Existence Of Different Structures Research Articles

On Terms Used in Defining the Corpus Delicti under Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the terms used by the legislator when defining the disposition of the corpus delicti under Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. An analysis of the term «blackmail» is presented, which does not have a legal definition and requires clarification of the content. Since it is used not only in the construction of Article Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but also a number of others, it is advisable to formalize the content of this term in a note to the article in which it is used for the first time - Art. 127.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as follows: «In the articles of this Code, blackmail is understood as the threat of dissemination of information defaming the victim or their relatives, or other information that can cause significant harm to the rights or legitimate interests of the victim or their relatives». The criticism of the construction «use of material or other dependence of the victim» as a sign of the objective side of the considered corpus delicti is presented, and with examples from practice, the problems of qualification for it are considered. It is proposed to replace this construction with «under the threat of committing actions that violate the rights and legitimate interests of the victim, who is financially or otherwise dependent on the perpetrator». It is substantiated that outside the corpus delicti under Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, there remains a number of actions that have public danger, but also do not fall under the signs of other elements of sexual crimes. This made it possible to propose that a list of methods for committing the crime in question be left open, pointing out the threat of committing another criminal act. The necessity of the existence of different structures of the composition in different parts of the article, depending on the effectiveness of coercive actions, is substantiated. In conclusion, a new version of Art. 133 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is proposed, taking into account the need to correct the terms that describe actions of a sexual nature.

Examining and Organizing the Spatial Development Pattern of Shiraz City using Shannon Entropy and Heldren Models

Today, physical growth and spatial development without urban plans are inevitable due to population growth and increasing migration, which in some cities has caused the city sprawl and disrupt the city and degrade its environment. Therefore, it recognizes the spatial and physical development of the city as well as presents a pattern It is considered as one of the most important issues facing urban planners for the future of metropolitan cities, in order to guide it towards sustainable urban development. A model that identifies the directions of physical extension of the city, land use, physical form, and spatial distribution of activities in order to minimize damage to agricultural and environmental land around the city. Shiraz city has experienced five different structure along its life.the existence of different structures in Shiraz caused the observation of multiple patterns of development in it. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to identify, analyze and organize the spatial development pattern of the city of Shiraz. The research methodology is applied based on its nature, descriptive-analytical, and in terms of its purpose. The data and information needed to conduct the research was collected through library studies and field operations, and then the obtained data were analyzed based on Shannon and Heldren entropy models. Surveying the results of this work shows that in the period of 1385-95, 59% of its growth has been due to population growth and the remaining 41%, due to horizontal and sprawl growth, which has resulted in decrease in grass population concentration and increase in gross capitation of town land. So, in order to prevent inefficient use of urban lands and reduce the costs of creating infrastructure and facilities and urban amenities and achieving sustainable urban development, the proposed model for physical development of the city of Shiraz is a compact city model, which, given the existing capacities and potentials, It can be used in the city.

Fabrication and Investigation of Crystalline Non-Porous Conductive Coordination Network Compounds

During the last years, surface-bound coordination network compounds (CNCs) have found application for sensing purposes (electrical, optical, and magnetic read-out), charge storage, electrochromic and optoelectronic layers, transparent coatings, bipolar switches, thermoelectric materials, catalytic, photocatalytic and light harvesting applications [1]. However, most of these applications require electrically conductive coordination network compounds (CCNCs). This requirement severely limits the choice of CNCs for the above-mentioned applications. Hexacyanometallates are coordinative networks with high electrical and ion conductivity that possess interesting redox properties and tuneable electrochemical redox transitions associated with clear colour changes [2]. We developed and characterized CCNCs such as copper hexacyanoferrate as thin crystalline films and characterized their optical, magnetic, electrical and dielectric properties. Thin films of these compounds were fabricated on gold and silicon oxide coated by self-assembled, cyanide-terminated monolayers using alternating immersion in their precursor solutions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirms the formation of copper hexacyanoferrate with cubic structure on the gold surface (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: AFM image of copper hexacyanoferrate film on a cyanide-terminated self-assembled monolayer on gold surface via layer-by-layer method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the films. The thin films can be switched by exploiting the redox chemistry of the metal centres. The modulation of the electrical transport properties provides great potential benefits for numerous future applications in microelectronic device technologies. Structural and electronic changes of the films were probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM IRRAS) before and after electrochemical oxidation and reduction [3]. Results demonstrate the possibility for electrochemical switching of the material properties for each compound but also indicates the complications in those transitions originating in the existence of different structures and defects in which (mobile) alkali metal cations may or may not reside in the pores and provide charge compensation. Acknowledgement(s) Financial supports from DFG priority programme (SPP1928, Wi1617/24) is gratefully acknowledged.

A Critical Realist View of the Human Resource Management Role Development in Malaysia

Methodological challenges in studying HRM especially to unlock the HRM-performance link have been highlighted by HRM experts. Most experts argue that HRM research findings are less likely to provide a comprehensive explanation to support the empirical evidence. The development of critical realism seeks to overcome this limitation. Critical realists see the world as influenced by human agents and social structures, thus accept the existence of different structures and materials in developing knowledge as well as to justify the research finding. A lack of definition in the line managers’ HRM role suggests the necessity of exploring the structures that influence the role’s development and the influence of agency within those structures. Using evidence drawn from case studies in three Malaysian airports, interviews were conducted with line managers, senior managers and HR representatives to explore their experience in the HRM role development process. Insights to be captured, using both structure and agency, provide an understanding of the line managers’ HRM role development. In terms of structure, airport category/size and the company’s strategic priorities are found to influence the formulation and implementation of the HRM activities. Agency is addressed by the individual’s personality and cultural values. In Malaysia, studies on the line managers involvement in HRM are still limited, thus the interactions of structure and agency in critical realist approach is able to provide clear insights of how HRM ‘role’ is developed in the Malaysian context.

A change in boundary conditions induces a discontinuity of tissue flow in chicken embryos and the formation of the cephalic fold

The morphogenesis of vertebrate body parts remains an open question. It is not clear whether the existence of different structures, such as a head, can be addressed by fundamental laws of tissue movement and deformation, or whether they are only a sequence of stop-and-go genetic instructions. I have filmed by time-lapse microscopy the formation of the presumptive head territory in chicken embryos. I show that the early lateral evagination of the eye cups and of the mesencephalic plate is a consequence of a sudden change in boundary conditions of the initial cell flow occurring in these embryos. Due to tissue flow, and collision of the two halves of the embryo, the tissue sheet movement is first dipolar, and next quadrupolar. In vivo air puff tonometry reveals a simple visco-elastic behaviour of the living material. The jump from a dipolar to a quadrupolar flow changes the topology of the early morphogenetic field which is observed towards a complex vortex winding with a trail (the eye cups and brain folds). The hydrodynamical model accounts for the discontinuity of the vector field at the moment of collision of the left and right halves of the embryo, at a quantitative level. This suggests a possible mechanism for the morphogenesis of the head of amniotes, as compared to cephalochordates and anamniotes.

The governance of transport and climate change

Climate change is one of the key global policy issues of our time. Transport is the sector from which it has been hardest to cut emissions and, to make substantial progress in the future, action will be required at all levels of government from international to local. The governance of transport within this already challenging arena is further complicated by the existence of different structures for the management of transport modes and variations in formal governance structures across countries and regions. This paper examines the prospect for deep cuts in CO 2 emissions from transport through an examination of the key policy levers for change and considering the governance issues that surround them. The focus of the paper is the United Kingdom, and in particular England and Scotland. The UK is the first country to have a legally binding internal obligation to meet carbon dioxide reduction targets and this has prompted significant activity in both governance institutions and delivery. The research uses a multi-level governance framework to understand the policy environment in England and Scotland, capturing both the range of spatial actors and the influence of sectoral actors in what is a complex polity. It is concluded that the policy approach currently appears constrained by a desire to divide accountability by formal institutional structures, thus failing to tackle the dispersed nature of travel and the national and international nature of businesses. There is currently a lack of clarity about the tiering of responsibilities between spatial levels and there is therefore a comparative lack of commitment to the potential for demand management and travel reduction strategies to contribute to carbon reduction. Carbon reduction policies are also influenced by strong industry lobbies whose goals may not be fully aligned with carbon reduction strategies. The profusion of actors engaged in climate change policy seems to dilute rather than promote effective policy making.

Structural continuity and multiple alternative stable States in Middle Pleistocene European mammalian communities

Community structure is defined as the distribution and frequency of occurrence of some ecological traits in a set of coexisting species. Many palaeoecological studies of mammal communities assume as valid a model of Community Structure Convergence (CSC), i. e. communities from similar environments should converge to a similar structure. However convincing evidences are known of the existence of multiple Alternative Stable States in ecological communities and similar structures in dissimilar environments have been found. The model of community convergence and the existence of multiple Alternative Stable States are tested here using data from a set of 24 Middle Pleistocene and 50 recent European mammalian communities. Community structure is compared using a multivariate approach. Species are assigned to one of 19 possible ecological groups and a multidimensional “eco-space” is computed based on the abundance of these groups of species in each community, using Principal Components Analysis. The dispersion of the communities in the “eco-space” is used as a measure of their community structure differences. While results indicate the existence of different structures in Glacial and Interglacial northern paleocommunities the considerable intra-group heterogeneity observed contradicts the predictions of the CSC model. The results support the existence of structural continuity (conservation of community structure despite concurrent changes in species composition) in the Iberian and Italian peninsulas during the Middle Pleistocene, as well as a model of cyclic disruption and assembly of paleocommunities with multiple Alternative Stable States in Northern Europe. Northern European assembly processes differed one from the other, giving rise to a community structure more varied than that found in Southern Europe.

Electrochemistry of zeolite-encapsulated complexes. Part 4.—Characterization of transition-metal polypyridinediyl and phenanthroline complexes entrapped in Y faujasite-type zeolite

CoII–, NiII– and FeII–polypyridinediyl and –phenanthroline complexes have been entrapped in the supercages of zeolite Y. The redox properties of these zeolite-encapsulated complexes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile solution. The results show a similarity between the redox behaviour of the entrapped complexes and that of the dissolved monomers in solution. They also indicate that, by electrochemical measurements, it is possible to point out the existence of different structures of the entrapped Ni–bipyridine complex. The electroactivity of the encapsulated bis(bipyridine)–nickel complex towards the reduction of organic halides is discussed.

Structure of 3He–4He Thin Films

The existence of different structures in 3He-4He thin films, depending on temperature andthickness, has been assumed in view of many experimental results. We would like to show from a phenomenological description involving the various energetical contributions how the superfluid order in such films may favoured the homogeneous or cluster structures against the stratified one. Experimental observations could support this description. The structure evolution with temperature will also be discussed for different scenarios.

Kinetics of carbon monoxide binding and electron transfer by cytochrome c polymers.

Studies on horse heart cytochrome c polymers were carried out by stopped-flow and photolysis techniques, to investigate the properties of the CO complex and the kinetics of electron transfer, mainly of the dimeric and tetrameric forms. CO binding, which does not occur with native monomers, proceeds at both pH7.0 and pH9.6, and appears to follow complex kinetics: an initial phase is observed, which is CO-concentration-dependent, followed by a very slow monomolecular phase (k~2x10(-3)s(-1) at pH7) before establishment of equilibrium. Photodissociation of the CO complex has a very low quantum yield, probably less than 0.1. Static titration data of the dimer gave an ;n' value of 0.4. These data strongly suggest heterogeneity of the population of binding sites, and have been interpreted in terms of the existence of different structures, probably owing to the non-unique type of binding of monomers during polymerization. Polymers of cytochrome c carboxymethylated on the methionine residue normally ligated to iron show simple CO recombination kinetics after photolytic removal (k(on)=1.5x10(6)m(-1).s(-1) at pH6). We therefore suggest that, for native cytochrome c, polymerization has an effect on the lability of the haem crevice, rendering the iron available for binding ligands, without, however, forming the structure of a truly open crevice. Electron transfer is, on the other hand, a simple process, and no gross differences are observed between monomer and polymers. A simple model, taking into account all these data, is suggested.

Dilatometric investigation of phase transitions and structures of anhydrous soaps

The molar volume of a number of anhydrous soaps consisting of straight and branched carbon chains has been measured as a function of the temperature between 25 °C and the melting point of the soap concerned. In the homologous series of the straight-chain soaps investigated (sodium and lithium salts of fatty acids with chain lengths from 11 to 19 and 14 to 18 carbon atoms respectively) a significant “even — odd” alternation of the molar volume in the crystalline state and of the volume changes at all phase transitions up to about 250 °C was found. These results indicate the existence of different structures in the series of the even and odd numbered anhydrous sodium and lithium soaps, both in the crystalline and in the mesomorphic phases. It is assumed that the structural differences are due to different modes of hydrocarbon chain packing. This assumption is supported by an analysis of the magnitude of the transition dilatations, which indicates the presence of ordered chain structures in the mesomorphic soap phases (“ribbon”-structure). It is suggested that the hydrocarbon chains in these structures possess a lowdegree of order in lateral directions, but a high degree of order in the packing of the methyl end groups. Including results reported in the literature, it has been found that the magnitude of the molar melting dilatation in the series of alkali metal stearates strongly decreases with increasing size of the cation, and is significantly lower than that of other paraffinic compounds. It is concluded, that due to theCoulomb forces between the polar groups, the molecules in the melt of anhydrous soaps are more closely packed than in the melt of other long-chain compounds. This applies also to the branched-chain soaps investigated (sodium salts of 2-methyltetradecanoic and 2-methylhexadecanoic acid) in which the number and temperature of the phase transitions are considerably lower and the molar melting dilatation is slightly lower than in straightchain soaps having the same chain length.