qualitative methods, in which the university community (staff and students of both sexes) participated. Results: The problems most frequently cited were violence, harassment and lack of security. Lack of facilities and assertiveness, workload, and academic performance were mentioned less often. In particular, awareness towards the existence of gender discrimination in campus diverge between males (30%) and females (64%), P< 0.001. However, the solutions suggested focused on raising awareness, guidance and counseling, academic support and improvement of facilities. Conclusion: This study strongly suggests that in order to improve female achievement in tertiary education, attention should be given to personal security, material support and assertiveness creation in addition to academic needs. [Ethiop.J.Health Dev. 2002;16(3):257-266]

Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Programs in Australia: Effects of Beliefs, Interests, and Attitudes Toward Women

This research identified mediators explaining the relationship between gender and attitudes toward affirmative action programs for women. Structural equation modeling was conducted on survey data obtained from academics at an Australian university (n = 198 with listwise deletion of missing data). Findings indicated that the relationship between gender and affirmative action attitudes was mediated by (1) perceptions of affirmative action's impact on material self-interest, (2) belief in the existence of gender discrimination, and (3) traditional attitudes toward women. Implications for organizations, policymakers, and researchers are discussed.

The Role of Candidate Sex in Voter Decision‐Making

Recent studies investigating the role of candidate sex in voter decision‐making have not found discrimination against women candidates. Thus, voter bias is often dismissed as part of the explanation for the drastic underrepresentation of women in high elective office. In a dual sample of Wyoming and California college students, bias against women candidates was found to be a factor in the vote choice. Studies that examine only one sample of voters in one region may be prematurely dismissing the possible existence of gender discrimination in some regions or cultures within the United States.

Gender and Beliefs About Work Force Discrimination in the United States and Australia

Beliefs about gender discrimination in the work force were investigated among a sample of American (n = 201) and Australian (n = 177) business students. Significant differences between genders in beliefs about the existence of gender discrimination were indicated, with women being more likely than men to affirm its existence, particularly in the area of salary discrimination. In addition, there were differences between genders and between countries in assessment of the factors that might lead to lower participation of women in management and in the assessment of avenues of advancement for women.