Existence Of Antimatter Research Articles

Evaluate the Mystery of Creation of Universe and Existence of Antimatter, Dark Matter and Dark Energy

We know relatively little about the cosmos. What we know about what we don’t know is even more tenuous. Antimatter is just matter with some properties swapped, such as electric charge. The positron serves as the antimatter counterpart to the electron, displaying a remarkable similarity in mass while possessing contrasting electric charges. Antimatter differs from regular matter in that it annihilates when it collides with regular matter. For instance, a proton and a positron have a lot in common. Both of them are of regular mass. They each possess a positive electric charge of equal strength. They both have one-half quantum spin. When a proton and an electron collide, a stable hydrogen atom is produced. When a positron and an electron collide, they destroy each other. The main distinction is that a positron is antimatter while a proton is matter. Knowledge dark matter and dark energy is critical for gaining a fundamental knowledge of the shape, structure, and properties of our Earth, galaxy, and universe. By fitting a theoretical model of the universe’s composition to the combined set of cosmological measurements, scientists found that the cosmos has around sixty-eight percent of dark energy, twenty-seven percent of dark matter, and five percent of normal matter. We should never touch our anti-self because we will perish if we do. It is a thoughtful and analytical article that draws on the knowledge and insight of scientists, physicists, technologists, and inventors about how the universe, dark energy, dark matter, antimatter and matter were formed. This knowledge will help in the development of new technologies for the civilization and prosperity of our precious planet Earth.

Essay on the theory of who is God, the matrix particle and quantum stamens: in the formation of everything and the universe

Given that God is nothing absolute, the only eternally present, immutable and neutral element of any equation that can contain everything we can understand as dimensions, particles, waves, matter, energy, life; where without this force the universe and the reverse could never happen, being a single-hand, undeniable pathway, this essay aims to deal with considerations related to the God particle, as well as describe this particle, here baptized as Matrix Particle and Quantum Stamens (PM and EQ), about its behavior in space, which is intrinsic to the understanding of its existence. This theory is based on own observations and bibliographies already published based on studies on the understanding of what is the greater God and the demigods or galactic Gods, including an analogy of how the universes contain the god endorsed and other of lesser power energy, among other studies related to the theme that deal with the most basic particle to make up the universe, both in its matter, as forms of energy and even predicting the existence of antimatter. Thus, for better compression, I describe within this larger structure called “God”, which is where there are the fundamental particles, composed of six basic elements that we call in this function as “Quantum Stumers”, and an energetic particle with its own light that we call “Matrix Particle” because it is mainly the light of the universe, where without this radiant energy there is no motor life, which is what interests us. That said, in a few words, the results revealed that if the concepts of pmeeq’s form and performance are widely studied and understood, these data will enable an advance in terms of energy use, fuel production and even material transport.

Fresh insights on properties of particle fluxes in cosmic rays measured with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the international space station

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer is a particle physics detector focusing on the search for dark matter, the existence of antimatter, the origin and composition of cosmic rays from primordial sources in the universe and the exploration of new physics in space. Important features of the elementary particle (proton, antiproton, positron and election) fluxes in cosmic rays are presented: (1) The proton spectrum has a smooth hardening from 200 GeV; (2) antiproton and positron spectra show excess from traditional physics background; (3) in particular, the positron flux shows a source term with a cutoff energy of 810 GeV, which raises the question of its source; (4) the origin of the energetic electrons is different from that of positrons and (5) the identical momentum dependence of primary and secondary cosmic ray nuclei fluxes are also reviewed.

Temperature prediction of the main radiators of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 by the artificial neural network method

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) is a particle physics detector of high precision installed at the International Space Station to search for the origin of dark matter, existence of antimatter, and origin and properties of cosmic rays. Analyzing and predicting the thermal condition of electric devices are of great importance to ensure them work under permitted temperature ranges. In this study, the orbital parameters of the AMS-02 and thermal data of the main radiators were analyzed. On this basis, artificial neural network models for the RAM and WAKE radiators were built using historical thermal data. The input neuron is the beta angle and the output neurons comprise the temperature of 28 sensors for the RAM radiator and 31 sensors in the case of the WAKE radiator. Comparisons between the prediction results and recorded data validate the models, and the errors are approximately 0.2 °C. The analysis of the selection of period time indicates that the model using the averaged data of one orbital period time is more accurate than that using others, such as half, one-third, or one-sixth period times. The models provide powerful tools to predict the variations in the thermal data of the main radiator with the beta angle.

Time of flight technology based on multi-gap resistive plate chamber

Particle identification is very important in nuclear and particle physics experiments. Time of flight system (TOF) plays an important role in particle identification such as the separation of pion, kaon and proton. Multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) is a new kind of avalanche gas detector and it has excellent time resolution power. The intrinsic time resolution of narrow gap MRPC is less than 10 ps. So the MRPC technology TOF system is widely used in modern physics experiments for particle identification. With the increase of accelerator energy and luminosity, the TOF system is required to indentify definite particles precisely under high rate environment. The MRPC technology TOF system can be defined as three generations according to the timing and rate requirement. The first-generation TOF is based on the float glass MRPC and its time resolution is around 80 ps, but the rate is relatively low (typically lower than 100 Hz/cm<sup>2</sup>). The typical systems are TOF of RHIC-STAR, LHC-ALICE and BES III endcap. For the second-generation TOF, its time resolution has the same order as that for the first generation, but the rate capability is much higher. Its rate capability can reach 30 kHz/cm<sup>2</sup>. The typical experiment with this high rate TOF is FAIR-CBM. The biggest challenge is in the third-generation TOF. For example, the momentum upper limit of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ {\rm{K}}/{\text{π}}$\end{document}</tex-math><alternatives><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="10-20182192_M1.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="10-20182192_M1.png"/></alternatives></inline-formula> separation is around 7 GeV/c for JLab-SoLID TOF system under high particle rate as high as 20 kHz/cm<sup>2</sup>, and the time requirement is around 20 ps. The readout electronics of first two generations is based on time over threshold method, and pulse shape sampling technology will be used in the third-generation TOF. In the same time, the machine learning technology LSTM network is also used to analyze the time performance. As a very successful sample, MRPC barrel TOF has been used in RHIC-STAR for more than ten years and many important physics results have been obtained. A prominent result is the observation of antimatter helium-4 nucleus. This discovery proves the existence of antimatter in the early universe. In this paper, we will describe the evolution of MRPC TOF technology and key technology of each generation of TOFs including MRPC detector and related electronics. The industrial and medical usage of MRPC are also introduced in the work finally.

Antimatter in the universe and laboratory

Possible signatures which may indicate an existence of antimatter in the Galaxy and in the early universe are reviewed. A model which could give rise to abundant antimatter in the Galaxy is considered.

Antimatter in the universe and laboratory

Possible signatures which may indicate an existence of antimatter in the Galaxy and in the early universe are reviewed. A model which could give rise to abundant antimatter in the Galaxy is considered.

Antimatter in the universe and the PAMELA/FERMI/AMS anomaly

Evidence for the existence of antimatter in the Galaxy and in the cosmos as a whole is reviewed and possible explanations that have been proposed for its origin discussed.

Usando a antimatéria na medicina moderna

Neste artigo, fazemos uma breve exposição de como um dos conceitos fundamentais da física moderna, a existência de antimatéria, tem aplicação na medicina, na chamada tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET na sigla em inglês). Ela consiste na produção de imagens tomográficas digitais do organismo que são obtidas pela detecção da radiação produzida na aniquilação do pósitron com o elétron.

Paul Dirac: Building Bridges of the Mind

Paul Dirac was a brilliant and original thinker. He used his physical intuition and his ideal of mathematical beauty to construct bridges between major areas of physics. This article discusses several such important works, including the bridge between quantum mechanics and relativity that led to his prediction of the existence of antimatter.

Matter and antimatter in the universe

Different scenarios of baryogenesis are briefly reviewed from the point of view of possibility of generation of cosmologically interesting amount of antimatter. It is argued that creation of antimatter is possible and natural in many models. In some models not only anti-helium may be produced but also a heavier anti-elements and future observations of the latter would be critical for discovery or establishing stronger upper limits on existence ofantimatter. Incidentally a recent observation of iron-rich quasar may present a support to one special model of antimatter creation.

From the editors: what's new

Many of the startling results obtained in the 20th century about the foundations of physics actually appear in papers produced years before the official discovery. One nice example is the existence of antimatter, which was predicted from symmetries in Dirac's mathematical treatment of quantum field theory and later observed experimentally. However, according to at least some experts, one of Einstein's earliest attempts at a unified field theory actually predicted antimatter as a side effect. Einstein discarded the result, perhaps because he abandoned that attempt as he did all other attempts except the one he was working on a the time of his death.

Gamma ray astronomy and search for antimatter in the universe

Gamma ray astronomy provides a powerful tool for searching antimatter in the universe; it probably provides the only means to determine, if the universe has baryon symmetry. Presently existing gamma-ray observations can be interpreted without postulating the existence of antimatter. However, the measurements are not precise enough to definitely exclude the possibility of its existence. The search for antimatter belongs to one of the main scientific objectives of the Gamma Ray Observatory GRO of NASA, which will be launched in 1990 by the Space Shuttle.

Secondary production of antiprotons in cosmic radiation

A reliable representation to the invariant cross-section for the production of antiprotons (\(\bar P\)) in inclusive reactions has been obtained, which fits the data extremely well from threshold to ISR energies. Using this, the production spectrum of\(\bar P\) by cosmic ray interaction with interstellar gas is calculated and is compared with other existing calculations. The equilibrium spectrum\(\bar P\) in the Galaxy has been derived from about 100 MeV to a few hundred GeV in kinetic energy using Leaky Box Model for the propagation of cosmic rays, by taking into account all energy loss processes. It is found that\(\bar P\)/P ratio calculated here is very much smaller than the observed ratio. In view of the fact that this excess of observed\(\bar P\)/P ratio is much larger than the measured upper limits on the fraction of antimatter in the form of antinuclei, the excess\(\bar P\)/P ratio has not been attributed to the existence of antimatter. Instead, it is shown that Closed Galaxy Model for the propagation of cosmic rays predicts more antiprotons than observed. Therefore, it is suggested that if cosmic rays contain about 50% new component of local origin, the resulting Closed Galaxy Model explains well the observations. The present calculations also predict too small a flux of\(\bar P\) below a few hundred MeV to make this energy region ideally suited to look for antiprotons of primordial origin.

Annihilation model of quasi-stellar objects

The possibility that annihilation is a major source of energy in cosmic physics is discussed. Since Klein suggested that the Universe might be matter-antimatter symmetric over two decades ago, there have been a significant number of papers developing the consequences of this view. These, however, have been largely ignored in the general literature. There have also been a number of papers claiming to prove that there cannot be antimatter anywhere in the observable Universe. In the first part of this paper an assessment of the differing views is given, and it is shown that none of the arguments against antimatter is convincing. The existence of antimatter is not in conflict with any observational fact. The reason for the negative attitude towards the existence of antimatter seems to be that this view is in conflict with a number of speculative but ‘generally accepted’ theories. However, recent magnetospheric and heliospheric research, includingin situ measurements of cosmic plasmas, is now drastically changing cosmic plasma physics in a way that leads to growing scepticism about quite a few of the speculative theories.

Matter-Antimatter Separation and the Antimatter Problem in Cosmology

I shall report on some work done in France in the last few years concerning the possible existence of antimatter in the Universe. It will be shown that, by taking due account of several physical effects which have been theoretically predicted, one can propose a coherent theory for the origin of matter and galaxies that appears to be quantitatively satisfactory. In this model there should exist as many antigalaxies as galaxies. During the course of this paper, I shall try to make it clear what the basic physical processes are and the present state of their investigation. This discussion will therefore be restricted to the two aforementioned problems, viz., the origin of matter and protogalaxies, leaving aside other astrophysical applications.

Physical Sciences: Distribution of Antimatter in the Universe

THERE has recently been some interest in the question of the existence of antimatter in the universe. In relation to this problem, Steigman1 has shown that if space were filled with an equal mixture of matter and antimatter, the γ-ray flux resulting from nucleon–antinucleon antihilation would be far above the observed limits2–4. But this does not rule out the possibility that matter and antimatter may exist separately in large regions consisting solely of one type, perhaps in the form of galaxies and antigalaxies, or even clusters of galaxies and anticlusters. The purpose of this report is to find a lower limit to the mass of such regions, if they exist, by using some of the basic conclusions derived from galaxy formation theories in a big-bang universe5.

Age of Cosmic Rays and Abundance of Antimatter in the Galaxy

IT is more or less accepted that there is no evidence to rule out the existence of antimatter in the galaxy. Alfven and Elvius have argued1 from symmetry that the galaxy should contain 50 per cent matter and 50 per cent antimatter separated into irregular concentrations of each kind of matter. Burbidge and Hoyle2 limited the average density ratio of antimatter to matter to ≲10−7 by a thermodynamic argument that the energy density of electrons and positrons produced in annihilation should not exceed the energy density of the galactic magnetic field. Their limit is not applicable if matter and antimatter have separated from each other into large fairly pure masses of ≳1 kpc dimension, because annihilation could then take place only rarely and only at the boundaries between such masses.

Nuclear transformations in nature

The problem of the stability limits of nuclei with respect to the emission of protons and neutrons is discussed, as well as the conditions for the existence of neutron-rich nuclei in nature. The possibility of explaining certain anomalies in the distribution of elements and isotopes is indicated, if the collision matter with cosmic antimatter is assumed. The existence of antimatter in the Galaxy might lead to the formation of radioactive spots on the Moon's surface.

Quasars and Antimatter

IF matter is being continually created from radiant energy in the Universe, so that the first step in the synthesis is a pair production of some sort, then one might expect equal amounts of matter and antimatter to result from a synthesis which employs equal numbers of elementary particles and antiparticles (probably electrons, positrons, neutrinos, and antineutrinos). The possible existence of antimatter is a common topic for speculation. The purpose of this note is to direct attention to what may be a close analogue to the evolution of ‘local pockets’ of matter and antimatter in the Universe.